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1、十六、句子成分 句句子子是是由由不不同同种种类的的单词按按照照一一定定的的语法法规则组合合在在一一起起，能能表表达达一一个个完完整整意意思思的的语言言单位位所所构构成成。组成成句句子子的的各各个个成成分分即即是是句句子子成成分分。句句子子成成分分主主要要有有八八种种，分分别是是主主语、谓语、表表语、宾语、(宾语和和主主语)补足足语、定定语、状状语及及同同位位语。其其中中主主语和和谓语是是句句子子的的主主要要成成分分，其其他他成成分分，如如表表语和和宾语等等是是句子的次要成分。句子的次要成分。 一、主一、主语 用用来来说明明句句子子所所说的的是是“什什么么人人”或或是是“什什么么事事物物”，一一
2、般般由由名名词、代、代词或相当于名或相当于名词的的词或短或短语充当。充当。类别例句例句(1)(1)名名词或代或代词作作主主语A A mooncakemooncake is is a a delicious, delicious, round round cake. cake. 月月饼是美味的是美味的圆饼。ItIts going to rain tomorrow. s going to rain tomorrow. 明天要下雨。明天要下雨。(2)(2)数数词作主作主语ThreeThree is enough. is enough. 三个就三个就够了。了。(3)(3)不定式作主不定式作主语 To
3、seeTo see is to believe. is to believe. 眼眼见为实。类别例句例句(4)(4)动名名词作主作主语SeeingSeeing is believing. is believing. 百百闻不如一不如一见。(5)(5)名名词化的形容化的形容词作主作主语The youngThe young should study hard. should study hard. 年年轻人人应该努力学努力学习。(6)(6)介介词短短语作主作主语From Beijing to GuangzhouFrom Beijing to Guangzhou is a ten- is a ten
4、-hour ride. hour ride. 从北京到广州有十个小从北京到广州有十个小时的的路程。路程。(7)(7)从句作主从句作主语What he saidWhat he said is true. is true. 他他说的是的是对的。的。 二、二、谓语 说明明主主语“做做什什么么”、“是是什什么么”或或者者“怎怎么么样”，谓语用用动词。谓语和主和主语在在“人称人称”和和“数数”两个方面必两个方面必须一致。一致。类别例句例句(1)(1)简单谓语：由由一一个个动词或或动词短短语构构成成，有有人称、数和人称、数和时态的的变化化Mr. Mr. Brown Brown camecame to to
5、 China China last last year. year. 布朗先生去年来的中国。布朗先生去年来的中国。(2)(2)由由“连系系动词+ +表表语”构成的复合构成的复合谓语The song The song soundssounds beautiful. beautiful. 这首歌听起来非常首歌听起来非常优美。美。(3)(3)由由“情情态动词+ +动词原原形形”构成的复合构成的复合谓语Ann Ann can singcan sing very well. very well. 安唱歌非常好。安唱歌非常好。 三、表三、表语 表表语表表示示主主语的的性性质、特特征征、身身份份等等。表表语
6、要要放放在在系系动词之后与系之后与系动词一起作复合一起作复合谓语。类别例句例句(1)(1)名名词作表作表语His His suggestion suggestion sounds sounds a a good good ideaidea. . 他的建他的建议听起来是一个好主意。听起来是一个好主意。(2)(2)代代词作表作表语My point is My point is thisthis. . 我的我的观点就是如此。点就是如此。(3)(3)形容形容词作表作表语The soup tastes The soup tastes deliciousdelicious. . 这汤真好喝。真好喝。(4)
7、(4)副副词作表作表语We must be We must be offoff now. now. 现在我在我们必必须得走了。得走了。类别例句例句(5)(5)现在在分分词作作表表语( (表示主表示主语的特征的特征) )Time is Time is pressingpressing. . 时间紧迫。迫。(6)(6)过去去分分词作作表表语( (表示主表示主语的状的状态) )The glasses are The glasses are brokenbroken. . 这些玻璃杯碎了。些玻璃杯碎了。(7)(7)不定式作表不定式作表语My job is My job is to feed anima
8、lsto feed animals. . 我的工作是我的工作是饲养养动物。物。(8)(8)动名名词作表作表语His dream is His dream is becoming a doctorbecoming a doctor. . 他的梦想是成他的梦想是成为一名医生。一名医生。(9)(9)介介词短短语作表作表语The dog is The dog is under the deskunder the desk. . 狗在桌子下面。狗在桌子下面。(10)(10)从句作表从句作表语The The question question is is that that we we are are s
9、hort short of moneyof money. . 问题是我是我们缺少缺少钱。 四、四、宾语 宾语表示表示动作的作的对象，是象，是动作的承受者作的承受者类别例句例句(1)(1)名名词作作宾语I I bought bought a a computercomputer last last week. week. 上上周周我我买了一台了一台电脑。(2)(2)代代词作作宾语We all like We all like herher. . 我我们都喜都喜欢她。她。(3)(3)名名词化的形容化的形容词或分或分词作作宾语We should help We should help the poo
10、rthe poor. . 我我们应该帮助帮助穷人。人。类别例句例句(4)(4)动词不定式作不定式作宾语Remember Remember to call meto call me. . 请记得得给我打我打电话。(5)(5)动名名词作作宾语Would Would you you mind mind opening opening the the doordoor? ? 你介意打开你介意打开门吗？(6)(6)疑疑问词+ +动词不不定定式作式作宾语I dont know I dont know what to do nextwhat to do next. . 我不知道下一步做什么。我不知道下一步做
11、什么。(7)(7)从句作从句作宾语I dont know I dont know what he saidwhat he said. . 我不知道他我不知道他说了什么。了什么。 五、定五、定语 定定语用来修用来修饰名名词或代或代词种种类例句例句(1)(1)名名词作定作定语These are These are appleapple trees. trees. 这些是苹果些是苹果树。(2)(2)代代词作定作定语HisHis shoes are red. shoes are red. 他的鞋子是他的鞋子是红色的。色的。(3)(3)名名词所有格作定所有格作定语This is This is Bill
12、sBills pen. pen. 这是比是比尔尔的的钢笔。笔。种种类例句例句(4)(4)形容形容词作定作定语He is an He is an honesthonest boy. boy. 他是一个他是一个诚实的男孩。的男孩。(5)(5)副副词作后置定作后置定语The The people people herehere are are friendly friendly to to us. us. 这儿的人儿的人们对我我们非常友好。非常友好。(6)(6)数数词作定作定语There There are are fiftyfifty students students in in our our
13、 class. class. 我我们班有五十名学生。班有五十名学生。(7)(7)不定式作后置定不定式作后置定语I I have have something something important important to to dodo. . 我有重要的事情要做。我有重要的事情要做。种种类例句例句(8)(8)动名名词作定作定语We can swim in the We can swim in the swimmingswimming pool. pool. 我我们能在游泳池里游泳。能在游泳池里游泳。(9)(9)分分词作定作定语The The girl girl playing playing
14、 the the pianopiano is is my my daughter. daughter. 正在正在弹钢琴的女孩是我女儿。琴的女孩是我女儿。(10)(10)介介词短短语作作后后置置定定语The pen The pen on the deskon the desk is mine. is mine. 桌子上的那支桌子上的那支钢笔是我的。笔是我的。(11)(11)从句作后置定从句作后置定语The The watch watch that that I I bought bought yesterdayyesterday cost me ten cost me ten yuanyuan.
15、 . 昨天我昨天我买的那的那块手表花手表花费了我了我1010元元钱。 六、状六、状语 状状语用用来来修修饰动词、形形容容词、副副词或或整整个个句句子子，通通常常表表示示行行为发生的地点、生的地点、时间、方式、程度等。、方式、程度等。种种类例句例句(1)(1)副副词作状作状语Bolt runs very Bolt runs very fastfast. . 博博尔尔特跑得非常快。特跑得非常快。(2)(2)介介词短短语作状作状语The The students students are are playing playing on on thethe playgroundplayground. .
16、 学生学生们正在操正在操场上玩。上玩。种种类例句例句(3)(3)分分词作状作状语Considering Considering that that he he is is just just a a seven-year-old seven-year-old boyboy, , he he speaks speaks English very well. English very well. 考考虑到到他他只只是是一一个个七七岁的的男男孩孩，他他英英语说得已得已经相当好了。相当好了。(4)(4)不定式作状不定式作状语I come here I come here to say goodbye
17、to youto say goodbye to you. . 我来我来这里是里是为了向你告了向你告别的。的。(5)(5)从句作状从句作状语I I was was watching watching TV TV when when he he came came backback. . 他回来的他回来的时候我正在看候我正在看电视。 七、七、宾语补足足语 宾语补足足语用来用来补充充说明明宾语的情况的情况类别例句例句(1)(1)名名词作作宾语补足足语We call him We call him a foola fool. . 我我们叫他傻瓜。叫他傻瓜。(2)(2)形形容容词作作宾语补足足语Im g
18、oing to paint the wall Im going to paint the wall pinkpink. . 我打算把我打算把墙漆成粉漆成粉红色。色。(3)(3)介介词短短语作作宾语补足足语Please make yourself Please make yourself at homeat home. . 请随便点儿。随便点儿。类别例句例句(4)(4)副副词作作宾语补足足语 Let him Let him inin, please. , please. 请让他他进来。来。(5)(5)不不定定式式( (短短语) )作作宾语补足足语Our Our teacher teacher o
19、ften often encourages encourages us us toto study study hardhard. . 我我们老老师经常常鼓鼓励励我我们努努力学力学习。(6)(6)分分词( (短短语) )作作宾语补足足语He saw her He saw her workingworking in the garden. in the garden. 他看他看见她正在花园里工作。她正在花园里工作。单项选择1. （2012六六盘水水中中考考）Tell the children _ unhealthy food. Its bad for their health. A. not t
20、o eat B. not eatingC. to eat D. eating【解解析析】选选A。tell sb. not to do sth. “告告诉诉某某人人不不要要做做某某事事”，动词不定式作宾语补足语，故选动词不定式作宾语补足语，故选A。2. （2012安安顺中中考考）When I went into the room, I found _ in bed. A. him lying B. he lyingC. he lies D. him was lying【解解析析】选选A。find sb. doing sth. “发发现现某某人人正正在在做做某某事事”，现现在分词作宾语补足语。在分
21、词作宾语补足语。3. (2011凉凉山山中中考考)I have _ to tell you. Maybe you will be _ in it. A. interesting something; interestedB. something interesting; interestingC. something interesting; interested【解解析析】选选C。形形容容词词修修饰饰不不定定代代词词时时，应应该该放放在在其其后后面面。be interested in是固定搭配，意思是是固定搭配，意思是“对对感兴趣感兴趣”。故选。故选C。4. (2011贵港中考港中考)Wha
22、t do you think of the two backpacks? _ of them are very nice. A. Either B. Both C. Each D. All【解解析析】选选B。either “(两两者者中中)任任意意一一个个”；both“(两两者者)都都”；each “(三三者者或或者者三三者者以以上上中中)任任意意一一个个”；all “(三三者者或或者者三三者者以以上上)都都”，根根据据答答句句中中be动动词词are，故故作作主主语语的的是是复复数数，问问句指的是句指的是the two backpacks。故选。故选B。5. (2011杭杭州州中中考考)Nic
23、k, would you mind _ those old jeans? They look terrible. A. not to wear B. not wearC. wearing not D. not wearing【解解析析】选选D。考考查查mind的的用用法法。mind后后面面跟跟动动词词-ing，否否定定形式为形式为mind not doing。故选。故选D。6. (2011丽水水中中考考)Kate and I are going to the concert this weekend. Dad will take _ there. A. it B. you C. us D. them【解解析析】选选C。前前面面提提到到“凯凯特特和和我我”，所所以以后后面面“爸爸爸爸”应应该是带着该是带着“我们我们”去那里，故选去那里，故选C。7. (2011岳岳阳阳中中考考) _ of the land is covered with trees and grass in Pingjiang, Yueyang. A. Three fivesB. Three fifths C. Three fifth【解解析析】选选B。 分分子子用用基基数数词词表表示示；分分母母用用序序数数词词表表示示，当当分分子大于子大于1时，分母加时，分母加-s，故选，故选B。
