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1、Materials and Oxygen Compatibility 材料和氧的相容性 Plant Design & Operations for Industrial Gases Properties & Hazards of Oxygen 氧的性质和危险 Oxygen is essential to the maintenance of life 氧是维持生命的基本要素 Oxygen is essential for combustion 氧是燃烧的基本要素 Oxygen is a reactive gas which will form oxides with most elements
2、. 氧可同大多数元素反应生成氧化物 Oxygen the ability of a material to coexist with both oxygen and a potential source(s) of ignition 一种材料同氧和潜在的点火源之 间共存的能力。 What is Oxygen Compatibility?什么是氧相容性 within the acceptable risk parameter of the user 在使用者可接受的风险参数之内。 (as the material will most likely burn in oxygen, the leve
3、l of risk that one is willing to accept must be taken into account)（必须考虑愿意接受的风险等级） 材料运作环境处于可接受的温度和压力下。 at an expected temperature and pressure (the environment that the material must operate in) Properties & Hazards of Oxygen 氧的性质和 危险 What are the hazards ? Oxygen enhances burning of materials 氧加强材料
4、的燃烧 the material burns more aggressively 材料更剧烈地燃烧 the fire cannot be extinguished 火不能扑灭 All materials burn in oxygen except ceramics, gold and silver 除陶瓷、金和银之外，所有材料在 氧中都会燃烧。 The energy required to start an ignition can be very small 材料点燃所需要的能量可以非常小。 Oxygen enrichment gives no warning 氧富集无任何先兆。 Effec
5、t of adding LOX to a charcoal fire 液氧加木炭 Why is oxygen compatibility important? 氧相容性的重要性？ Motherwell Tanker Pump Ignition 1979（槽车泵起火） Pump was constructed of materials that were not compatible with oxygen 泵的结构材料与氧不相容。 ALUMINIUM PUMP铝泵 Why is oxygen compatibility important? 氧相容性的重要性？ During the 1970s
6、 there were numerous LOX pump fires. By replacing the aluminium bronze impeller and casing with a tin bronze material these ignitions were eliminated.70年代发生多次 液氧泵起火事故。叶轮和泵壳材料用青铜取代铝青铜后得以消除。 Where do incidents occur ? 事故发生在何处？ Why is oxygen compatibility important? 氧相容性的重要性？ Cylinder filling 气瓶充装 Liqu
7、id oxygen pumps 液氧泵 Oxygen compressors 氧压缩机 Oxygen pipelines and valve systems 氧及液氧管路和阀门系统 LOX piping and valve systems In areas where exposure to oxygen can occur 有氧存在的场所 So Where do Oxygen Hazards Exist ? 氧的危险存在于： In pressurised systems containing oxygen 含有氧的压力系统中 In atmospheric air enriched with
8、oxygen 空气中的富氧气氛中 Hazards of oxygen 氧的危险 Oxygen concentration 氧含量 25303540 Probability of igniting clothing % Based on time to ignite denim overalls with a cigarette. 衣服起火的可能性 5305090 Probability of a fatal or serious injury % Based on the burning rate of the material and reaction time of the victim.
9、 死亡或重伤的可能性 10162990 Combined probability of a fatal or serious injury % 死亡或重伤的组合可能性 0.54.814.581 Hazards of oxygen in air 空气中氧的危险 How much oxygen does it take to create a hazard ? (% in air) Where Do You Find Oxygen Enrichment ?什么地方容易产生富氧？ Oxygen enrichment hazards in air must be considered at oxyge
10、n percentages of 25% and above. 氧含量达25%以上必须考虑富氧的危险 Oxygen is denser than air and so can collect in pits, ducts, trenches, etc. 氧较空气重，因而可能聚集 在 坑、洞及沟渠等处。 Hazards of oxygen 氧的危险 LOX may form on contact of air with LIN. 同液氮（LIN）接触的空气可能会形成液氧（LOX）。 a liquid oxygen release occurred during vessel filling 储罐
11、充装时发生液氧 泄漏。 liquid oxygen can travel long distances down inclines because it is very dense 由于比重大，液氧可沿坡度向下流动到远处。 a car caught fire but the occupants escaped 汽车起火，人员来不及逃走。 Oxygen Enrichment富氧气氛 VIE/Tanker Slope 储罐/槽车/坡度 1989年/富氧气雾中汽车起火 Claymont plant, Ohio 某工厂 defective and undersized liquid disposal
12、system 废液排放设 施容量不足并有缺陷。 large cloud of oxygen enriched air formed 形成大量富氧 气雾。 car drove into cloud 汽车进入 气雾，突然爆发大火。 car burst into flames driver had narrow escape 司机勉强逃生。 Oxygen Enrichment 富氧气氛 Car fire in Oxygen Enriched Cloud 1989 Oxygen 氧 Particle Impact 微粒碰撞 Contamination 污染 Heat of Compression 压缩
13、热 Friction 摩擦 All materials in contact with oxygen 与氧接触的所有材料 Fire Triangle 燃烧三角形 Managing Risks in Oxygen Systems 氧系统的风险管理 Fuel 燃料 Ignition Source 点火源 Pressure 压力 Temperature 温度 Concentration 浓度 Careful selection of system materials - avoid fuels 仔细选择系统材料-避免燃料。 Good system/equipment design - avoid i
14、gnition sources 良好的系统/设备设计-避免点火源。 Good standards of cleanliness during construction and maintenance - avoid fuels and ignition sources (absence of particulate matter and hydrocarbon oils and greases) 在制造 和维修时采用标准的清洗程序-避免燃料和点火源（清除微粒和碳氢化合物的油和脂）。 Good system commissioning - avoid ignition sources 符合标准的
15、投入程序-避免点火源。 Good system maintenance - avoid ignition sources 良好的维护规范-避免点火源。 Operation within the systems declared safe operating limits - avoid fuels and ignition sources 在系统明确的安全运行限度内使用-避免燃料和点火源。 Managing Risks in Oxygen Systems 氧系统的风险管理 How to Avoid Fires 怎样避免起火 Common Ignition Mechanisms点火机理 Comm
16、on Ignition mechanisms普通的点火机理 Temperature 温度 Friction 摩擦 Heat of compression 压缩发热 Promoted combustion (contaminate promotion) 触发燃烧（污染触发） Particle impact 微粒碰撞 Mechanical (mass) impact 机械碰撞 Occurred 1997, 5 Fatalities 1997年，5人死亡 Occurred following maintenance work on pressure reducing station 发生在（氧气）减压站维修之后。 Pressure relief valve had been installed following ma
