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1、Chapter4 Word information IIThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now.The most productive are ：affixation, compounding and conversion词缀法、复合法和转类法And there are minor processes of word formation几个次要构词方法： blending, clip
2、ping, acronymy, back-formation and words from proper name4.1Affixation词缀法4.1.1Prefixation前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加前缀构词的一种方法。We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups我们可从语义的角度把前缀分为九类。1.“negative” prefixes表示否定意义的前缀prefixes
3、 meaning examplesa- not,the converse of amoral, apoliticaldis- disloyal, disobeyin- injusticeil- illegalir- irresistibleim- immaturenon- non-smoker, non-classicalun- unfair, unwilling2.“reversative or privative”(“非”“缺”) prefixes表示逆向意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesde- reversing the actiondecentralize,
4、de-composedis- disunite, disallowun- unhorse, unwrap3.“pejorative” prefixes（贬损）表示贬义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesmal- wrongly maltreat, malpracticemis- bad misconduct, mistrustpseudo- false pseudo-science4.Prefixes of size or degree表示程度、大小等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesarch- supreme archbishopextra- s
5、uperior extra-stronghyper- extreme hyperactivemacro- large macrocosmmicro- small microcomputermini- little mini-electionout- surpassing outliveover- excessive overweightsub- below subheadingsuper- more thansuperfreezesur- over surtaxultra- extreme ultra-conservativeunder- too little underdeveloped5.
6、Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀 prefixes meaning examplesanti- against anti-nuclear, anti-government, anti-clockwisecontra- against contraflowcounter- against counterattackpro- for pro-student, pro-democracyco- with cooperate 6.locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesext
7、ra- out extraordinary, extramaritalfore- front forehead, forearminter- between,among inter-city, interpersonal, internationalintra- inside intra-party,tele- distant telecommunicationtrans- across transcontinental, transplantsub- under subway7.Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀prefixes meaning e
8、xamplesex- former ex-professor, ex-presidentfore- before foretell, foreknowledge, foreseepost- after post-election, postindustrialpre- in advance pre-prepared, preschoolre- again reconsider, resell8.number prefixes表示数字的前缀prefixes meaning examplessemi-,demi-,hemi- half semi-naked,demi-circle,hemisphe
9、reuni-,mono- one uniform,monorail bi-,di- two bilingual,bicycle,dioxidetri- three tricycle,triangledeca- ten decadalcenti- hundred centimetre,centimillionarekilo-,milli- thousand kilogram,milligrammega- million megacitypoly-,multi- many polysyllable,multi-purpose9.a miscellaneous category (auto-, ne
10、o-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-).其他种类意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesauto- self autobiography neo- new neo-Nazi pan- all pan-Europeanvice- deputy vice-chairman4.1.2后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, s
11、uffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. By noun suffix o
12、r adjective suffix, we mean that when the suffix under discussion is added to the stem, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be a noun or an adjective. 后缀法是在词干上加后缀构成新词的方法。不像前缀主要是改变词干的意义，后缀只带有很弱的语义，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，后缀主要改变词类。因此，我们将把后缀按语法分成名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀等类别。所谓名词后缀和形容词后缀，意思是说这些后缀无论加在什么样的词干
13、上，所构成的新词就一定是名词和形容词。If a suffix is fixed at the end of a verb and derives a noun, then this noun is called deverbal nouns.（由动词转化的名词）employ + er =employerIf a suffix is fixed at the end of a noun and derives a noun, then this noun is called denominal mouns.（由名词转化的名词）village + er = villager1.Noun suffi
14、xes名词后缀1）Denominal nouns由名词转化的名词a. Concrete suffixes具体后缀suffixes meaning exampl-ster person engaged in an occupation or activity gangster, songster -eer pro fiteer, engineer-er(or) teenager, driver-ess female priestess, hostess-let small, unimportant booklet,-ette small; imitation; female cigarette,
15、 kitchenetteb. Abstract suffixes抽象后缀uffixes meaning examples-age amountwastage, mileage-dom real mofficialdom-ship co dition dictatorship-ery slavery-hood status adulthood, childhood-ing state farming, bathing-ism doctrine terrorism-ship friendship, sportsmanship.2）Deverbal nouns由动词转化的名词suffixes meaning examples-ant denoting people assistant, informant-ee employee, trainee-ent dependent-age state linkage, carriage-al action dismissal, survival, arrival-ance state attendance, performance-ation(tion,ion,ition) stateprotection,
