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1、2017年江苏师范大学外国语学院英语语言文学基础知识复试之语言学教程复试仿真模拟三套题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 figure-ground alignment【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of
2、 moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving , it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground. 2 Audiolingual method【答案】 Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation , repetition
3、 , and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed. 3 The Innateness Hypothesis【答案】 The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language
4、is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is bom with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.4 Innateness hypothesis【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Cho
5、msky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.5 Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and
6、expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety w
7、hich often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 6 Linguistic determinism【
8、答案】 Linguistic determinism , is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis , and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows: （1） One?s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of
9、the categories and distinctions encoded in the language. （2） The categories and distinctionsencoded in one language system are unique to that system and incommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore , the following statement could represent this hypothesis 4tIf Aristotle had spoken Chinese
10、, his logic would have been different”. 7 Paradigmatic relations【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent. 8 Back
11、-formation【答案】 Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example , the word “television” appeared before “televise”，and so does “editor” to “edit”. 二、Essay-question9 Please
12、 list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech.【答案】 The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G . Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:（1）Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in t
13、hat it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes , or refers to.（2）Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.（3）Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the so
14、cial circumstances of language use.（4）Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.（5）Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.（6）Collocative meaning, what is c
15、ommunicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from （2） to （6） are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associated theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.（7）Themati
16、c meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive. 10Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement: Register is the term used in linguistics to
