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1、2018年上海交通大学外国语学院626高级英语之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Phatic function （ communion ）【答案】 Phatic function: The phatic function of language refers to the use of the language which often consists of small , seemingly meaningless expression for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining
2、 social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For example , greetings , farewells , and comments on the weather in English could serve this function. 2 Contrastive analysis【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that
3、a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer. 3 Predication analys
4、is【答案】 Predication analysis is an important step in the analysis of sentential meaning. The predication is the common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Such analysis is to break down the sentence into its smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the maj
5、or or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant. 4 Morpheme【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically alterin
6、g the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys , there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.5 Pidgins and Creoles【答案】 A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone,
7、 but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community , it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization. 6 cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is
8、a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for acti
9、vation. As more acoustic input is analyzed , candidates that are nolonger consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input- the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 7 subordination【答案】 Subordina
10、tion refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In
11、 the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head. 8 Corpus【答案】 Corpus is a collection of linguistic data , either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about l
12、anguagefor example , to determine how the application of a particular sound , word , or syntactic construction varies. 9 Performatives【答案】 Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part
13、 of, the doing an action. The judge?s imprisonment sentence, the president?s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.10figure-ground alignment【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial r
14、elational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving , it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground. 二、Short-answer-questions11What is the relationship betwee
15、n tree diagrams and structural ambiguity?【答案】 In a theory of syntax using tree diagrams （phrase markers ） to represent syntactic structure , the explanation of the phenomenon of structural ambiguity is straightforward : whereas an unambiguous sentence is associated with just one basic tree diagram,
16、a structurally ambiguous sentence is associated with more than one basic tree diagram. 12What are deep and surface structures?【答案】 Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the
