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1、 The Passive Voice -By Esther 语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形 式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之 间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者 时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；如果 主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（ Passive Voice）。 We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。 动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动 词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被 动句
2、时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来 的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与 被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行 者和承受者的关系并没有改变。 2)被动语态的结构： 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去 分词”构成，助动词be有人称、数的变化, 其变化规则与be作为连系动词时一样。 如：The desk is made of wood. The desks are made of wood. He is asked a question by the teacher. I was given a nice present by my friend yesterday. 3）被动语态一般现在时结构：
3、 is/am/are/+过去分词 A)肯定句形式： 如：It is used for cooking. I am looked after well every day. Many trees are planted every year. B)疑问句形式： Is it used for cooking? Are you looked after well every day ? Are many trees planted every year? What is it used for? Where are you looked after well? C)否定句形式： It is not
4、used for cooking. I am not looked after well every day. Many trees are not planted every year. 4)被动语态过去时态结构：was/were+过 去分词. A)肯定句形式： 如: It was used for cooking by people in old the days. Many trees were planted last year. B)疑问句形式: Was it used for cooking in the old days? Were many trees planted last
5、 year ? When were the trees planted ? 否定句形式： 如：It was not used for cooking in the old days. These trees were not planted last year. 4）含有情态动词被动语态的结构:情态动词 +be+过去分词 A)肯定句形式： 如: English can be spoken by us.(被动语态) English must be studied well.(被动语态) The room should be cleaned every day.(被 动语态) B)疑问句形式： C
6、an English be spoken by you? Must English be studied well by us? Should the room be cleaned every day? C)否定句形式： English can not/cant be spoken by us. The books must not be taken out of the room. 一般现在时： am / is / are done 一般过去时： was / were done 现在进行时： am / is / are being done 过去进行时： was / were being
7、done 现在完成时： have / has been done 过去完成时： had been done 一般将来时： shall / will be done ; be going to be done 当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为 can / must / have tobe done He is regarded as a brilliant. 他被认为很有才气。 This book was written in 1969. 这本书是1969年写成的。 The broken bike is being repaired now. 那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。 He told us
8、the cat was being washed when we called him. 他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。 The pen has been used for several years. 这支钢笔已经用了几年。 He said the factory had been opened . 他说这家工厂已经开张。 The work will be finished in three hours. 工作将于三小时后完成。 The baby must be looked after well. 这孩子必须被好好照顾。 在被动句中有时用by- 词组，有时不用。一般 来说，当动作的执行
9、者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要 或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强调 动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须 使用 by 词组。例如： (一) 主动句与被动句的转换 1含有单宾语的主动句的转换： Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. 哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。 People speak English almost all over the world. 世界各地都有人讲英语。 当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句， 可转换为两种形式的被动句。 1) 用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成 后置的主语从句； 2) 把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同 时把
10、宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。 English is spoken almost all over the world. People believe that he is an honest boy. 大家 认为他是个诚实的孩子。 2.含有双宾语的主动句的转换 I gave the book to Mr. Smith yesterday. 昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。 It is believed that he is an honest boy. The boy is believed to be an honest one. Mr. Smith was given a book yes
11、terday (by me). The book was given to Mr. Smith yesterday ( by me). 3. 含有介词动词的主动句的转换。 They have never listened to him. 人家从不听 他的话。 表示被动意义的主动句： Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸上去很柔软。 Ripe apples pick easily. 熟了的苹果容易摘下来。 He has never been listened to. I. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.(用被动语
12、态改写下列各句)： 1) They are serving breakfast between eight and ten oclock. Breakfast is being served between eight and ten oclock. 2) People were talking about the unusually hot weather. The unusually hot weather was being talked about . 3) His father allows him a little money every month. A little money
13、 is allowed to him by his father every month. 4) The teacher will give you some instructions. Some instructions will be given to you. You will be given some instructions. II. Rewrite the following sentences in the active voice. (用主动语态改写下 列句子) 1) Many changes can be seen by the year 2008. People can
14、see many changes by the year 2008. 2) This letter neednt to be typed. You neednt type this letter. 有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。 一、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这 类动词有begin, start, open, close, end, finish, stop等。例如： School begins in September. The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays. 二、主语是物，谓
15、语是表示主语特征或属性 的动词。常见的这类动词有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run, lock等。这些动词常 与副词或否定词连用。例如： The machine runs well. This pen writes quite smoothly. The bookshelf hardly sells. 三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等 。例如： Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. A. is fe
16、eling B. felt C. feels D. is felt C Your idea sounds reasonable. What he said proved to be correct. 四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1. 在need, require, want(需要)等动词后 ，表示某物(人)要进行处理时，后接动 名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义 ，相当于不定式的被动式。例如： Youve come just in time to help us. Fine, what requires doing? (=Fine, what requires to be done?) This sentence needs _ . A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved C 2. be wor
