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1、B R _ main0 B R _ mainSpot DictationWord-webBackground InformationWarm-up QuestionsDiscussionTopic-related Prediction B R _ Spot Dictation 1Directions: Listen to the following passage and fill in the blanks. Spot Dictation White lies are those little lies that we tell to . Can we live without them?

2、On the one hand, we dont want to . But on the other, we dont want to lie to them. There is, however, , as you will discover in the short talk you are about to hear.avoid causing embarrassment _hurt otherpeoples feelings_a way out of thedilemma_ G R _ Spot Dictation 2 White lies are so much a part of

3、 our everyday lives that most of us probably dont even realize when weve . But it doesnt really matter, since . Of course, white lies can be avoided by , but so often the “if you cant say anything nice, dont say anything at all” motto doesnt work because . let one slip_a white lie isnt a real lie_st

4、aringinto space or pretending you didnt hear the question_we are expected to say something_ B R _ Word-webWord-web Directions: Figure out the expressions with the word “lie”.LIEa bold-faced lie厚颜无耻的谎言厚颜无耻的谎言 nail a lie拆穿谎言拆穿谎言live a lie 做人虚伪做人虚伪a monstrous lie弥天大谎弥天大谎a downright lie彻头彻尾的谎言彻头彻尾的谎言a b

5、arefaced lie露骨的谎言露骨的谎言a black lie用心险恶的谎言用心险恶的谎言a white lie善意的谎言善意的谎言 B R _ Background Information 1Background Information Watergate Scandal “Watergate” is a general term used to describe a complex web of political scandals between 1972 and 1974. The word specifically refers to the Watergate Hotel, o

6、ne of the plushest hotels in Washington D.C. “Watergate” has entered the political lexicon as a term synonymous with corruption and scandal. It was here that the Watergate Burglars broke into the Democratic Partys National Committee offices on June 17, 1972. B R _ Background Information 2 The story

7、of Watergate has an intriguing historical and political background, arising out of political events of the 1960s. But the chronology of the scandal really begins during 1972, when the burglars were arrested. By 1973, Richard Nixon had been re-elected President, but the storm clouds were building. By

8、 early 1974, the nation was consumed by Watergate. Nixon made three major speeches on the Watergate scandal during 1973 and 1974. Political investigations began in February 1973 when the Senate established a Committee to investigate the Watergate scandal. The Committee uncovered the existence of the

9、 secret White House tape recordings, sparking a major political and legal battle between the Congress and the President. In 1974, the House of Representatives authorized the Judiciary Committee to consider impeachment proceedings against Nixon. Nixons last days in office came in late July and early

10、August, 1974. The House Judiciary Committee voted to accept three of four proposed Articles of Impeachment of the President. B R _ Background Information 3 The final blow came with the decision by the Supreme Court to order Nixon to release more White House tapes. Around the country, there were call

11、s for Nixon to resign. At 9 pm on the evening of August 8, 1974, Nixon delivered a nationally televised resignation speech. The next morning, he made his final remarks to the White House staff before sending his resignation letter to the Secretary of State, Dr. Henry Kissinger. The Watergate brought

12、 down Richard Nixon, and had profound consequences in the United States. B R _ Background Information 4 G R _ Background Information 5Nixon died in 1994 and was eulogized by the political establishment, although he was still a figure of controversy. G R _ Background Information 6Deep Throat the foll

13、ow-up of the Watergate Scandal For more than 30 years, Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein preserved an extraordinary secret: the identity of the source knownas Deep Throat, who helped inform the stories The Post published in 1972 and 1973 exposing what became known as the Wate

14、rgate Scandal. They kept the secret despite extraordinary pressure on The Post from the White House, including charges that Deep Throat was an invention; through the hearings and impeachment proceedings that led to President Richard M. Nixons resignation in August 1974; and despite endless speculati

15、on about the sources identity in the years afterward. Mr. Woodward, now a Post editor, and Mr. Bernstein, who no longer works here, said that they had made a commitment not to reveal Deep Throats identity until after his death. W. Mark Felt, former deputy director of the FBI, confirmed that he was D

16、eep Throat. He revealed his role in part because of his familys belief that he deserves to be honored for his actions while he is alive.G R _ Background Information 7 G R _ Background Information 8 Mr. Felt, now 91, was a dedicated servant of the FBI, and no softie: He was outraged that the Nixon Wh

17、ite House brazenly interfered with the FBIsinvestigation of the burglary of Democratic Party headquarters in June 1972 and by what he saw as Mr. Nixons attempt to gain control over the FBI for political purposes. Risking dismissal or prosecution, he began meeting with Mr. Woodward secretly to confir

18、m The Posts reporting about the funding of the operation and about other illegal acts by the presidents top aides. G R _ Background Information 9Deep Throat was crucial to the papers reporting of Watergate. Had Mr. Felt remained quiet, Mr. Nixon might have succeeded in one of the most serious abuses

19、 of power ever attempted by an American president. Its worth remembering that this landmark victory for the rule of law also depended on the secret patriotism of a source named Deep Throat that is, Mark Felt. Its nice to be able to honor him by his real name while he still lives. Zhou said to Nixon:

20、 “You are extending your hand across the vastest ocean of the world for a handshake with me. There has been no exchange between our two nations for 25 years.” Nixon said: “This is a handshake by the Chinese and US leaders across an ocean and a confrontation of 20-odd years, signaling the opening of

21、a new chapter in the Sino-US relationship.”G R _ Background Information 10Richard Nixons China Tour On February 21,1972, American President Richard Nixons special plane arrived at the Beijing Capital Airport, greeted by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. “serious and frank” to describe the talks between Ma

22、o and Nixon. The two sides put forward their common grounds as well as differences in the Shanghai Communique, an unprecedented practice in world diplomacy. President Richard Nixons ice-breaking China tour shook the world.G R _ Background Information 11 On the day when Nixon arrived in Beijing, Chai

23、rman Mao Zedong met him and they talked for more than an hour. The Chinese and US sides agreed to use B R _ Background Information 12 B R _ Background Information 13 B R _ Background Information 14 B R _ Background Information 15 B R _ Warm-up Questions Warm-up Questions Have you ever had the feelin

24、g that you were compelled to tell lies, though you did not want to? If yes, under what conditions are you inclined to lie? How do you feel after you tell such lies?Some people say that white lies are not lies. What is your position on this issue?Do you consider white lies necessary in social life?1.

25、2.3. B R _ Discussion 1 Discussion Suppose you are in trouble. When your parents call you and ask how you are, will you tell them a lie by saying that you are fine or tell them the truth? Discuss in pairs or in groups.1.Tips: B R _ Discussion 2It was reported that a son gave one of his kidneys to hi

26、s mother who had to receive kidney transplantation to survive, but he told her a white lie that the transplanted kidney was another persons or donators. He said that he would not tell her the truth until the last minute of her life. Discuss in groups on the topic whether he is a great son because of

27、 his conduct. 2. B R _ Discussion 3I tell lies to my parents in such cases because I do not want them to worry about me. When I am in trouble, I try to deal with it myself. It is no use telling them the truth. If I tell them that I am ill, or depressed, or something, they will be uneasy. They may ev

28、en come to the school to see me, which will influence their work. Telling a white lie by saying “I am fine, terrific, or excellent” will make them feel at ease, and make me more mature to handle my own problems. After all, I am an adult now. A: I will not tell such white lies. If I am in trouble or

29、ill, I will tell my parents the truth, but in the meanwhile, I will tell them not to worry about me. No matter what the trouble is, I myself can cope with it, because I have the ability to do so. Telling them the truth and assuring them of your ability to solve your own problems is much better than

30、telling the so-called white lies. The white lies may bring no harm to your parents, but they do a great harm to yourself. You may form the habit of telling not only the white lies but also real lies. In a word, white lies erode your honesty.B:B R _ Discussion 4 B R _ Topic-related Prediction B R _ C

31、rosby, Stills and Nash 1Topic-related Prediction From the title “The Truth about Lying”, what can you infer the “truth” might be?What might be the authors attitude towards “white lies”? (positive or negative)1.2. G R _ mainPart Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingText Analysis G R _ Further Und

32、erstandingFurther UnderstandingFor Part 2 Table Completion For Part 3 True or FalseFor Part 1 Questions and Answers G R _ Part Division of the Text 1PartPara(s). Main Ideas11 2236The reason why the writer finds it difficult to write on the subject of lying and how she is going to deal with the diffi

33、culty in composing the essay.The writer discusses four types of lies and tells us what she thinks about them respectively. G R _ Part Division of the Text 1PartPara(s). Main Ideas33742How the author feels we should cope with the question of whether or not to lie. The last two sentences but one of th

34、e first paragraph: Id like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. Ill tell you what I think about them.G R _ Questions and Answers 1Questions and Answers1. How does the author begin the passage? He begins the passage by telling the readers his feelings about the subject of l

35、ying: he found the topic interesting, challenging, difficult, thought-provoking, and puzzling. 2. Which sentence in the first part of the text tells us the authors purpose of his writing this passage? G R _ Table Completion 1Table CompletionDirections: In this part, the author listed four types of l

36、ies, and respectively, gave their definitions, the views of the majority, her own viewpoints, counter-arguments, and examples. Scan this part and fill the following table. G R _ Table Completion 21. Social liesDefinitionLies that avoid embarrassment or pain in social interaction. The view of the maj

37、ority Acceptable and necessary. My (The authors) viewpoint I basically agree with the majority.Counter-argumentsFalse, morally wrong; they destroys credibility. G R _ Table Completion 3ExamplesComments on ugly hairdo, hideous presents, homely kids, warmed-over coffee. G R _ Table Completion 42. Peac

38、e-keeping liesDefinitionLies that are designed to avoid irritation or argument.The view of the majority Many people tell such lies to avoid troubles without hurting anyone. They consider such lies wise.My (The authors) viewpoint I tell such lies though feeling guilty. G R _ Table Completion 5Example

39、sThe exchange between Dave and Elaine; Lauras point of view.Counter-argumentsPeople who tell such lies are cowards, dodging their responsibilities. G R _ Table Completion 63. Protective liesDefinitionLies that are supposed to be in the interests of the person we are lying to.The view of the majority

40、 It is justifiable and more valuable to tell such lies.My (The authors) viewpoint Such lies sometimes must be told. G R _ Table Completion 7ExamplesLying to the dying about their health state, to ones children on marital matters, etc.Counter-argumentsIts wrong to tell such lies. The lies break trust

41、. G R _ Table Completion 84. Trust-keeping liesDefinitionLies that are told to keep a trust.The view of the majority They must lie to keep their promises.My (The authors) viewpoint Some lies are necessary and acceptable, while others are not.Counter-argumentsTelling such lies can be painful. People

42、do not want to be told the truth/fact. G R _ Table Completion 9ExamplesFrans attitude; Watergate. G R _ True or False 1True or False Directions: In this part the author put forth his general attitude about telling lies. Scan this part and decide whether the following statements are true or false. G

43、R _ True or False 21. All of us are born with the talent for telling lies. FThere are those who have no talent for lying.( )2. The authors friend (Para. 38) felt that he/she had to tell the truth because he seldom succeeded in lying and felt guilty about lying. T( )3. It is implied in the remark of

44、the authors friend (Para. 39) that lying should never be our first choice. T( ) G R _ True or False 34. The explanation the authors friend made about his/her telling lies suggests that all lies are justifiable and therefore acceptable. FThe authors friend said that he himself did not accept the lies

45、 he told even though others might accept them completely.( )5. In the authors opinion, those who tell lies should not take lying for granted. T( ) G R _ Text Analysis 1 Text Analysis Directions: In this text the author uses the rhetorical device: parallelism. Parallelism is the use of identical or e

46、quivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses. Parallelism makes a text coherent and the language forceful and impressive. For example, “What about you?” Scan the text and find other sentences (or structures) that are paralleled. G R _ Text Analysis 2“Will you say to people, “Will you p

47、raise ” “Will you decline ” “Do you, ” “They may lie to ” “Do you believe ” Before you read this essay, take a few moments to consider various lies you have told: Under what conditions are you tempted to lie? When have you actually lied? Why did you do so? Can you generalize about the types of lies

48、you habitually tell? Are you irritated when people lie to you? In what circumstances might lying be acceptable? Once you begin to think about it, it seems that the truth about lying is not quite as straightforward as one might suppose.D R _ Text 0 Ive been wanting to write on a subject that intrigue

49、s and challenges me: the subject of lying. Ive found it very difficult to do. Everyone Ive talked to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can and can never never tell lies about. Ive finally reached the conclusion that I cant present any ultimate c

50、onclusions, for too many people would promptly disagree. Instead, Id like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. Ill tell you what I think about them. Do you agree?D R _ Text 1The Truth about LyingJudith Viorst1 D R _ Text 2 Social Lies Most of the people Ive talked with say

51、 that they find social lying acceptable and necessary. They think its the civilized way for folks to behave. Without these little white lies, they say, our relationships would be short and brutish and nasty. Its arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause othe

52、r people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. I basically agree. What about you?2 D R _ Text 3 Will you say to people, when it simply isnt true, “I like your new hairdo,” “Youre looking much better,” “its so nice to see you,” “I had a wonderful time”? W

53、ill you praise hideous presents and homely kids? Will you decline invitations with “Were busy that night so sorry we cant come,” when the truth is youd rather stay home than dine with the so-and-sos?345 D R _ Text 4 And even though, as I do, you may prefer the polite evasion of “You really cooked up

54、 a storm” instead of “The soup” which tastes like warmed-over coffee “is wonderful,” will you, if you must, proclaim it wonderful? Theres one man I know who absolutely refuses to tell social lies. “I cant play that game,” he says; “Im simply not made that way.” And his answer to the argument that sa

55、ying nice things to someone doesnt cost anything is, “Yes, it does it destroys your credibility.” Now, he wont, unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you dont ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those moments when the rest of us liars are mutte

56、ring, “Isnt it lovely?” is, for the most part, eloquent enough. 67 Peace-Keeping Lies Many people tell peace-keeping lies: lies designed to avoid irritation or argument, lies designed to shelter the liar from possible blame or pain; lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay wit

57、hout hurting anyone.D R _ Text 5 My friend does not indulge in what he calls “flattery, false praise and mellifluous comments.” When others tell fibs he will not go along. He says that social lying is lying, that little white lies are still lies. And he feels that telling lies is morally wrong. What

58、 about you?8 I tell these lies at times, and yet I always feel theyre wrong. I understand why we tell them, but still they feel wrong. And whenever I lie so that someone wont disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at me, I feel Im a bit of a coward, I feel Im dodging responsibility, I feel g

59、uilty. What about you? Do you, when youre late for a date because you overslept, say that youre late because you got caught in a traffic jam? Do you, when you forget to call a friend, say that you called several times but the line was busy? Do you, when you didnt remember that it was your fathers bi

60、rthday, say that his present must be delayed in the mail? D R _ Text 69101112 if you must the fact that youll be in New York? Or do you have the courage or is it the cruelty? to say, “Ill be in New York, but sorry I dont plan on seeing you”? (Dave and his wife Elaine have two quite different points

61、of view on this very subject. He calls her a coward. She says shes being wise. He says she must assert her right to visit New York sometimes and not see her mother. To which she always patiently replies: “Why should we have useless fights? My mothers too old to change. We get along much better when

62、I lie to her.”)D R _ Text 7 And when youre planning a weekend in New York City and youre not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal with a lie, 1314 Finally, do you keep the peace by telling your husband lies on the subject of money? Do you reduce what you really paid for

63、your shoes? And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things? “ I used to have a romantic idea that part of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did to your husband. But after a couple of years of that,” says

64、 Laura, “have I changed my mind!” And having changed her mind, she finds herself telling peace-keeping lies. And yes, I tell them too. What about you?D R _ Text 8151617 D R _ Text 9 Protective Lies Protective lies are lies folks tell often quite serious lies because theyre convinced that the truth w

65、ould be too damaging. They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. They lie, not for personal gain, but because they believe its for the good of the person theyre lying to. They lie to those they love, to those who trust them most of all, on the

66、grounds that breaking this trust is justified.18 D R _ Text 10 They may lie to their closest friend because the truth about her talents or son or psyche would be or so they insist utterly devastating. I sometimes tell such lies, but Im aware that its quite presumptuous to claim I know whats best for

67、 others to know. Thats called playing God. Thats called manipulation and control. And we never can be sure, once we start to juggle lies, just where theyll land, exactly where theyll roll. They may lie to their children on money or marital matters. They may lie to the dying about the state of their

68、health.19202122 And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told. And furthermore lets be honest if conditions were reversed, we certainly wouldnt want anyone lying to us. Yet, having said all that, I still believe that there are

69、 times when protective lies must nonetheless be told. What about you? D R _ Text 11232425 Trust-Keeping Lies Another group of lies are trust-keeping lies, lies that involve triangulation, with A (thats you) telling lies to B on behalf of C (whose trust youd promised to keep). Most people concede tha

70、t once youve agreed not to betray a friends confidence, you cant betray it, even if you must lie. But Ive talked with people who dont want you telling them anything that they might be called on to lie about. “I dont tell lies for myself,” says Fran, “and I dont want to have to tell them for other pe

71、ople.” Which means, she agrees, that if her best friend is having an affair, she absolutely doesnt want to know about it.D R _ Text 122627 “Are you saying,” her best friend asks, “that youd betray me?” Fran is very pained but very adamant. “I wouldnt want to betray you, so dont tell me anything abou

72、t it.” Frans best friend is shocked. What about you? Do you believe you can have close friends if youre not prepared to receive their deepest secrets? Do you believe you must always lie for your friends? Do you believe, if your friend tells a secret that turns out to be quite immoral or illegal, tha

73、t once youve promised to keep it, you must keep it?D R _ Text 13282930313233 And what if your friend were your boss if you were perhaps one of the Presidents men would you betray or lie for him over, say, Watergate? As you can see, these issues get terribly sticky. Its my belief that once weve promi

74、sed to keep a trust, we must tell lies to keep it. I also believe that we cant tell Watergate lies. And if these two statements strike you as quite contradictory, youre right theyre quite contradictory. But for now theyre the best I can do. What about you?D R _ Text 14343536 There are those who have

75、 no talent for lying. “Over the years, I tried to lie,” a friend of mine explained, “but I always got found out and I always got punished. I guess I gave myself away because I feel guilty about any kind of lying. It looks as if Im stuck with telling the truth.” For those of us, however, who are good

76、 at telling lies, for those of us who lie and dont get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a hard and serious moral problem. I liked the remark of a friend of mine who said, “Im willing to lie. But just as a last resort the truths always better.”D R _ Text 15373839 “Because,” he exp

77、lained, “though others may completely accept the lie Im telling, I dont.” I tend to feel that way too. What about you? D R _ Text 16404142 D R _ Sentence 2 _ Everyone Ive talked to Why is the second “never” in the sentence italicized? The second “never” is italicized for emphasis. Everyone Ive talke

78、d to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can and can never never tell lies about. Paraphrase the sentence.As to what we can tell lies about and what we can never tell lies about, all the people I have talked with have their own strong viewpoints a

79、nd cannot tolerate those who hold different views from them. D R _ Sentence 1 _ Everyone Ive talked to Translate the sentence into Chinese.所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎 什么事什么事情绝对不可以说谎情绝对不可以说谎 持有强烈的、常常不容别人分持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。说的个人意见。 D R _ Sentence 3 _ Its arrogantWhat does “it” refer to here?

80、it 是形式主语，实际主语是是形式主语，实际主语是 to insist on with your honesty。 Its arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause other people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无

81、畏，不他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他们陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦由自主地用你的诚实使他们陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢？之中，这只能说你是傲慢？ D R _ Sentence 4 _ You really cooked up a What does “up a storm” mean? With great enthusiasm and energy.“You really cooked up a storm”Paraphrase the sentence.You have prepared a large and impressive meal

82、. D R _ Sentence 5 _ I cant play that game What does “play the game” mean? “Play the game” means “telling social white lies”.“I cant play that game,” he says; “Im simply not made that way.” What does “be made that way” mean? “Be made that way” means “have the inborn quality of telling such lies”.Tra

83、nslate the sentence into Chinese. “我不会那一套，我不会那一套，”他说，他说，“我生来就不会那一套。我生来就不会那一套。” D R _ Sentence 6 _ And his answer to What does “it” refer to? “It” refers to “saying nice things.”And his answer to the argument that saying nice things to someone doesnt cost anything is, “Yes, it does it destroys your c

84、redibility.”Translate the sentence into Chinese. 讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失不对，当然有损失 那会损害你的诚信度。那会损害你的诚信度。” Now, he wont, unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you dont ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those mo

85、ments when the rest of us liars are muttering, “Isnt it lovely?” is, for the most part, eloquent enough. Paraphrase the sentence. If you do not ask him to comment on the painting you just bought, he wont give his opinions; If you do not want to get a frank comment, you dont ask his frank opinions. W

86、hile we the liars are giving a false comment “What a lovely painting” on your newly bought painting, he keeps silent, without saying anything. His silence mostly indicates that he is unwilling to tell such social lies. D R _ Sentence 6 _ Now D R _ Sentence 7 _ Now, he wont, Translate the sentence in

87、to Chinese.因此，如果你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表因此，如果你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但如果你不想听老实话，你就别去问他的真意见，但如果你不想听老实话，你就别去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。 D R _ Sentence 6 _ lies (or so it is rationalized What does “keep trouble at bay” mean? Keep from trouble; “keep at bay”

88、 is a phrase which means “keep someone or something some distance away”.lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay without hurting anyone D R _ Sentence 6 _ And whenever I lie What does “think less of me” imply?“Think less of me” implies “look down upon me” or “scorn me”.And whe

89、never I lie so that someone wont disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at me, I feel Im a bit of a coward, I feel Im dodging responsibility, I feel guilty. Translate the sentence into Chinese.每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃

90、避责任，觉得是在逃避责任，觉得愧疚。愧疚。 D R _ Sentence 6 _ And when youre Paraphrase the sentence. And when youre planning to spend your weekend in New York City, where your mother lives, but you dont want to visit her, do you tell her a lie, if necessary, by telling her that you wont be in New York?And when youre pl

91、anning a weekend in New York City and youre not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal with a lie, if you must the fact that youll be in New York? D R _ Sentence 6 _ And in general do you Translate the sentence into Chinese. 你犯了荒唐的错误或丢失了物品抑或是打碎了器皿时，你犯了荒唐的错误或丢失了物品抑或是打碎了器皿时，

92、是不是常常发觉自己想对他撒谎，而且会撒谎？是不是常常发觉自己想对他撒谎，而且会撒谎？And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things? D R _ Sentence 6 _ I used to have a romantic What does “romantic” imply? Unrealistic, wrong.I used to have a romantic idea that p

93、art of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did to your husband. Translate the sentence into Chinese.过去我往往不切实际地以为把自己所做的每一件蠢事都过去我往往不切实际地以为把自己所做的每一件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫是亲密关系的一部分。如实告诉丈夫是亲密关系的一部分。 D R _ Sentence 6 _ They lie because What does this sentence imply? They tell lies even though they know i

94、t is wrong to do so, because they feel some human values, such as making others happy, are more important.They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. Translate this sentence into Chinese. 他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身

95、。谎这一错误行为本身。 D R _ Sentence 6 _ Thats called playing What does “playing God” mean? Behaving as if one has the right to make very important decisions that seriously affect other peoples lives.Thats called playing God. D R _ Sentence 6 _ And furthermore What does the sentence imply?The sentence implies

96、 that sometimes we are forced to tell lies because we have to support the lies we told.And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told.Translate the sentence into Chinese.而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。 D R _ Se

97、ntence 6 _ if her best friend What does “have an affair” mean? Have a love affair; have a romantic and sexual relationship between two people who are not married to each other.if her best friend is having an affair, she absolutely doesnt want to know about it D R _ Sentence 6 _ For those of us Trans

98、late the sentence into Chinese. 然而，对于我们这种善于说谎的人来说，对于我们这然而，对于我们这种善于说谎的人来说，对于我们这种说谎而又一般不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会种说谎而又一般不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。成为一个严肃的道德难题。 For those of us, however, who are good at telling lies, for those of us who lie and dont get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a har

99、d and serious moral problem. D R _ word _ intrigue 1intrigue: 1. vt. arouse the interest or curiosity of; fascinate, puzzleHibernation has long intrigued biologists. 这条新闻引起了我们大家的兴趣。这条新闻引起了我们大家的兴趣。The news intrigued all of us.The food is an intriguing combination of German and French. D R _ word _ in

100、trigue 22. vi. make a secret plan; engage in secret or underhand schemes; plot The ministers were intriguing for their own gains. Collocation:intrigue against the government密谋反对政府密谋反对政府intrigue with与与合谋合谋那些政客因阴谋反对政府而被监禁。那些政客因阴谋反对政府而被监禁。Those politicians were imprisoned for intriguing against the gov

101、ernment.intrigue sb. out of office用阴谋革除某人职位用阴谋革除某人职位 D R _ word _ intolerant 1He was intolerant of ignorance. 青蛙经受不住严寒的天气。青蛙经受不住严寒的天气。Frogs are intolerant of severe cold weather.intolerant: adj. unable or unwilling to endureHis behavior at the dinner party is intolerable.他在晚宴上的行为令人难以忍受。他在晚宴上的行为令人难以忍

102、受。intolerableintolerable & intolerant这两个词都是形容词，词根都是这两个词都是形容词，词根都是tolerate，但词义不同。，但词义不同。CF:是是“令人无法忍受的令人无法忍受的”，近义词为，近义词为“unbearable”。例如：例如： D R _ word _ intolerant 2The man is intolerant of opposition.这个人不能容忍别人反对他。这个人不能容忍别人反对他。intolerant 为为“不宽容的不宽容的, , 偏狭的偏狭的”，近义词为近义词为“bigoted, impatient”。例如：。例如： D R

103、_ word _ ultimate 1ultimate: adj.1. final, eventual, last We are hoping for the ultimate victory.工会领导人宣称他们斗争的最终目的是要增加工人工会领导人宣称他们斗争的最终目的是要增加工人工资和改善工作条件。工资和改善工作条件。The union leaders declared that the ultimate aim of their struggle was to get pay increase and improved working conditions for the workers.

104、 D R _ word _ ultimate 22. fundamental; elementalIt is an ultimate truth that the Earth turns around the Sun. 3. utmost; extremeHe felt the ultimate insult when she said such words to him. D R _ word _ civilizedcivilized: adj.1. showing moral and intellectual advancement; humane, ethical, and reason

105、able恐怖分子袭击纽约的世贸中心震惊了整个文明世界。恐怖分子袭击纽约的世贸中心震惊了整个文明世界。The terrorists attacking the World Trade Center in New York shocked the civilized world.2. cultured; polished; polite and good-manneredSuch a civilized behavior is praiseworthy. D R _ word _ arrogantarrogant: adj. unpleasantly self-important, over-pr

106、oud老板的儿子对所有的雇员都傲慢无礼。老板的儿子对所有的雇员都傲慢无礼。The bosss son was arrogant to all the employees.The nobleman has an arrogant contempt for the weak. D R _ word _ incorruptibleincorruptible: adj. honest and upright史密斯先生是一个廉正不阿的人。史密斯先生是一个廉正不阿的人。Mr. Smith is a man of incorruptible integrity.The president ordered t

107、hat all his subordinates should be incorruptible. D R _ word _ compulsive 1compulsive: adj. caused or conditioned by compulsion or obsessionCompulsive drinking is bad for ones health. The study concluded that there are about 4.4 million compulsive gamblers altogether in the U.S.这项研究得出结论：美国大约共有四百四十万嗜

108、赌成瘾者。这项研究得出结论：美国大约共有四百四十万嗜赌成瘾者。Pattern: have a compulsive desire to do sth. 情不自禁想做某事情不自禁想做某事 D R _ word _ compulsive 2compulsive smoking不加节制的吸烟不加节制的吸烟compulsive gambler嗜赌成瘾者嗜赌成瘾者compulsory education义务教育义务教育compulsory course必修课程必修课程NB:compulsive 和和 compulsory 都是形容词，词根相同且形似，都是形容词，词根相同且形似，但意义不同。前者指但意义不

109、同。前者指 “随心所欲、不加节制的随心所欲、不加节制的”；后者；后者指指 “强制的、必须的强制的、必须的”。例如：。例如： D R _ word _ assailassail: vt. 1. attack violently The army assailed the town before the daybreak.2. cause sb. to experience unpleasant thoughts or feelings; trouble He was assailed with worries about his sons illness. D R _ word _ hideou

110、shideous: adj. having a terrible effect on the senses, esp. shocking to the eyes or earsHe suffered a hideous fate when the enemy caught him. When I was doing my experiment yesterday, I heard hideous noises from the nearby construction site. 昨天我做实验时听到附近建筑工地上传来可怕的噪音。昨天我做实验时听到附近建筑工地上传来可怕的噪音。 D R _ wor

111、d _ evasion 1evasion: n.1. the act of getting out of the way or escaping 逃避责任是可鄙的。逃避责任是可鄙的。Evasion of ones responsibility is contemptible.The prisoners evasion of the lawyers questions convinced the jury he was guilty. D R _ word _ evasion 22. a statement or action that avoids what should be said or

112、 doneThe ministers speech was full of evasions. 他用含糊的遁词来回答别人对他的理论所做的批评。他用含糊的遁词来回答别人对他的理论所做的批评。He responded to criticism of his theory with vague evasions. D R _ word _ proclaim 1proclaim: vt. announce publicly or officially 1949年年10月月1日，毛主席在北京庄严日，毛主席在北京庄严宣布中华人民共和国成立。宣布中华人民共和国成立。On October 1, 1949, C

113、hairman Mao solemnly proclaimed in Beijing the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.New regulations on the wages for holiday jobs in the college were proclaimed. D R _ word _ proclaim 2Collocation:proclaim a law公布一项法令公布一项法令proclaim war against对对宣战宣战publicly proclaim公开宣布公开宣布 D R _ word _ credibi

114、lity 1No one doubted the credibility of the report made by the research group. “美国的信誉不能被丢掉，尤其是不能被这些领袖们丢美国的信誉不能被丢掉，尤其是不能被这些领袖们丢掉。掉。”亨利亨利基辛格博士说。基辛格博士说。 “Americas credibility must not be squandered, especially by its leaders.” Dr. Henry Kissinger said.credibility: n. the quality, capability, or power t

115、o elicit belief D R _ word _ credibility 2He was credulous enough to believe the manufacturers claims.credulous 指指“轻信的，易于相信别人的轻信的，易于相信别人的”。名词形式为。名词形式为credulity，意思是，意思是“轻信度轻信度”。例如：。例如：The judge concluded that he was innocent because he had a credible witness. crediblecredible & credulous两者都是形容词，有共同的词

116、根，但意义不同。两者都是形容词，有共同的词根，但意义不同。CF:指指“可信的，值得信赖的可信的，值得信赖的”，名词形式为，名词形式为credibility，意思是意思是“可信度可信度”。例如：。例如： D R _ word _ unsolicitedunsolicited: adj. not asked for, unrequested, unsought Jane doesnt like to comment on others, and never gives unsolicited opinions. I wont air unsolicited opinions on this con

117、troversial issue.就这个有争议的问题就这个有争议的问题, 如果没有人问我，我不会主动如果没有人问我，我不会主动发表意见。发表意见。 D R _ word _ eloquent 1eloquent: adj.1. able to make good speeches that influence the hearers马丁马丁路德路德金是位雄辩的演说家，他在金是位雄辩的演说家，他在1963年发表了著名的演说年发表了著名的演说“我有一个梦我有一个梦想想”。Martin Luther King was an eloquent orator, and he delivered a fa

118、mous speech “I Have a Dream” in 1963.Chris is an eloquent speaker and he had an excellent performance in the recent debate. D R _ word _ eloquent 22. expressive or showing sth. very strongly though without wordsThe healthy appearance of the children is eloquent enough of the wealth of the nation. D

119、R _ word _ indulge 1indulge: vt. allow oneself or sb. else to have too much of sth. enjoyable他对他的孩子太放任了。他对他的孩子太放任了。He indulges his children too much.I indulge my interests in flowers for several years by planting a large garden. The football fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing t

120、heir national anthems. D R _ word _ indulge 2Pattern: indulge in 沉湎于沉湎于 Some students indulge in playing computer games. 在那里可以尽情钓鱼、游泳和跳舞。在那里可以尽情钓鱼、游泳和跳舞。Fishing, swimming and dancing can be indulged in there. D R _ word _ mellifluousmellifluous: adj. (of words, music, or a voice) sounding pleasant a

121、nd flowing“您需要什么饮料？您需要什么饮料？”空姐问我，声音甜美。空姐问我，声音甜美。“What kind of drink do you want?” the stewardess asked me with a mellifluous voice.The girl stood by the door, singing with a mellifluous voice. D R _ word _ irritation irritation: n. the condition of being irritated; vexation有了私人小汽车，也就没有了等候公共汽车或出租车有了私

122、人小汽车，也就没有了等候公共汽车或出租车带来的烦恼。带来的烦恼。With a private car, there will be no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxies.The manager tried to conceal his irritation at the foremans delay. D R _ word _ sheltershelter: v.1. provide cover or protection forThe film shelters the plant from direct sunlight.

123、2. find protection, take an enclosure offering protection 下雨了，人们在商店的门口躲雨。下雨了，人们在商店的门口躲雨。In the rain people were sheltering in the doorways of shops. D R _ word _ rationalizerationalize: v. give reasons forHow do you rationalize your research methods?他想证明错不在他，但他显然是在找借口自圆其说。他想证明错不在他，但他显然是在找借口自圆其说。He t

124、ried to prove that he was not at fault, but he was obviously rationalizing. D R _ word _ disapprove ofdisapprove of: have or express an unfavorable opinion aboutProfessor Smith disapproves of students taking part-time jobs. 玛莉想做个演员，然而父母不赞同她的想法。玛莉想做个演员，然而父母不赞同她的想法。Mary wants to be an actress, but her

125、 parents disapprove of the idea. D R _ word _ hollerholler: v. yell, shout, complain“Let go”, the policeman hollered at the robber who was gripping the womans arm. “You are late again”, the boss hollered at the worker. D R _ word _ dodgedodge: v. avoid by a trick or in a dishonest wayThe politician

126、kept dodging the reporters questions at the press conference.Tom boasts of dodging military service by feigning illness. D R _ word _ mood 1阳光明媚的早晨使我心情愉快。阳光明媚的早晨使我心情愉快。The beautiful sunny morning put me in a happy mood.mood: n. a state of feelings at a particular timeHis moods change very quickly; o

127、ne moment he is cheerful, and the next complaining about his life.Collocation:in the mood to do sth. for sth.想做某事；有做某事的兴致想做某事；有做某事的兴致a man of moods喜怒无常的人喜怒无常的人in a melancholy mood闷闷不乐闷闷不乐in a merry mood心情愉快心情愉快 D R _ word _ mood 2She is in a merry mood.她心情愉快。她心情愉快。moodmood, humor & temper这三个词都是名词，都含

128、这三个词都是名词，都含“心情心情”、“情绪情绪”的意思。的意思。CF:指指“在某一特定时间内由某种感情或欲望而引起的心情或在某一特定时间内由某种感情或欲望而引起的心情或心境心境”，例如：，例如：He wept and laughed as his humor moved him.他因情绪波动而又哭又笑。他因情绪波动而又哭又笑。humor 指指“在某一特定时间内由性情或感觉而决定的心境在某一特定时间内由性情或感觉而决定的心境”，特指特指“某一时刻的心情某一时刻的心情”，例如例如： D R _ word _ mood 3He has a good temper.他脾气好。他脾气好。temper 除

129、指除指“心情心情”、“情绪情绪”外外，尚有尚有“性情性情”、“脾气脾气”的含义的含义，例如例如： D R _ word _ assertThe teacher asserted his control over the students by making them be quiet.assert: vt. defend or maintain (ones rights, etc.)Collocation:assert ones right to do sth.维护做某事的权利维护做某事的权利assert sth. to be true断言某事是真实的断言某事是真实的assert nation

130、al independence维护民族独立维护民族独立He asserted in the court that he was innocent. D R _ word _ intimacyintimacy: n. the condition of being intimate and close (followed by with / between)Intimacy between teachers and students is not recommended.他是日本通，很可能被委派为驻日大使。他是日本通，很可能被委派为驻日大使。His intimacy with Japan make

131、s him the likely choice as ambassador to that country. D R _ word _ supersedesupersede: v. take the place of; displaceThe old methods have been superseded by the new.机器的使用已经取代了手工劳动。机器的使用已经取代了手工劳动。 The use of machinery has superseded manual labor. D R _ word _ maritalmarital: adj. of or relating to m

132、arriageNone of us know his marital status.布朗先生是位现代社会婚姻问题专家。布朗先生是位现代社会婚姻问题专家。Mr. Brown is an expert in marital problems in the modern society.Collocation:marital relations婚姻关系婚姻关系marital problems婚姻问题婚姻问题marital status婚姻状况婚姻状况marital discord夫妻不和夫妻不和 D R _ word _ devastatingdevastating: adj.1. complete

133、ly destructiveThe storm that attacked the village was devastating.2. (informal) very good她美极了。她美极了。She looks devastating.His jokes were completely devastating. D R _ word _ presumptuouspresumptuous: adj. going beyond what is right or proper; excessively forward 他这样做太放肆了。他这样做太放肆了。It is too presumptuo

134、us of him to do so.He is presumptuous enough to think that everybody worships him. D R _ word _ jugglejuggle: 1. keep (more than two activities, for example) in motion or progress at one timeSally managed to juggle a full-time job and homemaking.2. deal with, esp. with ingenuity or by deception 会计因涂

135、改公司的账目而入狱。会计因涂改公司的账目而入狱。The accountant went to prison for juggling his firms accounts. D R _ word _ concedeconcede: v. acknowledge, often reluctantly, as being true, just, or proper; admitHe conceded us the right to walk through his land.The Conservative Party conceded defeat as soon as the election

136、 results were known. D R _ word _ adamantadamant: adj. impervious to pleas, appeals, or reason; stubbornly unyielding总统下了决心，坚决惩治那些贪官污吏。总统下了决心，坚决惩治那些贪官污吏。Hes so adamant that however hard I tried to persuade him to join us he did not change his mind.The president is adamant in his determination to pun

137、ish the corrupt officials. D R _ word _ sticky 1sticky: adj.1. having the property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesiveThe nuclear problem of DPRK is a rather sticky diplomatic problem. The boys fingers are sticky with sweets. She fell in the sticky mud and could not get out of it.2. painf

138、ul or difficult; awkward D R _ word _ sticky 2Collocation:a sticky day闷热的一天闷热的一天a sticky situation困难的境地困难的境地sticky weather湿热的天气湿热的天气a sticky diplomatic problem一个棘手的外交问题一个棘手的外交问题 D R _ word _ contradictorycontradictory: adj. involving, causing opposite opinions or inconsistency你刚才所说的话与事实相矛盾。你刚才所说的话与事

139、实相矛盾。What you said just now is contradictory to the fact.The politicians statement was contradictory to the one he had made earlier in the same week. D R _ word _ resort 1resort: 1. n. 1) a place frequented by people for relaxation or recreation Her only resorts when she is alone are sewing and watc

140、hing TV. This fast food restaurant is one of his favorite resorts. 2) a person or thing that one goes or turns to for help, support, etc. D R _ word _ resort 2Collocation:a health resort疗养地疗养地a pleasure resort游乐胜地游乐胜地a summer resort避暑地避暑地have resort to force诉诸武力诉诸武力the last resort最后手段；最后的解救办法最后手段；最后

141、的解救办法without resort无计可施无计可施 D R _ word _ resort 32. vi. make use of, turn to for help (followed by to) The government resorted to censorship of the press. She resorted to stealing when she had no more money. A R _ mainUseful ExpressionsSentence TranslationFlowchartDictationRole PlayDebate Writing Pr

142、overbs and Quotations A R _ Useful Expressions 1Useful Expressions 1. 在在条件下条件下under condition(s)2. 在在情形下情形下under circumstance(s)3. 得出结论得出结论reach a conclusion4. 社交性谎言社交性谎言social lies5. 文明的方式文明的方式civilized way6. 正直无畏正直无畏incorruptible and brave7. 以以袭击袭击assail with A R _ Useful Expressions 2basically ag

143、reehomely kidcook up a stormnot be made that wayfalse praisepeace-keeping liesshelter sb. from8. 基本赞同基本赞同9. 相貌平平的孩子相貌平平的孩子10. 饭菜太丰富了饭菜太丰富了11. 生来不会那一套生来不会那一套 12. 虚假的赞美虚假的赞美13. 息事宁人的谎言息事宁人的谎言14. 使某人免受使某人免受 A R _ Useful Expressions 315. 避免麻烦避免麻烦keep trouble at bay16. 逃避责任逃避责任dodge responsibility17. 碰上堵

144、车碰上堵车get/be caught in traffic jam18. 想要做某事想要做某事 be in the mood to do sth.19. 隐瞒事实隐瞒事实conceal the fact20. 行使权利行使权利assert ones right21. 根据根据on the grounds of/that A R _ Useful Expressions 422. 有风流韵事有风流韵事have an affair23. 出卖某人出卖某人betray sb./give sb. away24. 棘手的问题棘手的问题sticky issue25. 露馅露馅give oneself aw

145、ay26. 最后一手最后一手the last resort 1. 动物保护主义者不赞成用动物做试验。动物保护主义者不赞成用动物做试验。(disapprove of)Animal conservationists disapprove of experimenting on animals.Sentence Translation 2. 教育家告诫父母们不要过于纵容孩子。教育家告诫父母们不要过于纵容孩子。(indulge)The educators warned the parents not to indulge their children too much.3. 事故发生后的记者招待会上，

146、煤矿老板一直在躲避记事故发生后的记者招待会上，煤矿老板一直在躲避记者的提问。者的提问。(dodge)At the press conference after the accident, the boss of the coal mine kept dodging the reporters questions.A R _ Sentence Translation 1 A R _ Sentence Translation 24. 新首相刚上任就面临一个相当棘手的外交问题。新首相刚上任就面临一个相当棘手的外交问题。(sticky)Soon after he took office, the ne

147、w prime minister was faced with rather sticky diplomatic problem.5. 法庭上，被告坚持认为自己无罪。法庭上，被告坚持认为自己无罪。(insist on)At the court, the defendant insisted on his innocence. A R _ Flowchart 1FlowchartDirections: The text is well organized with a beginning, a main body, and an ending. Fill in the following blo

148、cks and blanks of the flow chart to get a clearer picture of the text structure. A R _ Flowchart 2 The rise of the issue (The subject of lying me; There is no conclusion; There are puzzles concerned with lying.) (The view of the most people: acceptable, necessary, ; otherwise , nasty, unnecessarily

149、embarrassing; my view: . Examples) peace-keeping lies (definition; my view: Such lies shelter the liar from keep trouble at bay, hurt no one, avoid fights, but sometimes I feelintrigues and challenges _ultimate _social lies _civilized_brutish_I basically agree with the most people_blame or pain_ A R

150、 _ Flowchart 3wrong, and guilty. Examples) (reasons for and occasions of telling such lies, my view and feeling on this topic) trust-keeping lies (definition, my view: whether I tell such lies depends on contradictory) conclusion ( I am willing to lie because others may completely accept the lies, b

151、ut . )protective lies _the situation_lying is my last resort_ A R _ Dictation 1Dictation Directions: Listen to the following passage. It will be read three times. You should write down what you hear. A R _ Dictation 2 When I enrolled in the course Advanced Mathematics, I anticipated difficulties bec

152、ause I was not well grounded in mathematics in high school. The course was taught by Professor Smith. He was an old-fashioned gentleman, formally dressed, soft spoken, and cordial to his students. However, when it came to academic matters, he was by no means an easy person. Before he started his lec

153、ture, he discoursed enthusiastically on the importance of working in an orderly A R _ Dictation 2orderly fashion, of being thoroughly prepared before each class, of being steadfast in ones efforts, and of not being content with what you have learned. There was no doubt that teaching math was somethi

154、ng sacred to him. His attitude towards work was infectious, and by and by I became an ardent math lover, too. A R _ Role Play Role Play Directions: Act out the lies we usually tell in some situations. Form a group of three students. One student introduces the situation, and the other two make a dial

155、ogue. The four types of lies listed in the text should be covered. A R _ Debate Debate Directions: Form a debate group of eight students. Four of them choose the positive side, while the other four the negative side. The topic is “Are white lies really unharmful?” The positive side argues that white

156、 lies are unharmful, while the negative side asserts that white lies are harmful. A R _ Writing 1WritingPreparation for WritingHow to write letters of personal apology In the text we know that on some occasions, telling lies by inventing a false excuse seems necessary. However, in most cases, tellin

157、g truth should be recommended. If we fail to do something we are supposed to do and may hurt others, a sincere letter of apology will make them understand us and ease their unhappiness. A letter of apology should be clear and concise with reasons given. Tuesday Oct. 20Dear Prof. Smith, Im sorry I co

158、uldnt make our 3 oclock appointment yesterday. My meeting lasted a lot longer than I expected. I could meet you in the department office tomorrow at 3, if that is convenient for you. If not, please leave a note in my mailbox, #342, tomorrow morning. Thanks, Zhang SanA R _ Writing 2Example 1 3rd July

159、 John, I am terribly sorry I failed to meet you at the school gate yesterday afternoon. I had one of the bike tires punctured on my way, and by the time I had the puncture mended and got to school, you must have given up hope and left. Do please forgive me. GeorgeA R _ Writing 3Example 2 May 15Susan

160、, Im sorry to have to tell you that I shall not be able to come to the party, because I have a bad cold. I do hope you have a good time. MaryA R _ Writing 4Example 3 A R _ Writing 5Homework Directions: The following are some situations. You are required to write a letter of apology for each of the s

161、ituation.You failed to show up at a dinner party because of the heavy load of a research paper.You broke a social engagement.You have made an appointment with your friend, but you will have another engagement, which is more important.As the manager of the supermarket, you write a letter of apology t

162、o a customers complaint about the poor service.1.2.3.4. 1. One lie needs seven lies to wait upon it.一次撒谎装得像，得有七次假话帮。一次撒谎装得像，得有七次假话帮。Proverbs and Quotations 2. Lies have short legs.谎言总是站不住脚的。谎言总是站不住脚的。A R _ Proverbs and Quotations 1 A R _ Proverbs and Quotations 23. Lying disguises our mortality, our

163、 inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd. We yearn for the comfort of familiar lies to create more amenable reality. Howards Mel, USA writer 说谎掩盖了人死的必然性、缺陷、恐惧、焦虑和在熙熙攘说谎掩盖了人死的必然性、缺陷、恐惧、焦虑和在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤独。耳熟能详的谎言会创造一个较攘的人群中所感到的孤独。耳熟能详的谎言会创造一个较易应付的现实，人渴望从这些谎言中得到安

164、慰。易应付的现实，人渴望从这些谎言中得到安慰。 美国作家美国作家 梅尔梅尔 A R _ Proverbs and Quotations 34. One may sometimes tell a lie, but the grimace that accompanies it tells the truth. Friedrich Nietzsche人有时可能会撒谎，但撒谎时的怪相会告诉我们真相。人有时可能会撒谎，但撒谎时的怪相会告诉我们真相。 尼采尼采5. In human relations, kindness and lies are worth a thousand truths. Gra

165、ham Greene在人的交往关系里，善意和谎言抵得上很多真理。在人的交往关系里，善意和谎言抵得上很多真理。 格林格林 S R _ mainCulture NotesReadingComprehension Tasks S R _ Culture NotesCulture NotesSissela BokFrancis BaconJean Jacques Rousseau S R _ Comprehension TaskDebateDialog Sissela Bok: American moral philosopher ethicistBirth: in Stockholm, Sweden

166、, on December 2, 1934Education:B.A. and M.A. degrees in psychology from George Washington UniversityPh.D. in philosophy from Harvard UniversityS R _ Culture Notes 1Sissela Bok S R _ Culture Notes 2Publications:The Dilemma of Euthanasia (1975), Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (1979)Eth

167、ics Teaching in Higher Education (1980) S R _ Culture Notes 3Alva Myrdal: A Daughters Memoir (1982) (a biography of her mother)Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation (1984) A Strategy for Peace: Human Values and the Threat of War (1989) S R _ Culture Notes 4 Lying: Moral Choice in Publ

168、ic and Private Life is one of the most significant books in philosophy written in the 20th century, and it alone established Sissela Boks reputation as a moral philosopher of international renown. It is a book which intellectually lies at the heart of the debate over private and public morality, and

169、 it has had enormous influence upon the change of the moral mood in the United States. It is clear that the new direction of the medical profession to tell the truth about a patients condition and prognosis was based in large measure upon Boks book. Birth: Jan. 22, 1561, London Death: April 9, 1626,

170、 LondonKnown as: British statesman, philosopher, father of modern scientific method S R _ Culture Notes 5Francis Bacon Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was the founder of English materialist philosophy. In his childhood, he won the favor of the Queen Elizabeth. He went to Cambridge at twelve and after grad

171、uating at sixteen, he took up law. He soon became one of the most successful lawyers of the time. At twenty-three he became a member of the House of Commons and his judgment and eloquence made him famous. When James I came to England, Bacon obtained one important office after another until he became

172、 Lord Chancellor and was made a peer (nobleman) in 1618. He was an admirable judge, but in the course of rising he had made enemies who charged him with bribery. He was convicted, deprived of his o f f i c e , f i n e d a n d b a n i s h e d f r o mS R _ Culture Notes 6 London in 1621. Five years la

173、ter, he died in disgrace. Francis Bacon is famous not only for his philosophical works, but also for his essaysIn 1597 he published a collection of essays, including the well-known one “On Reading”, whose title is actually “Of Studies”. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, tr

174、uth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, youth and age and many others. They have won popularity for his clearness, brevity and force of expression. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark,” “Reading makes a full man; confe

175、rence a ready man, and writing an exactS R _ Culture Notes 7 S R _ Culture Notes 8man”. “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” This is a very famous saying from “Of Studies”. No advice is better than this. It tells us how to read different kind

176、s of books. Jean Jacques Rousseau: French philosopher, writer, and composerBorn: 28 June 1712 Birthplace: Geneva Died: 2 July 1778 Best Known As: Author of The Social ContractS R _ Culture Notes 9Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-centur

177、y Romanticism. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. His novel, mile or, On Education is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for

178、citizenship. His sentimental novel, Julie, ou la nouvelle Hlose, was of great importance to the development of pre-romanticism and romanticism in fiction. Rousseaus autobiographical writings: his Confessions, which initiated the modern autobiography, and his Reveries of a Solitary Walker were S R _

179、Culture Notes 10 among the pre-eminent examples of the late 18th-century movement known as the Age of Sensibility, featuring an increasing focus on subjectivity and introspection that has characterized the modern age. In Reveries of the Solitary Stroller, Jean Jacques Rousseau says: “Never have I li

180、ed in my own interest; but often have I lied through shame in order to draw myself from embarrassment in different matters when, having to sustain discussion, the slowness of my ideas and the dryness of my conversation forced me to have recourse to fictions in order to say something.” His Discourse

181、on the Origin of Inequality and his On the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political S R _ Culture Notes 11 S R _ Culture Notes 12political and social thought and make a strong case for democratic government and social empowerment. Rousseau also made important contributions to music as a

182、theorist. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. S R _ Culture Notes 13 S R _ Culture Notes 14 S R _ Culture Notes

183、15 S R _ Reading _ text 0 White lies. We all tell them. But should we? In the following excerpt from her book on lying, Sissela Bok casts a philosophers eye over the subject. As one might expect from someone of her profession, she starts by looking closely at just what it is that distinguishes “whit

184、e” lies from all the rest. White lies are at the other end of the spectrum of deception from lies in a serious crisis. They are the most common and the most trivial forms that duplicity can take. The fact that they are so common provides their protective coloring. And their very triviality, when com

185、pared to more threatening lies, makes it seem unnecessary or even absurd to condemn them. Some consider all well-intentioned lies, however momentous, toS R _ Reading _ text 1White LiesSissela Bok S R _ Reading _ text 2to be white; in this book, I shall adhere to the narrower usage: a white lie, in t

186、his sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are, whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and, finally, whether many lies are not defended as “white” which are in fact harmful in their

187、own right. S R _ Reading _ text 3 Many small subterfuges may not even be intended to mislead. They are only “white lies” in the most marginal sense. Take, for example, the many social exchanges: “How nice to see you!” or “Cordially yours.” These and a thousand other polite expressions are so much ta

188、ken for granted that if someone decided, in the name of total honesty, not to employ them, he might well give the impression of an indifference he did not possess. The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with th

189、e language. S R _ Reading _ text 4 A social practice more clearly deceptive is that of giving a false excuse so as not to hurt the feelings of someone making an invitation or request: to say one “cant” do what in reality one may not want to do. Once again, the false excuse may prevent unwarranted in

190、ferences of greater hostility to the undertaking than one may well feel. Merely to say that one cant do something, moreover, is not deceptive in the sense that an elaborately concocted story can be. Still other white lies are told in an effort to flatter, to throw a cheerful interpretation on depres

191、sing circumstances, or to show gratitude for unwanted gifts. In the eyes of many, such white lies do no harm, provide needed support and cheer, and help dispel gloom and boredom. They preserve the equilibrium and often the humaneness of social relationships, and are usually accepted as excusable so

192、long as they do not become excessive. Many argue, moreover, that such deception is so helpful and at times so necessary that it must be tolerated as an exception to a general policy against lying. Thus Bacon observed: S R _ Reading _ text 5 Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of mens mi

193、nds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more s

194、ubstantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies. Such are the placebos given for innumerable common ailments, and the pervasive use of inflated grades and recommendations for employment and promotion.S R _ Reading _ text 6 S R _ Reading _ text 7

195、A large number of lies without such redeeming features are nevertheless often regarded as so trivial that they should be grouped with white lies. They are the lies told on the spur of the moment, for want of reflection, or to get out of a scrape, or even simply to pass the time. Such are the lies to

196、ld to boast or exaggerate, or on the contrary to deprecate and understate; the many lies told or repeated in gossip; Rousseaus lies told simply “in order to say something”; the embroidering on facts that seem too tedious in their own right; and the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explana

197、tions one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on. Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the benefits of common sense and clear thinking. A white lie, they hold, is trivial; it is either completely harmless, or so margin

198、ally harmful that the cost of detecting and evaluating the harm is much greater than the minute harm itself. In addition, the white lie can often actually be beneficial, thus further tipping the scales of utility. In a world with so many difficult problems, utilitarians might ask: Why take the time

199、to weigh the minute pros and cons in telling someone that his tie is attractive when it is an abomination, or of saying to a guest that a broken vase wasS R _ Reading _ text 8S R _ Reading _ text 9 was worthless? Why bother even to define such insignificant distortions or make mountains out of moleh

200、ills by seeking to justify them? Triviality surely does set limits to when moral inquiry is reasonable. But when we look more closely at practices such as placebo-giving, it becomes clear that all lies defended as “white” cannot be so easily dismissed. In the first place, the harmlessness of lies is

201、 notoriously disputable. What the liar perceives as harmless or even beneficial may not be so in the eyes of the deceived. SecondS R _ Reading _ text 9 Second, the failure to look at an entire practice rather than at their own isolated case often blinds liars to cumulative harm and expanding decepti

202、ve activities. Those who begin with white lies can come to resort to more frequent and more serious ones. Where some tell a few white lies, others may tell more. Because lines are so hard to draw, the indiscriminate use of such lies can lead to other deceptive practices. The aggregate harm from a la

203、rge number of marginally harmful instances may, therefore, be highly undesirable in the end for liars, those deceived, and honesty and trust more generally.S R _ Reading _ text 10 In the post-Watergate period, no one need regard a concern with the combined and long-term effects of deception as far-f

204、etched. But even apart from political life, with its peculiar and engrossing temptations, lies tend to spread. Disagreeable facts come to be sugar-coated, and sad news softened or denied altogether. Many lie to children and to those who are ill about matters no longer peripheral but quite central, s

205、uch as birth, adoption, divorce, and death. Deceptive propaganda and misleading advertising abound. All these lies are often dismissed on the same grounds of harmlessness and triviality used for white lies in general.S R _ Reading _ text 11 S R _ Reading _ text 12 It is worth taking a close look at

206、practices where lies believed trivial are common. Triviality in an isolated lie can then be more clearly seen to differ markedly from the costs of an entire practice both to individuals and to communities. D R _ word _ deception 1An honest man doesnt do anything underhand; a man of moral integrity n

207、ever resorts to deception; an upright man will never hit under the belt.他被指控通过欺骗手段获得财产。他被指控通过欺骗手段获得财产。He was accused of obtaining property by deception.deception: n. the act of making sb. believe what is not true D R _ word _ deception 2Contracts that are concluded by means of fraud or duress shall

208、be void.采取欺诈或者胁迫手段订立的合同无效。采取欺诈或者胁迫手段订立的合同无效。fraud 指指“精心策划精心策划, 以以骗取某人的取某人的财物、物、权利等利等”， 如如：After being released from the prison, he was up to his old tricks and practiced deception again.出狱后，他故伎重演，又去行骗了。出狱后，他故伎重演，又去行骗了。 deceptiondeception, fraud, trickery & deceit 这四个都是名词，都含这四个都是名词，都含“欺骗欺骗”的意思。的意思。CF

209、:指任何形式的欺骗，也指指任何形式的欺骗，也指“一种行动，它给人错误一种行动，它给人错误的观念，但并不一定有欺诈的目的的观念，但并不一定有欺诈的目的”， 如：如： D R _ word _ deception 3Science involves the conscientious quest for truth and permits of no deceit.科学是实事求是、老老实实的学问，是不允许弄虚作假科学是实事求是、老老实实的学问，是不允许弄虚作假的。的。deceit 指指“通通过隐瞒或歪曲或歪曲实情去蒙情去蒙骗”，如：，如：He had gained control of the c

210、ompany by trickery.他通过欺骗手段获得了对公司的控制权。他通过欺骗手段获得了对公司的控制权。trickery 指指“用计谋欺骗别人用计谋欺骗别人”， 如：如： D R _ word _ trivial 1Forget about trivial disagreements among friends, and dont take them to heart.一件微不足道的事情有时也会导致人们不愿意见到的一件微不足道的事情有时也会导致人们不愿意见到的后果。后果。A trivial thing may sometimes bring about undesirable conse

211、quences.trivial: adj. of little significance or value小小的误会引起了他们之间的不和。小小的误会引起了他们之间的不和。A trivial misunderstanding caused a breach between them. D R _ word _ trivial 2Synonyms: unimportant, insignificant, trifling, pettyNB:trivial的名词形式为的名词形式为triviality D R _ word _ momentousHistory bears evidence that

212、each momentous political change is usually followed by an economic revival.momentous: adj. greatly significant, very importantCollocation:a momentous occasion重大时刻重大时刻a momentous event 重大事件重大事件a momentous decision重要决定重要决定the momentous news重大新闻重大新闻 D R _ word _ adhere toFor ten months he adhered to a

213、strict no-fat low-salt diet.adhere to: continue to obey or maintain (esp. a rule, standard or belief)We must strictly adhere to the terms of the contract.所有员工都必须严格遵守安全规定。所有员工都必须严格遵守安全规定。All the staff should adhere strictly to the safety guidelines. D R _ word _ in ones own rightShe sings with a rock

214、 band, but shes also a jazz musician in her own right.in ones own right: because of ones own quality or qualificationsMary is a rich woman in her own right rather than by inheritance.约翰的父亲是位著名的作家，但约翰自己也是一位优秀约翰的父亲是位著名的作家，但约翰自己也是一位优秀作家。作家。Johns fathers a well-known author, but John is an excellent wri

215、ter in his own right. D R _ word _ marginal 1There has been a marginal improvement in the firms sales.marginal: adj. small or unimportant in amount or effect这部新法律对大多数人的生活影响不大。这部新法律对大多数人的生活影响不大。The new law has only a marginal effect on the lives of most people.Collocation:marginal ability 能力差能力差a mar

216、ginal existence勉强维持生计勉强维持生计a marginal issue 不太重要的问题不太重要的问题 D R _ word _ marginal 2NB:margin n. marginal adj. marginally adv. marginality n.Collocation:marginal subsistence起码的生活起码的生活marginal business小生意小生意 D R _ word _ cordial When he went home after winning the gold medal, John received a cordial we

217、lcome from his folks.cordial: adj. warmly friendlyCollocation:a cordial greeting热情的问侯热情的问侯cordial relations友好的关系友好的关系receive a cordial welcome受到热情的欢迎受到热情的欢迎a cordial atmosphere 热烈友好的气氛热烈友好的气氛 D R _ word _ in the name ofThey carried out the reforms in the name of efficiency.in the name of: for the sa

218、ke of; by the authority of他以他父亲的名义参加聚会。他以他父亲的名义参加聚会。He attended the party in the name of his father. D R _ word _ justificationI can see no possible justification for any further tax increases.justification: n. a good reason why sth. exists or is done你没有正当理由如此恶劣地对待你的同事。你没有正当理由如此恶劣地对待你的同事。There is no

219、 justification for treating your colleagues so badly.There can be no justification for such rude behaviour. D R _ word _ elaborate 1When questioned, the professor began an elaborate explanation of his new theory. 玛丽为聚会作了精心的准备，但是一个人也没来。玛丽为聚会作了精心的准备，但是一个人也没来。Mary made elaborate preparations for the pa

220、rty, but no one showed up.elaborate: adj. planned or executed with painstaking attention to numerous parts or details D R _ word _ elaborate 2Collocation:an elaborate design精心的设计精心的设计an elaborate plan精心的计划精心的计划an elaborate pattern of flowers精美的花卉图案精美的花卉图案elaborate furniture 精致的家具精致的家具 D R _ word _ d

221、ispelThe sun soon dispelled the thick fog over the field.dispel: vt. drive away or off by or as if by scattering董事长镇定自若的话消除了员工们被裁员的忧虑。董事长镇定自若的话消除了员工们被裁员的忧虑。The managing directors calm words dispelled the clerks fears of being cut down.Synonyms: disperse, scatter D R _ word _ placeboA group of resear

222、chers are studying on beneficial effect of patients taking a placebo.placebo: n. a substance containing no medication and prescribed or given to reinforce a patients expectation to get well 在该项研究中，在该项研究中，220名研究对象中，有一半人每天服用名研究对象中，有一半人每天服用一片阿斯匹林，另一半则服用安慰剂。一片阿斯匹林，另一半则服用安慰剂。In the study, half of 220 sub

223、jects were given an aspirin everyday while the other half took a placebo. D R _ word _ ailmentailment: n. a physical or mental disorder, especially a mild illness玛丽总是有一些小毛病困扰着她。玛丽总是有一些小毛病困扰着她。Mary always has some little ailment bothering her.A family doctor generally just treats some minor ailments.

224、 D R _ word _ redeemingTo be honest, I have no interest in the job, but the sole redeeming feature of this job is the salary.redeeming: adj. compensating for some fault or defect我觉得他一点也不讨人喜欢，没有任何可取之处。我觉得他一点也不讨人喜欢，没有任何可取之处。I found him thoroughly unpleasant, with no redeeming qualities whatsoever. D R

225、 _ word _ on the spur of the momentWe just jumped in a car on the spur of the moment and drove to the seaside.on the spur of the moment: on impulse; suddenly约翰听到他的朋友准备进城，就一时兴起，决定同去。约翰听到他的朋友准备进城，就一时兴起，决定同去。Hearing that his friend was going to the city, John decided, on the spur of the moment, to acco

226、mpany him. D R _ word _ for want ofThe project failed for want of financial backing.for want of: because of a lack of sth.因为无所事事，我看了一会儿电视。因为无所事事，我看了一会儿电视。For want of anything better to do I watched television for a while. D R _ word _ deprecateSuch waste of money should be deprecated at this time.de

227、precate: vt. express disapproval of; deplore爱好和平的人民反对战争。爱好和平的人民反对战争。The peace-loving people deprecate war.A teacher should never deprecate his students efforts. D R _ word _ tediousI had expected the lecture give by the famous scholar to be informative and concise, but it turned out to be very tedio

228、us.tedious: adj. tiresome by reason of length, slowness, or dullness; boringCollocation:a tedious story冗长乏味的故事冗长乏味的故事tedious work乏味的工作乏味的工作 D R _ word _ citeThe company cited a 12% decline in new orders as evidence that overall demand for its products was falling.cite: vt. mention (sth.) as an examp

229、le or proof玛丽在她的文章里引用了总统演说中的一段话。玛丽在她的文章里引用了总统演说中的一段话。In her article, Mary cited a passage from the Presidents speech. D R _ word _ make mountains Youre making a mountain out of a molehill. You wrote one bad essay it doesnt mean youre going to fail your exam.make mountains out of molehills (or make a

230、 mountain out of a molehill): make a trivial matter seem important我确信他拿到工资会还你钱的，所以你不必小题大做。我确信他拿到工资会还你钱的，所以你不必小题大做。Im sure hell give you the money back when he gets paid, so theres no need to start making mountains out of molehills. D R _ word _ aggregate 1The seven companies have an aggregate turnov

231、er of 5.2 million.去年你的工资一共是多少？去年你的工资一共是多少？What were your aggregate wages last year?aggregate: 1. adj. formed by adding together several partsThe aggregate number of unemployed is fifty thousand this year. D R _ word _ aggregate 2Collocation:aggregate demand总需求总需求aggregate investment总投资总投资aggregate v

232、alue总价值总价值2. n. totalThe football team had a low goal aggregate last season.社会不仅仅是个人的总和。社会不仅仅是个人的总和。Society is not just an aggregate of individuals. D R _ word _ aggregate 33. vt. amount toThe device is used to aggregate data from users and then transfer them to the main networks.进帐总额将达一千美元。进帐总额将达一千

233、美元。The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.Pattern: in the aggregateUnit sales of the company for December amounted in the aggregate to 100,000. D R _ word _ engrossingI still remember the engrossing stories my father told me in my childhood.昨晚，在大礼堂，我们听了一些引人入胜的交响乐。昨晚，在大礼堂，我们听了一些引人入胜的交响

234、乐。We listened to some engrossing symphonies at the auditorium last night.engrossing: adj. occupying ones complete attention; wholly absorbing D R _ word _ propagandaThe speaker at the congregation was accused of spreading antigovernment propaganda.在宣传中，我们要防止在群众中造成各种不符合实际在宣传中，我们要防止在群众中造成各种不符合实际的印象。的印

235、象。In our propaganda, we should avoid creating any false impressions on the mass.propaganda: n. information made public to persuade people that sth. is true and worthy of support D R _ word _ propaganda 2Collocation:written propaganda文字宣传文字宣传biased propaganda片面宣传片面宣传 propaganda organization宣传机构宣传机构pr

236、opaganda team宣传队宣传队 D R _ word _ abound Rumours abound about the breakup of her marriage.他的诗充满着对历史、人生的深刻思考。他的诗充满着对历史、人生的深刻思考。His poems abound in profound reflections on the history and life of mankind.abound: vi. exist in great numbers or quantities “They” refer to “many small subterfuges”, which me

237、ans “many unimportant deceptive words or excuses”.S R _ Reading _ They are only They are only “white lies” in the most marginal sense.What does “They” refer to?它们（许多无关紧要的遁词）不过勉强算是无伤大雅的它们（许多无关紧要的遁词）不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎。小谎。Translate the sentence. Does anyone doubt that if there were taken out of mens minds v

238、ain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, wishful thinking, and the like, it would make some people feel smaller, sad and indisposed, and displeased with themselves?S R _ Reading _ Doth any man doubt 1Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions, flattering ho

239、pes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?Paraphrase the sentence. S R _ Reading _ Doth any man doubt 2Translate the sentence.如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不

240、实的评价、一厢如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有人怀疑过吗？人怀疑过吗？ Another kind of lies may actually be supported since they may bring real benefits or avoid a real harm, and in the meanwhile they seem quite harmless to those who tell th

241、e lies.S R _ Reading _ Another kind of lie 1Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more substantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies.What does “innocuous” mean?It means having no adverse effect; harmless.Paraphrase the se

242、ntence. S R _ Reading _ Another kind of lie 2另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又貌似无害。貌似无害。Translate the sentence. S R _ Reading _ Utilitarians often 1Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the bene

243、fits of common sense and clear thinking.What does “utilitarian” refer to?Those who advocate that the value of a thing or an action is determined by its usefulness.Translate the sentence.功利主义者常称，说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、功利主义者常称，说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、明白事理，他们的理论表明，这样的欺骗有好处。明白事理，他们的理论表明，这样的欺骗有好处。 S R _ Reading _ Utili

244、tarians often 1第二，对某种行为不看整体效果，只看孤立的个案常常第二，对某种行为不看整体效果，只看孤立的个案常常使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而不见。不见。Second, the failure to look at an entire practice rather than at their own isolated case often blinds liars to cumulative harm and expanding deceptive activities.What is the implied m

245、eaning of the sentence?Liars tend to looks at their own case and consider their deceptive practice as harmless, however, they ignore the fact that such individual cases can have added and spreading effects.Translate the sentence. 在水门事件之后的年代里，人们对欺骗行为造成的多方在水门事件之后的年代里，人们对欺骗行为造成的多方面的、长远的影响表示忧虑，对此谁也不会觉得很

246、离谱。面的、长远的影响表示忧虑，对此谁也不会觉得很离谱。S R _ Reading _ In the post-Watergate In the post-Watergate period, no one need regard a concern with the combined and long-term effects of deception as far-fetched.What is implied meaning of the sentence?Watergate Scandal made people alert and worry about the negative ef

247、fects of deception.Translate the sentence. 一经研究，我们就可以更加清楚地看到，在一个孤立的一经研究，我们就可以更加清楚地看到，在一个孤立的谎话中看到的极轻微伤害，与整个欺骗行为付出的代价谎话中看到的极轻微伤害，与整个欺骗行为付出的代价之间有着明显的差异之间有着明显的差异对个人和对社会都如此。对个人和对社会都如此。S R _ Reading _ Triviality in an Triviality in an isolated lie can then be more clearly seen to differ markedly from the

248、costs of an entire practice both to individuals and to communities. What does “markedly” mean?Clearly, evidently, noticeably.Translate the sentence. S R _ Comprehension Tasks 1 “Lying” is a controversial topic. Some people claim that they always stick to the principle of telling truth, while some ot

249、hers accept the practice of telling lies, especially white lies on certain occasions. We will hold a debate on whether we should always tell truth. The debate may follow the following procedure: Debate1) Topic: Should we always tell truth?2) All the students of the class are required to take their s

250、tand on the issue. S R _ Comprehension Tasks 23) Now we have two sides: the positive and the negative. Every four students from each side form a team. We hold a debate between a positive team and a negative one.1) A debate is not a quarrel, so try to be rational though emotion can be involved.2) Rem

251、ember to support your views on the basis of relevant facts and examples.3) Argue with your counterpart to the point. Do not beat around bush. Argue with reason, logic and clear language. 1) You may start the dialog from talking about weather or current school life.2) Introduce the topic naturally, e

252、.g. from the text or from a recent incident.3) Take turns to speak, and learn how to show your agreement or disagreement, how to interrupt, and how to question.S R _ Comprehension Tasks 3 Two students form a pair and have a dialog about on what occasions in real life we are forced to tell lies and t

253、he possible benefits of telling ties.Dialog S R _ Comprehension Tasks 4The following words and phrases may be helpful for you.1) Do you remember the text we recently learned?2) I cant agree more.3) Perhaps you are right, but 4) Sorry to interrupt you, but what do you mean by ?5) Its true, but 6) It is not necessarily the case.7) I would rather keep silent when I feel like telling so-called white lies.