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1、非 谓 语 动 词,动名词,分 词,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,不定式: 具有n. adj. adv. 特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分； 动名词: 具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语； 分词: 具有adj. adv. 特征,在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；,有语态和部分时态的变化； 可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语； 还可有逻辑主语;,动名词名词；习惯性动作 不定式将来；一次性动作 现在分词: 动作正在进行；表主动 过去分词: 动作已经完成；表被动,一般式： 不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 Im glad t
2、o see you. (同时发生) They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）,结构 : to do (否定) not/never to do,二. 时态与语态,不定式,to do,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,to have been doing,-,-,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is to finish i
3、t quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,兼具动词和名词的两种特征：动词有时态语态，有宾语；名词有所有格，可以做主宾语，表语等等。 Helping him gave me a sense of pride. His house was damaged in the fire. My smoking caused this terri
4、ble fire. My parents dislike me/my smoking.,时态： 如果动名词的动作没有明确的表示出时间是与谓语动词同时还是在之前发生，用动名词的一般式。 We are interested in listening to music. 如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用动名词完成式。 She apologized to me for having kept me waiting for such a long time. 注意： after / before / on 后面的动名词不用完成时态。 e.g） On hearing the news that
5、 we won the game, we were all wild with joy. He closed all the windows before leaving.,二、动名词的时态和语态,一、动名词的形式,doing,being done,having done,having been done,1.在一般情况下，在动词原形后直接加词尾 ing。 eg. go going; do doing; ask asking; read - reading study studying; carry carrying; fly flying; worry worrying; 2.在以不发音的e
6、 结尾的动词后，去掉e，再加- ing。 eg. come coming live living dance dancing make making 3.在闭音节的单音节动词后、以重读闭音节结尾的多音节动词，而末尾只有一个辅音字母时，将这个辅音字母双写（x除外），然后再加 ing. sit sitting; run running; begin beginning; forget forgetting 4.在少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词后：须将ie 变作y，再加- ing。(这些动词词典一般均注明) eg. die dying; tie tying lie lying,动名词能在句中充当什么成
7、分？,五、动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。 She wont hear of us leaving the village. Do you object to Li Pings joining the physics group? 注：逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格；作宾语时，也可用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如： The students knowing English well helped him in learning French. I dont mind my / me / Jane buying another on
8、e. 注：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如： Is there any hope of your team winning the match? The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.,Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. I dont like Andys smoking in the office.,动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名
9、词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。,Its useless taking this kind of medicine.,Teaching is my full-time job.,Writing an English composition is not easy.,直接作主语,有时为了避免句子主语冗长，通常用it代替 v-ing作主语,动名词作主语的形式主语句型,1.It is no use /good doing. 2.It is not any use/good doing. 3.It is worthwhile doing. 4.It is hardly wo
10、rth doing. 5.There is no doing. 6.Its a waste of time doing. E.g. Its no good telling her all the truth. Its no use crying over the spilt milk. There is no talking what will happen. Its a waste of time arguing about it. It is worthwhile trying this experiment.,功能及用法,1动名词（短语）做主语，谓语用单数如： Writing the b
11、ook has taken up all his spare time. Judging people by his appearance is silly.,注：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别： 1) 动名词作主语往往泛指比较抽象的一般行为，如爱好、习惯等；不定式作主语往往特指具体的某此动作，尤其是将来的动作。 e.g) Smoking is harmful to peoples health. (泛指） To solve the problem is out of the question. （特指）,动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主
12、语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：,动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：,Sweeping the floor every day is the cleaners job. To sweep the floor today is my job.,(抽象，泛指),（具体）,二、功能及用法,1主语,Climbing mountains is really fun. Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.,It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is no point a
13、rguing with him about this.,动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。,Its no use /no good/no point doing Its a waste of time doing Its worth doing ,My job is teaching.,Her full-time job is laying eggs.,= Teaching is my job.,=Laying eggs is her full-time job.,Your task is cleaning the windows. What I
14、 hate most is being laughed at.,表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。,2表语,Cleaning the windows is your task.,Being laughed at is what I hate most.,在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换： a. 当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式 (对等性)如：,To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.,2动名词（短语）作表语，如： Their job is bu
15、ilding houses. His job is raising pigs. 注：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别： 1. 动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯； 2.不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较： My favourite sport is swimming. The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.,There is no joking about such matters. There is no saying when hell come.,在“There be”结
16、构中，只能用动名词做主语，而不能用不定式。,3宾语 一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有： avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, cant help, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, practise, stop, go on, suggest等，,另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有： begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need等。,swimming
