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1、摘要摘 要乾州城始建于明朝正德年间，因汉族与土家族等民族和其他地区的经济移民不断迁入，这里逐渐成为了多民族、多文化交汇的聚居地。经过几百年的发展，乾州古城积淀了许多优秀的历史文化和民族瑰宝，例如主城加月城格局独有的“三门开”，多元建筑文化的集合体文庙，独具审美和艺术价值的民间活动乾州春会，烽火缭绕的苗族边疆斗争史等等，这些都是极富乾州古城特色的旅游资源。古城因地理位置偏僻，交通不便，经济发展的速度较为缓慢。幸运的是很多历史古迹和文化资源却因此而保存得比较完好，成为独具特色的旅游资源。2004 年，由吉首市相关部门派出责任人临时组建了乾州古城办公室，建立了一个由政府开发的旅游发展项目，乾州古城旅
2、游发展成为本市经济水平提高的新增长点。2005 年，由大汉集团进行仿古式的开发，按政府意愿进行的民族特优产品一条街的开发。2010 年，由于前期开发局面的混乱，旅游开发效果不尽人意，吉首市政府将乾州古城的发展归口于市旅游局统一进行。但是，无论是在任何一种旅游发展模式下，乾州古城的居民大都被排除在了旅游之外，成为了尴尬的“边缘人”。根据诸多专家学者研究，旅游实现可持续发展的关键在于尊重社区居民作为文化“创造者”和“持有者”的主体性，以及积极地鼓励社区居民主动参与旅游发展全过程。基于笔者在乾州所进行对当地居民参与旅游发展情况的多次调查，发现参与的居民人数太少，参与层次普遍较低，其文化主体性没有得到
3、应有的体现等现象。结合相关理论研究成果，本文究其原因，主要是因为当前旅游发展模式是以政府为主导的模式下，居民缺乏自主参与和决策社区旅游发展的意识、能力与权利。笔者认为改善现状的方法是从三个阶段着手来建构社区居民参与旅游发展的有效模式，即随着社区居民参与旅游发展的萌发阶段，发展阶段和完善阶段的变化，不断增强对民族文化的认识及对文化主体性的定位，强化民族文化认同和文化自觉；不断推进参与的深度与广度，使居民在旅游资源勘查、旅游规划制定、旅游决策、旅游规划执行、监督与评估等旅游发展环节中充分发挥文化主体性作用，提高居民整体的文化参与水平，传承和延续民族文化传统；不断促进各种保障居民参与体制的健全，使居
4、民可以自主决策社区旅游的发展方向。运用模式的运行的效果，最终实现社区与政府、开发商之间形成良好的互动关系，达成经济与文化的互动与共赢。主题词：居民参与，旅游发展模式，乾州古城第 i 页ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe Qianzhou City was first built in Zhende years in Ming Dyansty. Since Han andTujia etc. ethnic and economic migrants of other areas continue to move in gradually,here has become the habitat
5、ion where multi-nation and multi-culture join together. Afterover one hundred years development, the ancient city has accumulated a lot ofexcellent historical culture and national treasures, Such as the unique pattern of the maincity with the moon city which is called “Three Doors Open”; the temple
6、with diversecollections of architectural culture; the Spring folk activities of the unique aesthetic andartistic values in Qianzhou city; war-filled history of the Miao frontier struggle and soon. All of these are tourism resources which have the unique characteristics of theancient Qianzhou city. W
7、hile the speed of the economic development is a bit slowbecause of the geographic isolation and the poor facilities of the transportation of it.Fortunately, many historical sites and cultural resources are therefore relativelywell-preserved, and has become the unique tourism resources. In 2004, the
8、duty officerssent by the relevant departments in Jishou formed a temporary city office, andestablished a project on tourism development developed by government, making thetourism development of the ancient Qianzhou city become the citys new economicgrowth point. In 2005, the street of the National P
9、remium products was been developedin antique-style by the Dahan Group under the Government will. But in 2010, duing tothe chaotic situation of the early development, the effect of the tourism developmentis dissatisfactory, the government of Jishou City became to put the development of theancient cit
10、y under the management of the state Tourism Bureau. However, no matterwhich kind of tourism development model, the city residents were mostly out of thetourism and turned to be the embarrassed marginal men.According to the study of many experts and scholoars, the key to realize thesustainable develo
11、pment on tourism is to respect the principle roles (subjectivity) of thecommunity residents as cultural “creator” and “owner”, and to encourage positively theresidents to participate the whole process of the tourism development. Based on my (theauthors)several surveys on the situation of the local Q
12、ianzhou residents particepationin tourism development, we can find that the number of residents involved is too few,the levels of participation are general too low, and its principle role (cultural第 ii 页ABSTRACTsubjuectivity) hasnt been fully reflected etc.Combined to the research results of the rel
13、ated theory, the reason is mainly becausethe current pattern of tourism development is the government-led model, while theresidents are lack of the sense, ability and right to participate independently and decidethe communitys tourim development. I believe (The author believes ) that the way toimpro
14、ve the present situation is to construct an effective approach on the participationof the community residents on thetourism development. That is to say, as the theparticipation of community residents on the tourism development changed in thegermination stage, development stage and the perfect stage,
15、 we can constantly enhancethe understanding of the culture and the position of cultural subjectivity, and strengthenthe cultural identity and cultural awareness. Then constantly promote the depth andbreadth of participation, so that the residents can develop fully of their abilities on theexploration of tourism resources, making of tourism planning, tourism decision,implementation of tourism planning, monitoring and evaluation, and other tourism links,improving the whole level of participation of residents, inheritating and continuing thet
