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1、 1 LLL Chapter 2: Organizing and Visualizing Variables 第2章：组织和可视化变量 In this chapter you learn:在这一章你学习： Organizing categorical variables.组织分类变量 Organizing numerical variables.组织数值变量 Visualizing categorical variables.分类变量可视化 Visualizing numerical variables.可视化数值变量 2 LLL Organizing Data Creates Both Ta
2、bular And Visual Summaries Summaries both guide further exploration and sometimes facilitate decision making. 摘要既指导进一步的探索，有时又促进决策。 Visual summaries enable rapid review of larger amounts of data & show possible significant patterns. 可视化摘要可以快速检查大量数据&显示可能的重要模式。 Often, the Organize and Visualize step in
3、 DCOVA occur concurrently. 通常，该组织和可视化步DCOVA同时发生。 DCOVA 组织数据创建表格和可视化摘要 3 LLL Categorical Data Are Organized By Utilizing Tables Categorical Data Tallying Data Summary Table DCOVA One Categorical Variable Two Categorical Variables Contingency Table 分类数据是利用表来组织的。 分类数据 统计数据 一个分类变量 二分类变量 一览表，汇总表 （质量管理）相依
4、表 4 LLL Organizing Data: Summary Table (One Categorical Variable) A summary table tallies the frequencies (counts) or percentages of items in a set of categories so that you can see differences between categories. DCOVA A summary table which tallies the frequencies (counts) is also called a frequenc
5、y table记录频率（计数）的汇总表也称为频率表。 A summary table which tallies the relative frequencies is also called a relative frequency table记录相对频率的汇总表也称为相对频率表。 组织数据：汇总表（一个分类变量） 汇总表吻合频率（计数）或百分比的一组类的项目，你可以看到不同类别之间 。 5 LLL Organizing Data: Summary Table (One Categorical Variable) Reason For Shopping Online? Percent Bet
6、ter Prices更好的价格 37% Avoiding holiday crowds or hassles避开假日人群或麻烦 29% Convenience方便，便利 18% Better selection更好的选择 13% Ships directly 船舶直达 3% DCOVA Main Reason Young Adults Shop Online Source: Data extracted and adapted from “Main Reason Young Adults Shop Online?” USA Today, December 5, 2012, p. 1A. 组织数
7、据：汇总表（一个分类变量） 年轻人网上购物的主要原因 网上购物的原因？ 来源：数据提取和改编自“主要原因年轻人网上购物吗？“ 今日美国，2012年12月5日，1a P.。 6 LLL Contingency Table (Two Categorical Variables) A random sample of 400 invoices is drawn.随机抽取400张发 票样本。 Each invoice is categorized as a small, medium, or large amount.每张发票分为小、中、或大 量。 Each invoice is also exami
8、ned to identify if there are any errors.每张发票也检查以确 定是否有任何错误 This data are then organized in the contingency table to the right.然后将数据在应急表中组织到右侧。 DCOVA No Errors Errors Total Small Amount 170 20 190 Medium Amount 100 40 140 Large Amount 65 5 70 Total 335 65 400 Contingency Table Showing Frequency of In
9、voices Categorized By Size and The Presence Of Errors 列联表（两个分类变量） 列联表显示的大小和存在的错误分类发票频率 没有错误 错误 小量误 差 7 LLL Contingency Table Based On Percentage Of Overall Total No Errors Errors Total Small Amount 170 20 190 Medium Amount 100 40 140 Large Amount 65 5 70 Total 335 65 400 DCOVA No Errors Errors Total
10、 Small Amount 42.50% 5.00% 47.50% Medium Amount 25.00% 10.00% 35.00% Large Amount 16.25% 1.25% 17.50% Total 83.75% 16.25% 100.0% 42.50% = 170 / 400 25.00% = 100 / 400 16.25% = 65 / 400 83.75% of sampled invoices have no errors and 47.50% of sampled invoices are for small amounts. 基于总百分比的列联表 83.75%的抽
11、样发票没有错误，47.50%的抽样发票是少量的。 8 LLL Contingency Table Based On Percentage of Row Totals No Errors Errors Total Small Amount 170 20 190 Medium Amount 100 40 140 Large Amount 65 5 70 Total 335 65 400 DCOVA No Errors Errors Total Small Amount 89.47% 10.53% 100.0% Medium Amount 71.43% 28.57% 100.0% Large Amo
12、unt 92.86% 7.14% 100.0% Total 83.75% 16.25% 100.0% 89.47% = 170 / 190 71.43% = 100 / 140 92.86% = 65 / 70 Medium invoices have a larger chance (28.57%) of having errors than small (10.53%) or large (7.14%) invoices. 基于行总计百分比的列联表 中型发票比小（10.53%）或大（7.14%）发票的出错机会大（28.57%）。 9 LLL Tables Used For Organizi
13、ng Numerical Data Numerical Data Ordered Array DCOVA Cumulative Distributions Frequency Distributions 用于组织数值数据的表 数据 有序阵列 频数分布图 累积分布 10 LLL Organizing Numerical Data: Ordered Array An ordered array is a sequence of data, in rank order, from the smallest value to the largest value.有序阵列是一个序列的数据，在排名顺序，从
14、最小值到最大值。 Shows range (minimum value to maximum value). 显示范围（最大值，最小值）。 May help identify outliers (unusual observations). 可以帮助识别离群值（异常值）。 Age of Surveyed College Students 大学生调查年龄大学生调查年龄 Day Students走读生走读生 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 25 27 32 38 42 Night Students夜读生夜读生 18 18 19 19 20 21 23
15、28 32 33 41 45 DCOVA 组织数值数据：有序数组 11 LLL Organizing Numerical Data: Frequency Distribution组织数值数据：频率分布 The frequency distribution is a summary table in which the data are arranged into numerically ordered classes. 频率分布是一个汇总表，其中数据被排列成数字有序类。 You must give attention to selecting the appropriate number of
16、 class groupings for the table, determining a suitable width of a class grouping, and establishing the boundaries of each class grouping to avoid overlapping. 你必须注意选择合适的表的班数，确定一个合适的一类分组的宽度，并建立每类分组 以避免重叠的边界。 The number of classes depends on the number of values in the data. With a larger number of values, typically there are more classes. 类的数量取决于数据中的值的个数。具有较大数量的值，通常有更多的类。 To determine the width of a class interval, you divide the range (Highest valueLowest value) o
