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1、4 5 Compounding Compounding or composition is a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit a compound word It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language A compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases 4 5 1 Basic f
2、eatures of compounds 1 Orthographic criterion Compounds are written in various ways e g a solid airtight airmail b hyphenated air conditioning c open air force air raid It is difficult to decide which form should be used as criterion for sometimes the same compound may appear in three different form
3、s e g flowerpot flower pot flower pot airline air line air line 2 Phonological criterion a a high or unity stress in the first component space rocket keyhole door way b a double stress with a primary stress on the first component and a weaker secondary stress on the second component blood vessel was
4、hing machine money order black list c It is often for both components to have level stress arm chair icy cold grass green compounds phrases bluebird a blue bird blackboard a black board blue bottle a blue bottle English teacher an English teacher Sometimes two compounds have similar construction but
5、 one may have a compound accent and the other may have a phrase accent e g grass hopper but grass root red brick but red tape back formation but back yard 3 Semantic criteria e g backdoor sunset workday a door at the back of a house or other buildinga door at the back of a house or other building th
6、e time of the sun s setting the time of the sun s setting a day for work a day for work The relationship between the components of a compound The relationship between the components of a compound a flower pot a pot flower a flower pot a pot flower home letter home voyage home life home letter home v
7、oyage home life home affairs home bird home economics home games home affairs home bird home economics home games home front home help homemaker home plate home home front home help homemaker home plate home sickness homestead hometown homework etc sickness homestead hometown homework etc fire power
8、 fire brand fire bomb fire brigade fire escapefire power fire brand fire bomb fire brigade fire escape In terms of meaning compounds tend to have idiosyncratic meanings The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts e g dog days flatfoot blue blood blue ribbon Therefore
9、 compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts A compound conveys a single idea and function as a separate lexical unit putting together two independent words free morphemes compound independent word independent
10、word But astronaut bibliography xenophobia Examples Pickpocket it is not a pocket but a person who picks things out of other s pocket illegally Blue collar it is not a collar but a person who wears blue collared uniform at work Laptop it is not the top of one s lap but rather the portable computer B
11、lockhead it is neither a kind of block nor a kind of head but rather an idiot Turncoat it is not a kind of coat but a renegade 4 5 2 Classification of compounds n1 Noun compounds A word class of the compounding elements n n ashtray hydrogen bomb bar code mousemat adj n blueprint dark room hard disc
12、deadline adv n downtown upgrade undercloth ing n chewing gum reading lamp leading article n ing sightseeing daydreaming v n swearword breakwater driveway n v nightfall toothpick watersupply v adv show off put off follow up adv v outlet upset down fall upstart onflow B Syntactic relations of the comp
13、ounding elements daydreaming sightseeing n v ing daydreaming x dreams during the day i e verb adv sightseeing x sees sights i e v object a sub and v heartbeat crybaby commanding officer revolving door b v and obj pickpocket birth control dressmaking housekeeping c v and adv swimming pool diving boar
14、d drinking cup typing paper Sub and obj Steamboat gaslight honeybee d Restrictive relation Raindrop moonwalk tablecloth ashtray evening school breakfast time e Appositive relation a peasant girl a pine tree a girl friend string compound dead letter office test tube baby commanders in chief bread and
15、 butter give and take come and go hide and seek Compound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs sit in dropout phone in breakdown walk ons walkout setback take off 2 Adj compounds A word class of the compounding elements a with adj at the center n adj fat free toll free care free dust free dog
16、tired home sick world famous stone deaf lifelong adj adj wet cold icy cold red hot light blue bitter sweet ing adj smoking hot soaking wet freezing cold biting cold adv adj ever victorious over cautious all round c with v at the center n ing peace loving time saving ocean going n ed heart felt air borne home made book filled poverty stricken adj adv ing easy going hard working everlasting adj adv ed newly developed well balanced hard won d with n at the center n n ed chicken hearted honey mouthe
