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1、2018年中国矿业大学(徐州)外国语言文化学院859专业英语(英语语言学)之语言学教程考研核心题库一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Lexical relations【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ;
2、 “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “sell ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation; for example, “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one
3、related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound, or spelling, or both, such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b ?u ）. 2 ConceptualismIt is the view which holds that there is no direct link betw
4、een a linguistic form and what it 【答案】refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 3 Performatives【答案】 Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering
5、 of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judge?s imprisonment sentence, the president?s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.4 computational linguistics【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of h
6、uman language, h includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication. 5 Speech and thought presentation【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting for
7、ms for indicating the narrator?s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator?s representation of speech acts, and narrator?s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrato
8、r?s representation of thought , narrator?s representation of thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought. 6 subordination【答案】 Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent up
9、on the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head. 7 figure-ground alignment【答
10、案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving
11、 , it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground. 8 Speech Act Theory【答案】 Speech act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically , they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used t
12、o “do things”，and to perform acts. 9 basic level category【答案】 Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the
13、 general gestalt of the category. 10Subordinate construction【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions. 二、Short-answ
14、er-questions11What is the definition of cognitive linguistics?【答案】 Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. Cognitive linguistics is ba
15、sed on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 12What are the three kinds of antonyms?【答案】 The three kinds of antonyms are gradable antonyms , complementary antonyms and converse antonyms. Gradable antonyms refer to antonyms that differ in terms of degre
16、e. For example, good and bad. Complementary antonyms are a pair of antonyms complementary to each other: not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other; the denial of one also means the assertion of the other, such as male and female. Converse antonyms do not constitute a positive-negative opposition; they only show the reversal of a relation
