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1、. . . . . Database FundamentalsIntroduction to DBMS A database management system (DBMS) is an important type of programming system, used today on the biggest and the smallest computers. As for other major forms of system software, such as compilers and operating systems, a well-understood set of pri
2、nciples for database management systems has developed over the years, and these concepts are useful both for understanding how to use these systems effectively and for designing and implementing DBMSs. DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a
3、 database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. There are two qualities that distinguish database management systems from other sorts of programming systems. 1) The ability to manage persistent data
4、, and 2) The ability to access large amounts of data efficiently. Point 1) merely states that there is a database which exists permanently; the content of this database is the data that a DBMS accesses and manages. Point 2) distinguishes a DBMS from a file system, which also manages persistent data.
5、 A DBMSs capabilities are needed most when the amount of data is very large, because for small amounts of data, simple access techniques, such as linear scans of the data, are usually adequate. While we regard the above two properties of a DBMS as fundamental, there are a number of other capabilitie
6、s that are almost universally found in commercial DBMSs. These are: (1) Support for at least one data model, or mathematical abstraction through which the user can view the data. (2) Support for certain high-level languages that allow the user to define the structure of data, access data, and manipu
7、late data. (3) Transaction management, the capability to provide correct, concurrent access to the database by many users at once. (4) Access control, the ability to limit access to data by unauthorized users, and the ability to check the validity of data.(5) Resiliency, the ability to recover from
8、system failures without losing data. Data Models Each DBMS provides at least one abstract model of data that allows the user to see information not as raw bits, but in more understandable terms. In fact, it is usually possible to see data at several levels of abstraction. At a relatively low level,
9、a DBMS commonly allows us to visualize data as composed of files. Efficient File Access The ability to store a file is not remarkable: the file system associated with any operating system does that. The capability of a DBMS is seen when we access the data of a file. For example, suppose we wish to f
10、ind the manager of employee Clark Kent. If the company has thousands of employees, It is very expensive to search the entire file to find the one with NAME=Clark Kent. A DBMS helps us to set up index files, or indices, that allow us to access the record for Clark Kent in essentially one stroke no ma
11、tter how large the file is. Likewise, insertion of new records or deletion of old ones can be accomplished in time that is small and essentially constant, independent of the file length. Another thing a DBMS helps us do is navigate among files, that is, to combine values in two or more files to obta
12、in the information we want. Query Languages To make access to files easier, a DBMS provides a query language, or data manipulation language, to express operations on files. Query languages differ in the level of detail they require of the user, with systems based on the relational data model general
13、ly requiring less detail than languages based on other models. Transaction Management Another important capability of a DBMS is the ability to manage simultaneously large numbers of transactions, which are procedures operating on the database. Some databases are so large that they can only be useful
14、 if they are operated upon simultaneously by many computers: often these computers are dispersed around the country or the world. The database systems use by banks, accessed almost instantaneously by hundreds or thousands of automated teller machines (ATM), as well as by an equal or greater number o
15、f employees in the bank branches, is typical of this sort of database. An airline reservation system is another good example. Sometimes, two accesses do not interfere with each other. For example, any number of transactions can be reading your bank balance at the same time, without any inconsistency. But if you are in the bank depositing your salary check at the exact instant your spouse is extracting money from an automatic teller, the result of the two transactions occurring simultaneously and without coordination is unpredictable. Thus,
