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1、2019考研英语（二）真题Text 1Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A.B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a lit
2、tle later, in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children arent born knowing how to say “Im sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friendsand their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,
3、in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable - its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about w
4、hat guilt is and what role guilt can serve, ”; says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binary - feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and ang
5、er, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative specie
6、s together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy
7、may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a col
8、league looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations, she rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to sha
9、re them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation. “Thats good news,” Malti says. “We c
10、an be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _.A. regulate a childs basic emotions B. improve a childs intellectual ability C. intensify a childs positive feelings D. foste
11、r a childs moral development22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _.A. deceptive B. addictive C. burdensomeD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _.A. an emotion can play opposing roles B. emotions are socially constr
12、uctive C. emotional stability can benefit health D. emotions are context-independent24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _.A. may help correct emotional deficiencies B. can bring about emotional satisfaction C. can result from either sympathy or guiltD. may be the outcome of
13、impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _.A. wrongdoings B. discussions C. restrictions D. teachingsText2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a go
14、od share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbonthan they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests
15、 flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young tre
16、es and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible
