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1、1,现代英语语法 Chapter 16 Information structure 信息结构,Rokey.9.29,2,Techinical Terms: given and new information 已知信息和新信息 information focus信息焦点 end-focus and end-weight 句末焦点和句末重心 postponement 后移 extraposition 外位 discontinuity 分割 fronting 前置 cleaving and pseudo-cleft sentence 分裂句和假拟分裂句,3,16.1 Information Stru
2、cture信息结构,4,16.1.1 Given and new information已知信息和新信息 我们所使用的句子中都包括一定的信息，通常包括已知信息和新信息。已知信息是说话人或作者已经给出的信息，新信息则要靠听话人或者读者进行推测。 eg: In rock music we find a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. Each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. Its message is an overpowering emotional one.,5,16.1.2 Information
3、 focus 信息焦点 一般说来，每一句话都会有个信息中心或者信息焦点，如果这个中心放在句末的位置,即新信息放在句末，则称其为句末焦点end-focus。 eg: The duke gave my aunt a teapot. I saw a man with a scar across his face trying to escape with a bag,6,16.2 Postponement 后移 有时主语过长,放在句首时显得头重脚轻,采用后移改写句子,以达到强调的目的。后移通常采用: 1.被动语态passive voice eg: My dog sent the mail. The
4、mail was sent by my dog.,7,2.分隔 discontinuity 分隔就是把后置修饰语和被修饰的名词分隔开。 eg:The time when anyone can afford a car will come. The time will come when anyone can afford a car. eg: She is the only girl who can play the guitar in my class. She is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.,8,3.外位extra
5、position 将主语或宾语的分句移到句末中心位置,用it代替后移部分,it为形式主语或者宾语。 eg:To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man.(主语后移) eg: You will find working with him exciting. You will find it exciting working with him. (宾语后移),9,16.3 Fronting 前置 前置指把原来位于句中或句末的成分（即无标记
6、主题）移至句首（即标记性主题）。有时也称前置为主题化，即首先表明要谈论的主题。P339 eg:He used to be an honest man. An honest man he used to be. eg:All admired her appearance while few could praise her personality. Her appearance all admired while her personality few could praise.,10,16.4 Inversion 倒装 1.Partial inversion 部分倒装 部分倒装是把谓语部分移到
7、主语之前，常用前移的方法强调焦点主题，通常把否定项置于句首。 (1)以否定词项开头的句子，使用部分倒装。 eg: Never have I seen such a rude man. Hardly had I reached home when it started to rain. (2)在so,neither,nor开头的省略句中，使用部分倒装。 eg: I dont like shopping. So/Neither/Nor do I. 我也是。,11,注意：so+助动词+主语： “前者的情况也适用于后者” so +主语+助动词 :“赞同某人” Eg: He doesnt like En
8、glish. So do I. Eg: Today is a fine day. So it is. (3)当状语放在句首,并使用only进行强化时，要倒装。 eg：Only when you have got a stable job can you marry and start a family.,12,2.Complete inversion 全部倒装 全部倒装是将整个谓语部分都移到主语之前，也可以理解为将主语移到整个谓语部分之后，这也是一种后移的方式，以达到句末焦点进行强调的效果。 eg: The bus comes here. Here comes the bus. eg：The
9、door burst open and in rushed a large angry crowd.,13,16.5 Cleaving 分裂 分裂就是将一个句子分成两个分句的方法，有分裂句cleft sentence和拟似分裂句pseudo-cleft sentence。 eg: We shall call him traitor. (1)Using fronting eg:Traitor we shall call him. (2)Using cleaving eg:It is traitor that we shall call him.,14,1.分裂句 构成： It + be + 焦点
10、成分 + that/who从句 eg: You can consult John. It is John that/who/whom you can consult. 焦点成分可以是主语,宾语,状语,但不可是动词,修饰语,补语。 eg: She is a beautiful lady. * It is a beautiful lady that she is.,15,2.拟似分裂句 拟似分裂句也是将句子分成两部分,把新旧信息从结构上分开,常用what从句作主语以达到句末焦点的效果。 eg: Now he can apologize to her in person. What he can d
11、o now is (to) apologize to her in person. 也可以使用前置的方法，强调焦点。 To apologize to her is what he can do now. eg: A pair of new shoes is what I need now.,16,改写句子： Using fronting: 1.He often travels alone all over the world. Alone he often travels all over the world. 2.Everyone should have a dream. A dream e
12、veryone should have. Using extraposition: 1.You will feel listening to him talk boring. It is boring to listen to him talk. 2.Meeting you in London that day was pleasant. It was pleasant to meet you in London that day.,17,Using cleaving: 1. They will enjoy their holiday in Beijing this summer. It is
13、 in Beijing that they will enjoy their holiday. 2.I will arrive in Beijing on October 1st. It is on Octrober 1st that I will arrive in Beijing. Using inversion: 1.You wont find such fine pupils anywhere else. No where will you find such fine pupils. 2.They tried in vain to persuade him into giving up. In vain did they try to pesuade him into giving up.,18,Thank you !,
