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1、国贸考试复习内容一、名词解释(言之成理吧)Internal economics内部规模经济:expanding the firms own scaleof production raises its productivity and cut its average costStolper-Samuelson Theorem斯托珀尔萨缪尔森定理:According to H-O theory, international trade is almost sure to divided society into two groups: gainers-from-trade and losers-f
2、rom-trade, because changes in relative prices are likely to raise the revenues of production at the expense ofothers. External economics外部规模经济:productivity gains andcosts reductions that an individual firm reaps from the expansion of otherfirms in the same industryEffective tariff rate有效关税保护率:the pe
3、rcentage change in the value added in an industry because of the imposition of a tariff structure by the country rather than the existence of free tradeOptimal tariff最佳关税:The optimum tariff is that rate of tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of t
4、rade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.Trade creation贸易创造:Trade creation takes place whenever economic integration leads to a shift in product origin from a higher-resource-cost domestic producer to a lower-resource-cost member producer. Such a shift represe
5、nts a movement in the direction of the free-trade allocation of resources and hence is presumably beneficial for welfareRybczynshi theorem罗伯津斯基定理:the development of a newnatural resource, may reducethe development of other lines of productionLaw of comparative Advantage比较优势: comparative advantage co
6、mes from the relative difference of productivities based on the relative difference of technologies. A nation should produce and export the commodities of comparative advantage, and import the commodities of comparative disadvantage.Terms of trade贸易条件:the ratio of the price of its export commodity t
7、o the price of its import commodityThe Leontief Paradox里昂惕夫之谜:Since the United States was the most K-abundant nation in the world, Leontief in 1951 used U.S. data for the year 1947 and expected to find that it exported K-intensive commodities and imported L-intensive commoditiesThe results of Leonti
8、efs test were starling. That is, the U.S. seemed to export L-intensive commodities and import K-intensive commodities. This was the opposite of what the H-O model predicted and because known as the Leontief Paradox.(就是说根据H-O理论,美国是一个资本密集型的国家,应该出口资本密集型的产品,进口劳动密集型的产品,但事实缺相反)Economics of scale规模经济:the p
9、ercent reduction inaverage costs achieved by expending all inputs by a given percentageInfant industry幼稚产业: An industry in which there is a potential advantage in the future, but because lack of know-how and the initial small level of output, will not be set up or, if already started, cannot success
10、fully compete with more established foreign firms.Buyers credit买家信贷:the exporting nation gives foreign buyers of the nations exports low-interest loans to finance the purchase二、画图1. The effect of an Import Quota under Monopolist conditions.垄断条件下的进口配额效应P1702. Welfare effect of export subsidy in large
11、 country case. 贸易大国情形下出口补贴的经济效应P183 producer surplus a + b + cconsumer surplus a + b government subsidy b + c + d + shadownet social cost b + d + shadow3. Rybczynski theorem. 罗伯津斯基定理P1104. Subsidy to an import-competing industry对进口替代产业的生产补贴P1875. Different tastes as a Basis for Trade.需求偏好不同所导致的国际贸易P
12、99(如第一章课件,牛肉和红酒的东东)6. immiserizinggrowth. 贫困化增长P1117.Draw a map and then explain the impact of tariff(关税): the smallcountry caseprice effect: p* rise to p*+tconsumer effect: -(a+b+c+d)producer effect: atrade effect: M0 decrease to M1revenue effect: credistribution of income effect: the loss of consu
13、mer transfer to the benefit of producer or the revenue of governmentnet welfare effect: -(b+d)8. Dumping. 倾销P90三、计算1.REP (REP = ( V V) / V)2.Trade diversion 贸易创造a+b、贸易转移a+c3.The gain of a country from import tariff1. 设中国是汽车进口(import)的小国,对汽车的需求和供给(demand and supply)分别为:Dc = 2000 - 0.02 P, Sc = 1200 +
14、 0.03 P并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000美元,请用数字和图形说明下列问题:(1)自由贸易(free trade)下,中国汽车的产量(production)及进出口量(imports and exports), 自由贸易对国内消费(domesticconsumption)及厂商的福利影响(the welfareofmanufacturers)(2)中国对汽车征收(levied)每辆3000美元的进口税(import duties),国内汽车的产量及贸易量;与自由贸易相比,消费者(consumers)和厂商的福利变化。Before the free trade , we can find
15、 that 2000-0.02P=1200+0.03P, P=16000 , D=S=1680With the free trade at the price of P=1000S=1200+0.03*10000=1500 , D=2000-002*10000=1800So the production of China is: 1500 the import of China is :1800-1500=300the free trade results in an increase in CS of area ACDE and a reduction in PS of area ACEB. When China leviedper$ 3,000on carimport dutiesP13000, D2000-0.02P1740,S1200+0.03P1590,the import of China is: 17401590150The increase in the price of car from 1000 to 13000 as a result of the tariff leads to a reduction in CS of area ACDB and an increase of area AFEB.2. 两国贸易模型 中国: