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1、Old and Medieval English Literature（中世纪英语时期文学）I Understanding and application: (理解应用)1.Englands inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans（罗马）, Anglo Saxons (盎格鲁撒克逊人)and Normans（日耳曼）. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterra
2、nean civilization（地中海文明）, including Greek culture（古希腊文化）, Rome law（罗马法律） and the Christian religion（基督教）. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature（古英语文学） extends from about 450 to 1066, th
3、e year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry(古英语诗) that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one(宗教类和世俗类)4. Beowulf（贝尔武夫）: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic(民族史诗) of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an ex
4、ample of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟13431400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.作品： 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English特罗勒斯与克丽西德
5、 声誉之堂公爵夫人之书百鸟议会1. Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. it is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable can unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one . 2. “The Father of English poetry”:（乔
6、叟的贡献）Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句). In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. And in
7、his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.Chapter 1: The Renaissance Period文艺复兴The Re
8、naissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. Th
9、e Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as:The re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture 古罗马和古希腊文化的发掘 The new discoveries in geography & astrology地理天文大发现, the religious reformation & the economic expansion席卷欧洲的宗教改革.
10、The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the ear
11、ly church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: （人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in t
12、he direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of
13、 this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.1.Edmund Spencer(斯宾塞): The poets poet.（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster
14、AbbeySpensers most important work & masterpiece is 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) , his great allegory The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗节:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eig
15、ht lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. 牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. 爱情小唱 3. 领会His Influence Main qualities of Spensers poetrya perfect melody a rare sense of beautya splendid imaginationa lofty moral purity & seriousnessa dedicated idealismChristopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛), he is the most outstanding dramatist among the group “University Wits”大学才子. He is acknowledged as the greatest tragedy writer before William Shakespeare. Tamburlaine, Parts I &II 铁木耳大
