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1、RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS合同法第二次重述Chapter 1MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义1. CONTRACT DEFINEDA contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.1.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果 其履行了允诺
2、，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.(3) The person t
3、o whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.2. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人（1）允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示 使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。 （2）作出该意思表示的人是允诺人（3）该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。（4）如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。3. AGREEMEN
4、T DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINEDAn agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.3. 协议的定义；交易磋商约定的定义 一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履
5、行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。 4. How a Promise May Be Made4. 允诺如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断 而得。5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion
6、of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.5. 允
7、诺，协议或合同的条件（1）允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔 约的赞同。（2）合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此 引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些 法律关系。6. Formal ContractsThe following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing
8、 contracts in general:(1) Contracts under seal, (2) Recognizances,(3) Negotiable instruments and documents, (4) Letters of credit.6. 要式合同下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法 律规则的调整：（1） 盖印合同（2）保证书（3）可流通票据和单据（4）信用证7. Voidable contractsA voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power,
9、by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.7.可撤消的合同 如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。8. Unenforceable ContractsAn unenforceable contract is one
10、for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.8. 不能强制执行的合同 不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用，但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得
11、认可的 履行义务。Chapter 2FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约能力9. Parties RequiredThere must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.9. 合同当事人 合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人。10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of
12、 the Same Performance(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of the
13、m as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.10. 针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人（1）如果一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行 作出允诺，不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。（2）如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人可以一个单位作 出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人 允诺。11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor
14、 and PromiseeA contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.11. 何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之 间可以缔结合同，这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。12. Capacity to Contract(1) No one can b
15、e bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is(a) under guardians
