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1、国贸考试复习内容一、名词解释（言之成理吧）Internal economics内部规模经济：expanding the firms own scaleof production raises its productivity and cut its average costStolper-Samuelson Theorem斯托珀尔萨缪尔森定理：According to H-O theory, international trade is almost sure to divided society into two groups: gainers-from-trade and losers-f
2、rom-trade, because changes in relative prices are likely to raise the revenues of production at the expense ofothers. External economics外部规模经济：productivity gains andcosts reductions that an individual firm reaps from the expansion of otherfirms in the same industryEffective tariff rate有效关税保护率：the pe
3、rcentage change in the value added in an industry because of the imposition of a tariff structure by the country rather than the existence of free tradeOptimal tariff最佳关税：The optimum tariff is that rate of tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of t
4、rade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.Trade creation贸易创造：Trade creation takes place whenever economic integration leads to a shift in product origin from a higher-resource-cost domestic producer to a lower-resource-cost member producer. Such a shift represe
5、nts a movement in the direction of the free-trade allocation of resources and hence is presumably beneficial for welfareRybczynshi theorem罗伯津斯基定理：the development of a newnatural resource, may reducethe development of other lines of productionLaw of comparative Advantage比较优势: comparative advantage co
6、mes from the relative difference of productivities based on the relative difference of technologies. A nation should produce and export the commodities of comparative advantage, and import the commodities of comparative disadvantage.Terms of trade贸易条件：the ratio of the price of its export commodity t
7、o the price of its import commodityThe Leontief Paradox里昂惕夫之谜：Since the United States was the most K-abundant nation in the world, Leontief in 1951 used U.S. data for the year 1947 and expected to find that it exported K-intensive commodities and imported L-intensive commoditiesThe results of Leonti
8、efs test were starling. That is, the U.S. seemed to export L-intensive commodities and import K-intensive commodities. This was the opposite of what the H-O model predicted and because known as the Leontief Paradox.（就是说根据H-O理论，美国是一个资本密集型的国家，应该出口资本密集型的产品，进口劳动密集型的产品，但事实缺相反）Economics of scale规模经济：the p
9、ercent reduction inaverage costs achieved by expending all inputs by a given percentageInfant industry幼稚产业: An industry in which there is a potential advantage in the future, but because lack of know-how and the initial small level of output, will not be set up or, if already started, cannot success
10、fully compete with more established foreign firms.Buyers credit买家信贷：the exporting nation gives foreign buyers of the nations exports low-interest loans to finance the purchase二、画图1. The effect of an Import Quota under Monopolist conditions.垄断条件下的进口配额效应P1702. Welfare effect of export subsidy in large
11、 country case. 贸易大国情形下出口补贴的经济效应P183 producer surplus a + b + cconsumer surplus a + b government subsidy b + c + d + shadownet social cost b + d + shadow3. Rybczynski theorem. 罗伯津斯基定理P1104. Subsidy to an import-competing industry对进口替代产业的生产补贴P1875. Different tastes as a Basis for Trade.需求偏好不同所导致的国际贸易P
12、99(如第一章课件，牛肉和红酒的东东)6. immiserizinggrowth. 贫困化增长P1117.Draw a map and then explain the impact of tariff（关税）: the smallcountry caseprice effect: p* rise to p*+tconsumer effect: -(a+b+c+d)producer effect: atrade effect: M0 decrease to M1revenue effect: credistribution of income effect: the loss of consu
13、mer transfer to the benefit of producer or the revenue of governmentnet welfare effect: -(b+d)8. Dumping. 倾销P90三、计算1.REP （REP = ( V V) / V）2.Trade diversion 贸易创造a+b、贸易转移a+c3.The gain of a country from import tariff1. 设中国是汽车进口（import）的小国，对汽车的需求和供给(demand and supply)分别为：Dc = 2000 - 0.02 P， Sc = 1200 +
14、 0.03 P并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000美元，请用数字和图形说明下列问题：(1)自由贸易(free trade)下，中国汽车的产量(production)及进出口量(imports and exports), 自由贸易对国内消费(domesticconsumption)及厂商的福利影响(the welfareofmanufacturers)(2)中国对汽车征收(levied)每辆3000美元的进口税(import duties)，国内汽车的产量及贸易量；与自由贸易相比，消费者(consumers)和厂商的福利变化。Before the free trade , we can find
15、 that 2000-0.02P=1200+0.03P, P=16000 , D=S=1680With the free trade at the price of P=1000S=1200+0.03*10000=1500 , D=2000-002*10000=1800So the production of China is: 1500 the import of China is :1800-1500=300the free trade results in an increase in CS of area ACDE and a reduction in PS of area ACEB. When China leviedper$ 3,000on carimport dutiesP13000， D2000-0.02P1740，S1200+0.03P1590，the import of China is: 17401590150The increase in the price of car from 1000 to 13000 as a result of the tariff leads to a reduction in CS of area ACDB and an increase of area AFEB.2. 两国贸易模型 中国：
