II Outlineoftheessay Part1 para 1 2 Theoldestprojectin gettingthepooroffourconscience Part2 para 3 9 5historicalsolutionsPart3 para 10 11 atransitionPart4 para 12 20 5currentdesignsPart5 para21 conclusion 6 Whytheauthorchoosessuchatitleasthisessay Lookatthefollowingphotos Millionsandmillionsofpeoplearestrugglingfortheirsurvival thousandsandthousandsofpeopledieofhunger coldandillness While MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaretomeettheneedsoftheworld spoorest doyouthinktheauthorreallytriestocallpeopletogetthepoorofftheirconscience Plutarchwasledtosay impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceoftherichandpoororthelogicofhisanalysisthatmadehimcometosuchaconclusion IftheRomerepublicsufferedfromthesameproblems2 000yearsago itprovestheauthor spointthatpovertyisaperpetual permanent problem 6 Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuing havebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor Part2 historicalresearch para 3Thefirstsolution next lifetheory 4 Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution No hedoesn t Heisbeingironicalhere Hecallsit anadmirablesolution becausenowtherich getthepoorofftheirconscience Para 4 Thesecondsolution utilitarianism 1 TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith ItissymbolicthatAdamSmith smasterpieceofeconomicanalysis TheWealthofNations wasfirstpublishedin1776 thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence Hearguedpassionatelyinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy whichcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday 4 Bytheprincipleofutility ismeanttheprinciplewhich Thenormalwordordershouldbe utilitarianismismeanttheprinciplewhichproves bytheprincipleofutility AccordingtoBentham theprincipleofutilitarianismmeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction 5 utilitarianismisageneralphilosophicalidealikeidealism whichmeansthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber Utilitarianismisthemoraldoctrinethatweshouldalwaysacttoproducethegreatestpossiblebalanceofgoodoverhadforeveryoneaffectedbyouraction Consequently thegreatesthappinessofallconstitutesthestandardthatdetermineswhetheranactionisrightorwrong Iftheypromotethegreatesthumanwelfareactionsareright iftheydonotactionsarewrong Para 5 thethirdsolution poorpeople sfault 1 ThisisassociatedwiththenameofDavidRicardo astockbroker andThomasRobertMalthus adivine Stockbroker apersonwhosejobisbuyingandsellingsharesforthosewithmoney investor Astockbrokercaneasilyearnbigmoneythroughthecommissionwhichdependsontheamountofmoneytheinvestorinvests whileitisveryhardfortheinvestortoearnmoneyinthestockmarket becauseofthehighrisk 9 Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirfecundity Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren Para 6 Malthusianism 马尔塞斯人口论 11 therichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem 12 However Malthuswashimselfnotwithoutacertainresponsibility Heurgedthat asafullyeffectivemethodofbirthcontrol WhatwarningdidMalthusurgethatthemarriageceremonyshouldcontain Why 14 CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR H Macy s nottheirbedroom Itimpliesthatcoupleswillfindtheirpocketsnotthatheavywhiletheylookaroundthemarket whichwillpushthemtoworkhardformoneyratherthanenjoytheirloveintheirbedroomsforhavingtoomanychildren ThisstatementridiculesReagan sviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket Para 7 theforthsolution SocialDarwinism survivalofthefittest Para 9 thefifthsolution morevaguedenialofpoverty 1 Itdeclinedinpopularity andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone PeoplebegantorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposetreasuredvaluesofsympathy loveandfriendship Therefore whenitwasmentioned itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism Para 10 11 atransition 18 Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution Becauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptionthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare TheSocialSecurityActof1935laidfoundationforthecurrentsocialwelfaresystemoftheUnitedStates Readerscaneasilysensethattheauthorisfortherevolution 19 Whatdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialwelfaremeasureswereputintopractice Weretheyrightinthinkingso para 10 Peoplefeltthatthepolicyofignoringthepoorandrefusingassistancehadbeenabandoned Sincethegovernmentwasmakingeffortstorelievethemiseryofthepoor theydidnotneedtopayattentiontoanymore Theywerenotcompletelyright Thegovernmentdidtakemanymeasures butthedesiretogetthepooroffourconsciencestilllingeredon waitingforchancestocomeback 20 thesearchforawayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencewasnotatanend itwasonlysuspended Theoldesthumanexercisesofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehadnotbeenceased Ithadonlybeenstoppedtemporarily 23 Ithasagainbecome andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise Searchingthewayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehasagainbecometheoverridingtask。