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1、Learn General Secretary on two to learn a strengthening four Consciousnesses important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching red treasure, the origin of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become th
2、e grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations two is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the par
3、ty organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the pedal spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres success does not have to be me and the first to bear hardships, the last to service spirit to set the partys positive image among the
4、 people is important. Grass-roots party organizations two is to cleanse all people not happy not to see stereotypes, establish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the money, corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zh
5、ou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhous solution to restore the partys fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing take, eat, card, undesirable and behaviour, cross, hard and cold, push attitude. Grass-roots party organizat
6、ions two is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-r
7、oots party branches loose, soft, loose problem, advance the party members and cadres, a gang working, Hong Kong report. Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous unqualified party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres joining party of thought problem. Party build
8、ing is obtained in the long-term development of our partys historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the partys construction of a new rectification movement. Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented.
9、 Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. Two should have three kinds of consciousness two study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party member
10、s had a solid ideological basis. Only the learning and do real unity, to form a learn-learn-do-do the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization社 会 团 体 工 作第六章 团体的治疗性因素31第六章增强成员运用团体中治疗性因素治疗性因素的概念 衍生于团体心理治疗的治疗性因素，可增进团体工作者协助成员达成个人目
11、标的能力。最初提出治疗性因素说法的是Yalom，而目前有关治疗性因素的讨论，也都围绕在Yalom过去对治疗性因素的讨论。在Yalom之后，学者们陆续提出许多其它治疗性因素的相关研究，其中尤以Bloch及Crouch的研究贡献最大。他们几乎验证了前人所有治疗性因素的研究，并于1985年将他们的研究结果编印成书，其中以理论性和实证性研究并行的方式，详细讨论每一个与治疗性因素有关的内容。Bloch及Crouch基于Yalom的学说和其它几位学者的贡献，而建立他们对治疗性因素的独特观点。Yalom详细分析自己的亲身经验和想法后，列出一系列治疗性因素的清单，其中清楚指出团体能影响成员的可能要素。此外，他
12、亦征询许多同领域同事的看法，并设计一份问卷以有效搜集这些同事的意见，并了解同事对每一个治疗性因素在团体过程中的效能和重要性，Yalom因而发展出与Bloch和Crouch些许不同的看法，但我们在本章仍将使用Bloch及Crouch所列举的团体治疗性因素。Bloch和Crouch将治疗性因素定义为能改善团体成员的一种团体治疗成分，也是团体治疗者、团体其它成员，和被治疗的成员间互动所产生的一种功能。他们认为，治疗性因素与团体改变的因素和技巧是不同的，而团体改变的因素和团体技巧则是工作者增进团体治疗性因素的途径。自1985年以来，许多相关的研究均采用类似Yalom及Bloch与Crouch的架构以研
13、究团体中的治疗性因素，这些研究来自许多不同的国家，也包含各种不同的团体，例如戒酒者自助团体（AA）、AlAnon团体、协助长期住院病患的团体（Long-Term Inpatient Groups）、青少年心理演剧团体（Adolescent Psychodrama Groups）、自助团体（Self-Help Groups）、协助毒瘾或药瘾家庭孩童的团体（Children from Chemically Dependent Families）、协助乱伦受害者团体（Incest Survivor Groups）等。研究者对以上所提的每一种团体所做的研究，都证明了这些治疗性因素和不同团体的团体目标间
14、有着某种关联存在；然而，更复杂的发现是，不同的团体治疗因素对不同类型团体的重要性也不同，因此这个研究也被视为是团体工作者的基本概念，用来选择能使团体发挥最大功能的团体治疗因素。我们曾教导许多团体工作者团体治疗性因素存在的状态，并请他们观察曾在自己团体中出现的治疗性因素和造成的结果，最后他们证实了这些说法，并相信团体成员真的可以藉此得到益处。我们将在本章中逐一讨论这些治疗因素，及社会工作者如何在团体中使用这些因素、如何在团体中提高这些治疗性因素的功能。治疗性因素的种类 有许多因素造成了Yalom、Bloch与Crouch对团体治疗性因素不同的看法，其中之一是因为Bloch和Crouch更有兴趣发
15、展治疗性因素的理论性本质，因此在他们所列举的团体治疗性因素中，刻意放弃Yalom的正确的初级家庭团体要素(corrective recapitulation of primary family group)和团体存在有关的因素(existential factors)，因为他们认为这些因素强调的是成员个人的经验，例如死亡、生命意义、永世分离等哲学性议题，而这也正是Yalom所关注的焦点所在。然而Bloch与Crouch却认为，人们对这些议题所持的观点应该是团体过程所造成的结果，而非团体过程本身的治疗性部分。此外，Bloch与Crouch也增加了Yalom没有涵盖的治疗性因素：自我表露(self
16、-disclosure)。他们相信成员在团体中学习表露与自我有关的讯息，是团体中一个重要的过程，而我们在表6-1中，也列举了Bloch和Crouch与Yalom所提治疗性因素的比较。表6-1 团体中的治疗性因素：Yalom与Bloch和Crouch观点的比较YalomBloch及Crouch植入希望(instillation of hope)植入希望普遍性(universality)普遍性提供信息(imparting of information)辅导(guidance)利他主义(altruism)利他主义正确的初级家庭团体要素(corrective recapitulation of the primary family group)社交
