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1、老子老子-道家思想道家思想-英文英文PPt TaoismLao zi and TaoismnLu Xun said: China China roots roots deep deep in in Taoism. Taoism. If If one one wants wants to to comprehend comprehend Chinese Chinese history history and and culture, culture, one one must must comprehend comprehend Taoism first.Taoism first. Yin an
2、dand Yangn nThe Yin/Yang symbol is one of the oldest and best-known life symbolslife symbols in the world, but few understand its full meaning. n nIt represents one of the most fundamental and profound theories of ancient Taoist philosophy. At its heart are the two poles of two poles of existenceexi
3、stence, which are opposite but complementary. n nThe light, white Yang moving up blends into the The light, white Yang moving up blends into the dark, black Yin moving down. Yin and Yang are dark, black Yin moving down. Yin and Yang are dependent opposing forces that flow in a natural dependent oppo
4、sing forces that flow in a natural cycle, always seeking balance. Though they are cycle, always seeking balance. Though they are opposing, opposing, they are not in opposition to one another.n n As part of the Tao, they are merely two aspects As part of the Tao, they are merely two aspects of a sing
5、le reality. Each contains the seed of the of a single reality. Each contains the seed of the other, which is why we see a black spot of Yin in other, which is why we see a black spot of Yin in the white Yang and vice versa. They do not merely the white Yang and vice versa. They do not merely replace
6、 each other but actually replace each other but actually become each other through the constant flow of the universe. n nThe symbol is a visual depiction of the intertwined duality of all things in nature, a common theme inTaoism. n nIt is believed to be derived from the Taijitu (Diagram of the Ulti
7、mate Power). n nYin yangYin yang are complementary opposites are complementary opposites within a greater whole. Everything has within a greater whole. Everything has both yin and yang aspects, although yin both yin and yang aspects, although yin or yang elements may manifest more or yang elements m
8、ay manifest more strongly in different objects or at different strongly in different objects or at different times. times. n nYin yangYin yang constantly interactsconstantly interacts, , never never existing in absolute stasis.existing in absolute stasis. n nThe concept of yin and yang is often The
9、concept of yin and yang is often symbolized by various forms of symbolized by various forms of thethe Taijitusymbol, for which it is symbol, for which it is probably best known in western cultures. probably best known in western cultures. The nature of yinyangn nInTaoistphilosophy, yin and yang aris
10、e together from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continue moving in tandem (双) untilquiescence（静止）is reached again. n nYin and yang are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will nat
11、urally quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite begin to transform into the opposite qualityquality: : for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.n nIt is imp
12、ossible to talk about yin or yang without It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (i.e. are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (i.e. y
13、ou cannot have the back of a hand without the you cannot have the back of a hand without the front). A way to illustrate this idea is to postulate front). A way to illustrate this idea is to postulate the notion of a race with only men or only women; the notion of a race with only men or only women;
14、 this race would disappear in a single generation. this race would disappear in a single generation. n nYet,Yet, men and women together create new men and women together create new generationsgenerations that allow the race they mutually create that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually
15、come from) to survive. The (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things. interaction of the two gives birth to things. n nYin and yang transform each other: like an undertow（回头浪） in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transfo
16、rms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. n n道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。抱阳，冲气以为和。抱阳，冲气以
17、为和。抱阳，冲气以为和。 n nOut of Tao, One is born;Out of Tao, One is born;Out of One, Two;Out of One, Two;Out of Two, Three;Out of Two, Three;Out of Three, the created universe.Out of Three, the created universe.The created universe carries the yin at its The created universe carries the yin at its backbackan
18、d the yang in front;and the yang in front;Through the union of the pervading Through the union of the pervading principles itprinciples itreaches harmony.reaches harmony.Philosophical Taoism nspeaks of a permanent Tao in the way that some Western religions speak of God. nThe Tao is considered unname
19、d and unknowable, the essential unifying element of all that is. nBy shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is able to concentrate on life itself. Eventually the hope is to become immortal. Wu-weinWu-weiWu-wei literally means literally means “ “non-actionnon-action, ,” ” but but it doesnit d
20、oesn t mean dont mean don t ever move. t ever move. nIt means to always act in accordance It means to always act in accordance with the with the DaoDao, and not to do things that , and not to do things that dondon t t “ “go with the flow.go with the flow.” ” Water does not Water does not flow uphill
21、flow uphilldoes it?does it? No, it always flows No, it always flows downhilldownhillit always finds the path of least it always finds the path of least resistance, as does a good Daoistresistance, as does a good DaoistWaterWatern nWater is the Water is the perfect substanceperfect substance accordin
22、g to according to Daoism. Water always seeks the lowest point and Daoism. Water always seeks the lowest point and always takes the shape of any vessel into which it always takes the shape of any vessel into which it is poured. Water always flows downhill, and it is poured. Water always flows downhil
23、l, and it always flows around any obstacle. always flows around any obstacle. n nWater seems to be the Water seems to be the weakest substanceweakest substance, but , but it it s really s really the strongestthe strongest. A steady drip of water can . A steady drip of water can wear away a rock, a s
24、tream can create a canyon, wear away a rock, a stream can create a canyon, a glacier (frozen water) can create a Grand a glacier (frozen water) can create a Grand Canyon, and water in the form of a hurricane or Canyon, and water in the form of a hurricane or typhoon can erode the very continents awa
25、y.typhoon can erode the very continents away.n上善若水。水善利万物而不争The best of men is like water;Water benefits all thingsAnd does not compete with them.n n天下之至柔，驰骋天下之至坚。The softest substance of the worldGoes through the hardest.n天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜，天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜，以其无以易之。弱之胜强，柔之胜刚，天以其无以易之。弱之胜强，柔之胜刚，天下莫不知，莫
26、能行。下莫不知，莫能行。 There is nothing weaker than waterThere is nothing weaker than waterBut none is superior to it in overcoming But none is superior to it in overcoming the hard,the hard,For which there is no substitute.For which there is no substitute.That weakness overcomes strengthAnd gentleness overco
27、mes rigidity,No one does not know;No one can put into practice.n大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若冲，其用不穷。大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若冲，其用不穷。 大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辩若讷。躁胜寒，静胜热，大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辩若讷。躁胜寒，静胜热，清静为天下正。清静为天下正。The highest perfection is like imperfection,The highest perfection is like imperfection,And its use is never impaired.And its use is ne
28、ver impaired.The greatest abundance seems meager,The greatest abundance seems meager,And its use will never fail.And its use will never fail. What s most straight appears devious,What s most straight appears devious,The greatest skill appears clumsiness;The greatest skill appears clumsiness;The grea
29、test eloquence seems like stuttering.The greatest eloquence seems like stuttering.Movement overcomes cold,Movement overcomes cold,(But) keeping still overcomes heat.(But) keeping still overcomes heat.Who is calm and quiet becomes the guide for Who is calm and quiet becomes the guide for the universe
30、. the universe. n n道生之，德畜之。长之育之，亭之毒之，养之覆之，生而不有，道生之，德畜之。长之育之，亭之毒之，养之覆之，生而不有，道生之，德畜之。长之育之，亭之毒之，养之覆之，生而不有，道生之，德畜之。长之育之，亭之毒之，养之覆之，生而不有，为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓玄德玄德玄德玄德。TaoTaoTaoTao gives them birth, gives them birth, gives them birth, gives them birth,TehTehTehTeh ( ( ( (characte
31、rcharactercharactercharacter ) fosters them,) fosters them,) fosters them,) fosters them,n nMakes them grow, develops them,Makes them grow, develops them,Makes them grow, develops them,Makes them grow, develops them,Gives them a harbor, a place to dwell in Gives them a harbor, a place to dwell in Gi
32、ves them a harbor, a place to dwell in Gives them a harbor, a place to dwell in peace,peace,peace,peace,Feeds them and shelter them.Feeds them and shelter them.Feeds them and shelter them.Feeds them and shelter them.It gives them birth and does not own them,It gives them birth and does not own them,
33、It gives them birth and does not own them,It gives them birth and does not own them,Acts (helps) and does not appropriate them,Acts (helps) and does not appropriate them,Acts (helps) and does not appropriate them,Acts (helps) and does not appropriate them,Is superior, and does not control them.Is su
34、perior, and does not control them.Is superior, and does not control them.Is superior, and does not control them.- This is the - This is the - This is the - This is the Mystic Virtue.Mystic Virtue.Mystic Virtue.Mystic Virtue. n n刘刘备备，字玄德，字玄德n祸兮，福之所倚，福兮，祸之所伏祸兮，福之所倚，福兮，祸之所伏。孰知其极？其无正。正复为奇，善复为妖。孰知其极？其无正。
35、正复为奇，善复为妖。 n n Disaster is the avenue of fortune,Disaster is the avenue of fortune,(And) fortune is the concealment for disaster.(And) fortune is the concealment for disaster. Who would be able to know its ultimate results?Who would be able to know its ultimate results?(As it is), there would never
36、be the normal.(As it is), there would never be the normal.But the normal would (immediately) revert to the But the normal would (immediately) revert to the deceitful.deceitful.n n江海所以能为百谷王者，以其善下之，故能为百谷王。江海所以能为百谷王者，以其善下之，故能为百谷王。n nHow did the great rivers and seas become How did the great rivers and
37、seas become the Lordsthe Lordsof the ravines?of the ravines? By being good at keeping low.By being good at keeping low.That was how they became Lords of the That was how they became Lords of the Ravines.Ravines.n n是以圣人欲上民，必以言下之；欲先民，必以身后之。是以圣人欲上民，必以言下之；欲先民，必以身后之。是以圣人居上而民不重，居前而民不害。是以圣人居上而民不重，居前而民不害。n
38、nTherefore in order to be the chief among Therefore in order to be the chief among the people,the people,One must speak like their inferiors.One must speak like their inferiors.In order to be foremost among the people,In order to be foremost among the people,One must walk behind them.One must walk b
39、ehind them.Thus it is that the Sage stays above,Thus it is that the Sage stays above,And the people do not feel his weight;And the people do not feel his weight;Walks in front,Walks in front, And the people do not wish him harm. And the people do not wish him harm.n n善为士者，不武。善战者，不怒。善胜敌者，不与。善善为士者，不武。
40、善战者，不怒。善胜敌者，不与。善用人者，为之下。是谓不争之德，是谓用人之力，是谓用人者，为之下。是谓不争之德，是谓用人之力，是谓配天，古之极。配天，古之极。The brave soldier is not violent;The brave soldier is not violent;The good fighter does not lose his temper;The good fighter does not lose his temper;The great conqueror does not fight (on small The great conqueror does no
41、t fight (on small issues);issues);The good user of men places himself below The good user of men places himself below others.others.- This is the virtue of not-contending,- This is the virtue of not-contending,Is called the capacity to use men,Is called the capacity to use men,Is reaching to the hei
42、ght of beingIs reaching to the height of beingMated to Heaven, to what was of old.Mated to Heaven, to what was of old. n n天之道，不天之道，不争争而善而善胜胜，不言而善，不言而善应应，不召而自，不召而自来来，姗姗然而善然而善谋谋。天。天网网恢恢，疏而不失。恢恢，疏而不失。Heavens Way (Tao) is good at conquest Heavens Way (Tao) is good at conquest without strife,without stri
43、fe,Rewarding (vice and virtue) without words,Rewarding (vice and virtue) without words,Making its appearance without call,Making its appearance without call,Achieving results without obvious design.Achieving results without obvious design.The heavens net is broad and wide.The heavens net is broad an
44、d wide.With big meshes, yet letting nothing slip With big meshes, yet letting nothing slip through. through. n n人之生也柔弱，其死也人之生也柔弱，其死也坚坚强。草木之生也柔脆，其死也枯槁。强。草木之生也柔脆，其死也枯槁。故故坚坚强者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。强者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。n nWhen man is living, he is tender and weak;When man is living, he is tender and weak;At death, he is h
45、ard and stiff.At death, he is hard and stiff.n nWhen the things and plants are alive, they are When the things and plants are alive, they are soft and supple; soft and supple; When they are dead, they are brittle and dry.When they are dead, they are brittle and dry.n nTherefore hardness and stiffnes
46、s are the Therefore hardness and stiffness are the companions ofcompanions ofdeath,death,And softness and gentleness are the companions And softness and gentleness are the companions of life.of life.n n是以天下乐推而不厌。以其不争，故天下莫能与之争。n nThen the people of the world are glad to uphold him forever.Because he
47、does not contend,No one in the world can contend against him. n将欲歙之，必故张之；将欲弱之，必故强之；将欲废将欲歙之，必故张之；将欲弱之，必故强之；将欲废之，必故兴之；将欲取之，必故与之。是谓微明。之，必故兴之；将欲取之，必故与之。是谓微明。n n-He who is to be made to dwindle (in power)-He who is to be made to dwindle (in power)Must first be caused to expand.Must first be caused to exp
48、and. He who is to be weakened Must first be made strong. .- He who is to be laid low- He who is to be laid lowMust first be exalted to power.Must first be exalted to power. He who is to be taken away fromHe who is to be taken away from Must first be given,Must first be given,n n- This is the Subtle
49、Light.- This is the Subtle Light.n n柔弱胜刚强。鱼不可脱于渊，国之利器不可以示人。n nGentleness overcomes strength:Gentleness overcomes strength: Fish should be left in the deep pool,Fish should be left in the deep pool, And sharp weapons of the state should be left And sharp weapons of the state should be leftWhere none
50、can see them. Where none can see them. Tao Te Jing, by Lao Tzun nThe Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal TaoTaon nThe Name that can be named is not the eternal The Name that can be named is not the eternal NameNamen nThe nameless is the origin of Heaven and EarthThe nameless is the origin of Heaven and Earthn nThe named is the mother of myriad things-The named is the mother of myriad things-道，可道，非恒道。名，可名，非恒名。道，可道，非恒道。名，可名，非恒名。无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。
