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1、景德镇一中20192020学年第一学期期末考试卷高一（2）班英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）第卷第一部分听力(略)第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ADoes your brain work like a dictionary? A mathematical analysis of the connections among definitions of English words has uncovered hidden structure
2、s that man resembles the way words and their meanings are represented in our minds.“We want to know how the mental vocabulary is represented in the brain,” says Stevan Harnad of the University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada.As every word in a dictionary is defined (下定义) in terms of others, the knowle
3、dge needed to understand the entire vocabulary is there. Harnads team reasoned that finding this smallest set of words and pinning down its structure might help research on how human brains put language together.The team converted each of four different English dictionaries into a mathematical struc
4、ture of linked nodes (节点) known as a graph. Each node in this graph represents a word, which is linked to the other words used to define it so “banana” might be connected to “long”, “bendy”, “yellow”, and “fruit”.But even this tiny set is not the smallest number of words you need to produce the whol
5、e dictionary, as many of these words can in turn be fully defined by others in the kernel (核心). Whats more, the kernel has a deeper structure.So what, if anything, can this tell us about how our brains represent words and concepts? To find out the answer, Harnads team looked at data on how children
6、acquire words and found a pattern: as you move in from the full dictionary towards the Kernel, words which have been acquired at a younger age tend to be used more often, and refer to more concrete concepts.But the connection does suggest that our brains may structure language somewhat similarly to
7、a dictionary.Phil Blunsom, at University of Oxford isnt convinced that word meanings can be reduced to a chain of definitions. “Its treating words in such a symbolic fashion that they are going to lose a lot of the meaning.” But Mark Pagel of the University of Reading, UK, expects the approach to ne
8、w insights. “This will be most useful in giving us a sense of how our minds structure meaning.” he says.21. The first paragraph serves as _ in the passage.A. a comparison between human brain and a dictionaryB. an introduction to whether your brain works like a dictionaryC. a conclusion that your bra
9、in is just like a dictionaryD. a contradiction that your brain is just like a dictionary22. What does the underlined phrase “pinning down” in Paragraph 3 mean here?A. determining exactly B. fixing firmlyC. explaining simply D. putting formally23. Which of the following statements is true according t
10、o the passage?A. Children acquire words and form patterns more easily than adults.B. Many of the words can in turn be fully defined by using its similar words.C. Harnads findings may explain how human brains put language together.D. Our brains may structure language exactly similarly to a dictionary
11、. BLike a needle climbing up a bathroom scale, the number keeps rising. In 1991, 15% of Americans were obese(肥胖的 by 1999, that proportion had grown to 27%. Youngsters, who should have age and activity on their side, are growing larger as well: 19% of Americans under 17 are obese. Waistbands have bee
12、n popping in other western countries too, as physical activity has declined and diets have expanded. By and large, people in the rich world seem to have lost the fight against flab(松弛).Meanwhile, poorer nations have enjoyed some success in their battles against malnutrition and famine. But, accordin
13、g to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it is more a case of being out of the frying pan and into the fire. The most striking example actually in the poor world comes from the Pacific islands, home of the worlds most obese communities
14、. In 1966, 14% of the men on this island were obese while 100% of men under the age of 30 in 1996 were obese.This increase in weight has been uneven as well as fast. As a result, undernourished and over-nourished people frequently live cheek by jowl(面颊). The mix can even occur within a single househ
15、old. A study of families in Indonesia found that nearly 10% contained both the hungry and the fat. This is a mysterious phenomenon, but might have something to do with people of different ages being given different amounts of food to eat.The prospect of heading off these problems is bleak. In many a
16、ffected countries there are cultural factors to contend with, such as an emphasis on eating large meals together, or on food as a form. of hospitality.Moreover, there is a good measure of disbelief on the part of policymakers that such a problem Could exist in their countries. Add to that reluctance on the part of governments to spe
