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1、2018年齐齐哈尔大学外国语学院806语言学基础考研基础五套测试题-一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Syllable【答案】 Syllable : It refers to a unit of spoken language that is bigger than a speech sound. It consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant sounds preceding o
2、r following. 2 Government【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. I
3、n English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it. 3 cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is a supp
4、osed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation
5、. As more acoustic input is analyzed , candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input- the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 4 Foregrounding【答案】 This term is m
6、eant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism. 5 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of how spee
7、ch sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics. 二、Short-answer-questions6 cinched 18. played 19. hated 20. brandedis foundafter【答案】appears after these sounds:afteri
8、 The general factor to determinewhether , ordistinctive feature of voicing. Therefore, occurs after a voiceless sound, exceptvoiced sound, exceptand occurs after either the consonantorand occursis used is the occurs after a 7 What is move- rule?【答案】 Move- rule is a general movement rule accounting f
9、or the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. It goes like this: any element may be moved to another place, or more generally changed in some way, as long as the relevant conditions （principles ） are satisfied. That is to say, the movements are constrained by the other modules of grammar in
10、 order to rule out ungrammatical forms, such as the kissed boy girl and were kissed the girl by the boy. It is the interaction of move- with other syntactic principles that results in grammatical strings. It is responsible for the mapping between active and passive. 8 Conversational implicature is c
11、omparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or言外之意 in Chinese.【答案】 We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and
12、shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force , on the other hand , refers to speaker meaning , contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say “What does he mean by saying t
13、hat?” In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 in Chinese. 9 Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.Synchronic Linguistics is the description of a language at some poin
14、t of time in history. It 【答案】focuses on the characteristics of the language at a certain time. For example, when we study English, we learn about the vocabulary, the language points and oral English etc. At this time, we are learning English of current time in synchronic method. 三、Essay-question10Di
15、scuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.a.I think he was married and had a lioness at home.b.A : What do you intend to do?B : I have a terrible headache.c.A : Whereve you been?B : Out.【答案】 In sentence a, the speaker has violated the first Quality maxim, which says cdo not say what you believe to be false99. In the literal sense , no human being would marry a lioness , and therefore at this level, it is a false statement. However, the deliberate violation of the maxim will lead us to interpret it as a metaphor, meaning that his wife had
