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1、Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3.1 Introduction 老 板 工 头 雷达 激光 甭 卷心菜 boss light water mountain worker workshop,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3.2 Motivation and Non-motivation of words 1）The principle of modern linguistics: non-motivation / tri: / 共时性 历时性 泛时性 树 / arbr / (arbre) 2）Form-meaning connect
2、ion Stephen Ullmann: opaque word （含糊的，不透明的） transparent word,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3.3 Types of motivation Stephen Ullmann: 1) phonological（语音体系的） 相同或相似 英语 汉语 猫叫声 miao /mew 喵 撞击声 bang 砰 纸、干叶声 rustle 沙沙 不同 英语 汉语 水滴声 drip-drop 滴滴答答 水流声 murmur /bubble 涓涓，潺潺 青蛙叫声 croak 呱呱 马嘶声 neigh 潇潇,Chapter 3
3、 Motivation for Words,2) morphological (形态学的) 德语 英语 法语 汉语 Schillschuh（雪橇-鞋） skate patin 冰鞋 Schnittlaunch（劈开的-葱） chive cive 细香葱 Fingerhut（手指-帽） thimble de 顶针 Handschuh（手-鞋） glove gant 手套 Erdteil（土地-部分） continent continent 大陆 Scheidung（“离别“的分词） divorce divorce 离婚 Ehelosigheit婚姻+否定后缀+名词后缀 celibacy celi
4、bacy 独身 Ursache（起源的） cause cause 原因 anfangen（着手于） begin commencer 开始 one free morpheme（词素，形态素） - one word one free morpheme + affix - derivation（派生） two free morphemes - compound,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3）semantic a gleam of hope - 一线希望 storm of grief the notes of a distant song 鹅卵石 冰糖 木耳 蜂拥
5、毛毛雨 月牙 （metaphorical) 千里眼 千层饼 （hypoberbole) 3.4 Difference in motivation of Chinese & English words neoclassical compounds 德语 英语 法语 汉语 sprachwissenschaft （语言+科学） linguistics linguistique 语言学 lautlehre (声音+知识) phonetics phonetique 语音学 formenlehre(形式+知识) morphology morphologie 形态学 bedeutungslehre(意义+知
6、识) semantics semantique 语义学,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,王力：“汉字是属于表意体系的文字，字型和意义有密切的关系，分析字型有助于对本义的了解。” 财 货 贿 资 赠 赏 赐 贷 债 赊 贪 贵 贱 语 谈 请 许 诺 讽 谋访 读 训 诲 论 议 诽 谤 谏 诬 谗 谨 谦 诚 谅 1) English ： core extension - affixation Chinese : plane extension 2) attitude towards foreign words schlock chutzpah coup deta
7、t /ku det:/ 苦迭打 德律风 狄克推多 德谟克拉西 伯理玺天德 普罗列塔利亚 政变 电话 专政 民主 总统 无产阶级,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3. 1 Affixation internationalization internationalize internationalist internationality international internationalism internationally internationally international nation nationhood nationwide nationally
8、national nationalize nationalizer nationality nationalization nationalism nationalist nationalistic nationalistically,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3.5 Types of differences in motivation 1) Naming Some white meat, please. And just a sliver of dark. 2) Word image 3.6 Cause of motivation difference 1
9、) Natural environment 2) Economic factor,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,3.7 Language and reality （王寅 p327） arbitrary, conventional - nominalism （唯名论） motivted - naturalism （唯实论） 1）phonological level gr- -ish sl- rising tone and falling tone p336 2) lexical level T-shirt V-belt Hedge 3) structural le
10、vel distance iconicity,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,If the meaning of form A affects the meaning of form B, then, the CLOSER form A is to form B, the STRONGER will be the effect of the meaning of A on the menaing of B. Only I want to two apples. I only want two apples. I want only two apples. He i
11、s not right. I think he is not right. I dont think he is right. He is not pleased. He is displeased.,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,hear sb. / sth. hear of sb. / sth. know sb. / sth/ know of sb. / sth. I poured him a drink. I poured a drink to him. I geve him a book. I gave a book to him. She talked
12、 to Tom, then to John, then to Geoge. She talked to Tom, John and Geoge. I found that the chair was comfortable. I found the chair comfortable. They saw the cottage which iwas under the trees. They saw the cottage, which was under the trees.,Chapter 3 Motivation for Words,The lovely fat new American girl friend p345 Sequence iconicity p361 他笑着 走进 来 对 我 说了声谢谢。 他走 进来 笑着 对 我 说了声谢谢。 他走 进来 对我 笑着 说了声谢谢,
