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1、Module7 Unit4 Public transport Grammar 1v-ing形式作定语 1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。The bottle cont
2、aining vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去They lived in _。他们住在一所朝南的房子里。3. 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。【 】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【 】The professor who came here yesterday will
3、 give us a lecture. v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。【 】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【 】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.1.reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in yo
4、ur mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B form C forming D having formed v-ed形式作定语 1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。提示：如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。2. 带有修饰语
5、或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。We have read many novels written by this author. (=that are written by this author) 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. (= who had been invited to the reception) 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。The meeting, attended by
6、one thousand students, was a success. (=_)这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别 1及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.2不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表
7、示动作已完成。the rising sun正在升起的太阳the risen sun:_ boiling water_boiled water_ falling leaves正在飘落的叶子fallen leaves落叶 changing condition变化着的情况changed condition改变了的情况 不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。an escaped prisoner = _ 逃犯a retired worker = a worker who _退休工人a newly arrived guest = _ 新来的客人v-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作
8、状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.(= After we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 _, he didnt go to school yesterday. (= Since he was i
9、ll.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons.5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this
10、.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, _ at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time v-ed形式作状语 动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。1. 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. (= When the city is se
11、en from the tower.) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.(= After he was completely examined.)有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.当
12、被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。2. 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying. (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .)Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
13、(= As it was written in haste .)Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (= Because we were excited by.)3. 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated.)Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time .)Compa
14、red with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.(= If she was compared with other professors.)4. 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. (= Even if he was laughed by .)为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。Even if invited, I wont go.
15、即使受到邀请，我也不去。Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 5. 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded )He went into the office, followed by some chil
