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1、,Supply, Demand, and Government Policies,In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied. One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to
2、assist in the development of policies.,供给、需求与政府政策,在一个自由、无管制的市场系统中，市场力量实现均衡价格和均衡交易量。 这种均衡结果也许是有效的，但并不是每个人对此都感到满意。 经济学家的作用之一就是利用他们的理论帮助制定政策。,Controls on Price. 价格控制,Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. 当政策制定者认为市场价格对买者或卖者不公平时，往往实行价格控制。 Result in
3、 government-created price ceilings and floors. 这就促使政府实行价格上限和价格下限政策。,Controls on Price. 价格控制,Price Ceiling 价格上限 A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold. 可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。 Price Floor 价格下限 A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold. 可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。,How Pric
4、e Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling: The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.,价格上限如何影响市场结果,当政府实行价格上限时，可能出现两种价格： 如果价格
5、上限高于均衡 价格，价格上限没有限制作用。 如果价格上限低于均衡 价格，价格上限对市场有限制作用。,A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding.,$4,3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Demand,Supply,100,Equilibrium quantity,没有限制作用的价格上限.,$4,3,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的价格,需求,供给,100,均衡数量,A Price Ceiling That Is Binding.,$3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Con
6、es,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,2,Demand,Supply,有限制作用的价格上限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的价格,2,需求,供给,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,Effects of Price Ceilings A binding price ceiling creates . shortages because QD QS. Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s nonprice rationing Examples: Long lines, Dis
7、crimination by sellers,价格上限如何影响市场结果,价格上限的作用 有限制作用的价格上限造成. 短缺，因为 QD QS. 例子: 70年代的汽油短缺 非市场价格方式配给 例子: 排长队, 卖者歧视,Lines at the Gas Pump,In 1973 OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets. Because crude oil is the major input used to make gasoline, the higher oil prices reduced the supply of gaso
8、line.,What was responsible for the long gas lines?,Economists blame government regulations that limited the price oil companies could charge for gasoline.,加油站前的长队,1973年，石油输出国组织（ OPEC)提高了世界石油市场的原油价格。由于原油是用于生产汽油的主要投入，较高石油价格减少了汽油供给。,谁对加油站前的长队负责？,经济学家把它归咎于限制石油公司对汽油可以收取的价格的政府管制。,The Price Ceiling on Gaso
9、line Is Not Binding. 汽油的价格上限没有限制性,$4,P1,Quantity of Gasoline 汽油数量,0,Price of Gasoline 汽油价格,Q1,Demand 需求,Supply 供给,The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding.,P1,Quantity of Gasoline,0,Price of Gasoline,Q1,Demand,S1,Price ceiling,汽油的价格上限有限制性.,P1,汽油数量,0,汽油价格,Q1,需求,S1,价格上限,Rent Control in the Short Run a
10、nd Long Run,Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants. The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable. One economist called rent control “the best way to destroy a city, other than bombing.”,短期中和长期中的租金控制,租金控制房东能向房客收取
11、的租金上限。 这一政策的目的是帮助穷人更能租得起住房。 一位经济学家称租金控制是“除了轰炸之外毁灭一个城市的最好方法”。,Rent Control in the Short Run.,Quantity of Apartments,0,Rental Price of Apartment,Demand,Supply,Supply and demand for apartments are relatively inelastic,短期的租金控制.,公寓数量,0,公寓租金 价格,需求,供给,供给与需求都相对缺乏弹性,Rent Control in the Long Run.,Quantity of
12、Apartments,0,Rental Price of Apartment,Demand,Supply,Because the supply and demand for apartments are more elastic.,rent control causes a large shortage,长期的租金控制.,公寓数量,0,公寓租金 价格,需求,供给,因为供给和需求更富有弹性,租金控制导致大量短缺,How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes,When the government imposes a price floor, two outcom
13、es are possible. The price floor is not binding if set below the equilibrium price. The price floor is binding if set above the equilibrium price, leading to a surplus.,价格下限如何影响市场结果,当政府实行价格下限时，可能出现两种价格： 如果价格下限低于均衡价格，价格下限没有限制作用。 如果价格下限高于均衡价格，价格下限对市场有限制作用，导致过剩。,A Price Floor That Is Not Binding.,$3,Qu
14、antity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,100,Equilibrium quantity,Demand,Supply,2,没有限制性的价格下限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的价格,100,均衡数量,需求,供给,2,A Price Floor That Is Binding.,$3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Demand,Supply,$4,有限制性的价格下限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的价格,需求,供给,$4,How P
15、rice Floors Affect Market Outcomes 价格下限如何影响市场结果,A price floor prevents supply and demand from moving toward the equilibrium price and quantity. 价格下限阻止供给和需求调整到均衡价格和均衡数量 When the market price hits the floor, it can fall no further, and the market price equals the floor price. 当市场价格达到下限时，它就不能再下降，此时市场价格
16、等于下限价格。,How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes,A binding price floor causes . . . a surplus because QS QD. nonprice rationing is an alternative mechanism for rationing the good, using discrimination criteria. Examples: The minimum wage, Agricultural price supports,价格下限如何影响市场结果,有限制作用的价格下限导致. . . 过剩，因为 QS QD. 非价格方式配给是根据歧视来配给物品的一种方式。 例子: 最低工资, 对农产品价格的支持 。,The
