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1、金属及其化合物专题复习（Special review of metals and their compounds）Special review of metals and their compoundsI. concept1. acid oxides- - the oxide that reacts with bases to form salts and water is called acid oxide.Rule - most non metallic oxides are acid oxides.Such as: CO2, SO2, SO3,2. basic oxides? an ox
2、ide that reacts with acids to form salts and water is called alkaline oxide.Rule - most metal oxides are basic oxidesSuch as: MgO, Na2O, CuO3. amphoteric oxidesAcid reacts with bases and reacts with bases to form oxides of salt and water called amphoteric oxides. Such as: Al2O3Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3
3、+ 3H2O + 6H+ + 2Al3+ = Al2O3; 3H2OAl2O3 + 2NaOH= 2NaAlO2 + H2O; Al2O3 + 2OH- + H2O = 2AlO2-Acid oxideOxide basic oxideAmphoteric oxide4. amphoteric hydroxideAcid reacts with bases and reacts with bases to form oxides of salt and water called amphoteric oxides. Such as: Al (OH) 3Al (OH) 3 + 3HCl = Al
4、Cl3 + 3H2O; Al (OH) 3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O;Al (OH) NaOH= 3 + NaAlO2 + 2H2O; Al (OH) 3 + OH- = AlO2- + 2H2O;Soluble hydroxideHydroxide insoluble hydroxideAmphoteric hydroxide5. double salt- - by two or more metal cations and anions consisting of a salt called salt. Such as: KAl (SO4) 2Neutralsalt such
5、 as: Na2SO4, K2CO3Acid salts such as: NaHSO4, NaHCO3saltSalt such as Cu2 (OH) 2CO3 (Pseudomonas)Salt such as KAl (SO4) 2Apply - practice oneTwo. Properties of metals and their compounds1 general properties of metalsMetalNaAlFeCuElectron loss tendencyGradually diminishedReaction with oxygenNa2O2, Na2
6、OAl2O3Fe3O4CuOReaction with waterCan (at normal temperature, intense)Energy (at room temperature, strong alkali)Be able to (heat, steam)cannotThe reaction rate and severity decreased graduallyReaction with hydrochloric acidcancancancannotThe reaction rate and severity decreased graduallyReaction wit
7、h NaOHcannotcancannotcannotReaction with AgNO3 solutioncancancancanApply - practice twoTransformation relationship between 2 sodium and its compounds:Na2ONaCl, Na, NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3Na2O2Reaction type:(1); (2)(3); (4)(5); (6)(7); (8)(9); (10)(11); (12)（13）；应用-练习三注意-实验现象实验或反应实验现象钠在空气中燃烧钠受热后，先熔成液态小球
8、，然后剧烈燃烧，发出黄色火焰钠与水反应一个钠浮在水面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在水面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与水反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E反应后溶液变红钠与CuSO4溶液反应一个钠浮在溶液面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在液面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与溶液反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E有蓝色沉淀产生过氧化钠与水反应一个有无色无味的气体放出，且气体能使带火星的木条复燃。B向所得溶液加酚酞，溶液变红钠与FeCl3溶液反应一个钠浮在溶液面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在液面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与溶液反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E有红褐色沉淀
9、产生铝片在空气中加热加热时，铝箔熔化，失去了光泽，熔化的铝并不滴落Fe2O3与盐酸反应红棕色的固体溶解，溶液变为黄（褐）色厝与盐酸反应黑色的固体溶解，溶液变为绿色FeCl3溶液与NaOH反应生成红褐色沉淀硫酸亚铁溶液与NaOH反应先生成灰白色沉淀，沉淀迅速变成灰绿色，最后变成红褐色向Al2（SO4）3溶液中加入NaOH溶液至过量先生成白色胶状沉淀，然后胶状沉淀逐渐溶解，最后变成澄清溶液Na2CO3溶液中加入酚酞溶液变红色NaHCO3溶液中加入酚酞溶液变红色（较浅）水玻璃中加入酚酞溶液变红色水玻璃中加入盐酸有白色胶状固体生成向水玻璃中通入CO2有白色胶状固体生成H2在氯气中燃烧燃烧、并发出苍白色
10、的火焰SO2通入品红试液，然后加热品红试液褪色，加热，试液变回原来的红色浓H2SO4滴入蔗糖或纸上蔗糖或纸变黑色浓硫酸铜反应与溶液变成蓝色，有无色、有刺激性气味的气体放出，且该气体能使品红试液褪色。浓盐酸与浓氨水反应产生大量的白烟氨溶于水的喷泉实验加有酚酞的水通过导管迅速进入烧瓶并形成喷泉，溶液变成红色。（解释：氨极易溶于水，且其水溶液呈碱性）应用-练习四3铝及其化合物之间的转化关系：AlCl3铝-铝（oh）3铝酸钠反应式：（1）；（2）（3）；（4）（5）；（6）（7）；（8）（9）；（10）注意1。3与NaOH反应的反应式、实验现象反应式AlCl3 + 3naoh = = = 3nacl
11、+ Al（OH）3；al (oh) 3 + naoh = = = naalo2 + 2h2oal3 + + 3oh - = = = al (oh) 3; al (oh) 3 + oh = = = alo2 - + 2h2o实验现象(1) 少量的naoh溶液加入足量的alcl3溶液中: - 产生白色胶状物(2) 少量的alcl3溶液加入足量的naoh溶液中: - 产生白色胶状物, 但白色胶状物立即溶解应用 - 练习五4铁及其化合物之间的转化关系:fecl2 fe (oh) 2fe3o4 fe fe2o3fecl3 fe (oh) 3反应式:(1); (2)(3); (4)(5); (6)(7);
12、 (8)(9), (10)(11), (12)注意1有关化合物的颜色物质feofe2o3fe3o4cuona2o2fe (oh) 2fe (oh) 3颜色黑色红棕色黑色黑色浅黄色白色红褐色物质cu (oh) 2亚铁盐铁盐cuso4cucl2颜色蓝色浅绿色黄褐白色蓝色 (水)棕 (黄) 色绿色 (水)2.常见几种化合物的俗称学名化学式俗称学名化学式俗称氢氧化钠naoh烧碱、苛性钠碳酸钙caco3石灰石、大理石碳酸氢钠nahco3小苏打氧化钙cao生石灰碳酸钠na2co3苏打、纯碱氢氧化钙ca (oh) 2熟石灰氧化铁fe2o3铁红硫酸铝钾kal (so4) 2明矾四氧化三铁fe3o4磁性氧化铁应用 - 练习六四、常见几种离子的检验阳离子检验的试剂或操作实验现象离子反应式备注h +石蕊试液石蕊试液变红色na焰色反应焰色显黄色k焰色反应焰色显紫色(透过钴玻璃)ca2加na2co3 溶液有白色沉淀生成ca2 + + co32 = = caco3mg2 + ba2 + 的干扰al3逐滴加入naoh溶液至过量先有白色沉淀生成, 然后沉淀逐渐溶解al3 + + 3oh = = al (oh) 3 /al (oh) 3 + oh = = alo2 + 2h2ofe2a加naoh溶液b加kscn + 氯水白、灰、灰绿、红褐无现象、变血红色fe2 + + 2oh = =
