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1、科技论文写作必学技巧1写科技论文，有基本功要求，主要是如何遣词造句，如何用标点符号，如何用缩略语等。关于这一方面的书有：The ACS Style Guide和The Elements of Style。可以说，这些都是科技写作的基本功，如果基本功不扎实，审稿人一眼就看出来了。但是，熟读这些书，把用法都背出来还是远远不够的。除此之外还有一些高级的方法和高级的指导书。曾经读到一些专门介绍科技写作的书，如Wiley出版社出版的The Arts of Scientific Writing，但是读了以后感到没有什么收获。后来认识到要学习到“高级”的写作方法，还是要回归到逻辑学、修辞学、市场营销学（广告
2、学）、科学哲学上面来，从这些非化学的知识里面得到启发。比如：写文章初稿的时候，一般人是按照自己的思路来写，想怎么写就怎么写。可是，高级的方法就是首先要分析很多问题：Is this research new? Are the data important and interesting? What is the point here? Since there are already a lot of papers, then why should we report our current work? Can the data sufficiently support the conclusio
3、ns? Are the conclusions consistent with what was reported in the literature?这些问题有点象市场营销学：既然市场上已经有很多同类商品了，为什么我们要生产我们的商品？我们的商品和别人的商品有什么区别？怎么把“市场细分原理”运用到我们商品（文章）的销售中去？有这种critical thinking很重要！记得读博士的时候学习化学动力学，考试的形式之一是从文献里拿一篇文章来讲解。考官就会问：既然别人已经研究过这个体系，那么为什么这篇文章还要研究类似的东西？是它的结论推翻了以前的结论，还是它用了新的仪器方法，还是它的数据更加精确
4、？如果只是数据更加精确，换汤不换药，那么意义在什么地方？更重要的是，不是从自己的角度分析自己的文章如何如何好，而是从读者角度分析：Why should the reader read my paper? Why should people care about our research? How can our research benefit others research? What can be done next by others based on our results? What questions will the reader have? If so, then how ca
5、n we better write our paper to make the points clearer to the reader?这种思维方法如同准备做报告的思维方法一样：做报告之前，重要的不仅仅是想清楚自己要讲什么重要思想，而且还是要想清楚听众是哪些人？他们来听报告，希望得到什么样的信息？怎样讲才是对听众来说有价值的？怎样建立起自己的报告和听众的联系？有的人做报告就是说这个催化剂效果比那个好，听众睡着了。要提炼出更加有通用性的、方法学的东西，这样听众才会有兴趣。（关于这方面的方法学论述见哈佛商学院出版的Presentatios that Persuade and Motivate,
6、2004年出版。）这也和广告学、消费者心理学的原理类似，即要分析受众关心什么、需要什么。这个要点（从读者角度分析），说起来很简单，但是做起来却很难，因为这是一种很微妙的方法，一般人很难把握。Don Dunbar写的What You Dont Know Can Keep You Out of Collegep. 29. For essays, showing your best self starts the same way as for interviews: You need to interest both yourself and your reader. But when youre
7、 writing, you dont have the reader sitting across from you, showing with his or her reactions whether you are getting through. For this reason, its a good idea to make sure that the subject youre writing about is not just personal, but universal. Universal doesnt mean very very big and important, it
8、 means that anyone-anyone in the universe, I suppose-can connect with it. Its universal the way type O blood is the universal doner: anyone can receive it. 哈佛商学院出版的Face-to-Face Communicaions for Clarity and ImpactDont recite the facts-interpret them! People dont want a recitation. What they want to
9、know is, What sense do you make out of this data? What is the conclusion? Do you have a logical flow in your thought process? And can we see that?哈佛商学院出版的Presentatios that Persuade and MotivateWe humans are at once nobel and selfish. If you appeal soley to our self-interest, we will listen, and perh
10、aps appreciate your words. But we wont respect you. To really get your audience on its feet-and rioting-you have to show them how self-interest and larger principles coincide, such that personal sacrifice is worth it if it becomes necessary.You need to find the way in which you and the audience are
11、alike and make those clear early on. Your listeners will then be willing to open themselves to your message. It is way of building trust early on. Audiences want their speakers to have credibility, and they want to be able to trust them. You cant create the latter unless you find a way to conntect w
12、ith your audience.In any communication task, you must understand what your audience needs to know, Your first step-long before you walk into the room-is to ask who the audience is and how they will use the information you provide. Then you can structure your presentation around those needs.The audie
13、nce arrives wondering: Why should we care? Why is this important? So rather than jumping straight into the history of federal housing on Indian reservations, start by describing the current housing crisis. You get your listeners minds working (How did this come about? How can we solve it?) in ways t
14、hat give them context for the historical discussion.Timothy W. Crusius和Carolyn E. Channell写的The Aims of Argument: A Brief RhetoricThe first step is to identify possible appeals to your readership. Keep in mind that good persuaders are able to empathize and sympathize with other people, building brid
15、ges of commonality and solidarity. To aid in your audience analysis, ask these questions:- Who are my readers? How do I define them in terms of age, economic and social class, gender, education, and so forth?- What type of attitudes or stances toward my topic do they have?- What in their background
16、or daily experiences helps explain their point of view?- What are they likely to know my topic?- How might they be uninformed or informed about it?- How would they they like to see the problem, question, or issue resolved, answered, or handeled? Why?- In what larger framework-religious, political, economic-do they place my topic?在修改文章的时候，要走到纸头的“背面”去，用审稿人的眼光来挑剔地看自己的文章，给与自己的文
