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1、Medical Terminology Surgery Surgery A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and the excision and repair of pathological conditions by means of operative procedures Surgeryn nAn act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply surg
2、ery.n n A surgeon is a person who performs operations on patients. Surgical specialties and sub-specialties n nGeneral Surgery General Surgery n nCardiothoracic Surgery Cardiothoracic Surgery n nColorectal SurgeryColorectal Surgeryn nPaediatric Surgery Paediatric Surgery n nPlastic Surgery Plastic S
3、urgery n nVascular Surgery Vascular Surgery n nTrauma surgery Trauma surgery n nBreast Surgery Breast Surgery n nSurgical Oncology Surgical Oncology n nOtolaryngology Otolaryngology n nOral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery n nOrthopaedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery n nNeurosu
4、rgery Neurosurgery n nOphthalmology Ophthalmology n nPodiatric surgery Podiatric surgery n nUrology Urology History of Surgery - TrepanationTrepanation n nThe oldest surgery for which we have evidence is trepanation, in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, thus exposing the dura mater
5、in order to treat health problems related to intracranial pressure and other diseases. History of Surgery-China Hua Tuo was a famous Chinese physician during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms era. He was the first person to perform surgery with the aid of anesthesia, some 1600 years before the prac
6、tice was adopted by Europeans. Foundations of modern surgery To make its transition to the modern era, the art of surgery had to solve three major problems that effectively prevented surgery from progressing into modern science. These were: Bleeding Infection Pain Bleeding n nBefore modern surgical
7、developments, there was a very real threat that a patient would bleed to death on the table during an operation or while being attended after an accident or wound. Bleedingn nThe first real progress in combating bleeding had come when early cultures realized they could close wounds using a procedure
8、 called cauterizing (fusing a wound closed with extreme heat). n nThe early cauterization was successful, but only usable in a limited fashion, highly destructive, and painful, with very poor long term outcomes.Bleedingn nThe next real breakthrough to come was the invention of ligatures.n n Ligature
9、s form the basis of modern bleeding control, but at the time, they were more of a hazard than a help because the surgeons using them had no concept of infection control. Bleedingn nAnother barrier to be overcome was the problem of replacing blood lost. Limiting bleeding is important, but ultimately,
10、 a surgeon is fighting a losing battle if blood cannot be replaced, and this final barrier was only conquered when early 20th century research into blood groups allowed the first effective blood transfusions.Infection n nThe first progress in combating infection was The first progress in combating i
11、nfection was made in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor Ignaz made in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis who noticed that medical students Semmelweis who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death c
12、ompared to midwives. excess maternal death compared to midwives. He introduced compulsory handwashing for He introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal rewarded with a pl
13、unge in maternal and fetal deaths. However the Royal Society in the UK still deaths. However the Royal Society in the UK still dismissed his advice.dismissed his advice.Infectionn nThe next true progress came when, after reading a paper by Louis Pasteur (18221895), the British surgeon Joseph Lister
14、began experimenting with using phenol during surgery to prevent infections. Lister was able to quickly reduce infection rates. Infectionn nThe gradual development of germ theory has allowed the final step to be taken to create the highest quality of aseptic conditions in modern hospitals, allowing m
15、odern surgeons to perform nearly infection-free surgery.Infection With the introduction of antiseptic methods, With the introduction of antiseptic methods, surgery entered its modern phase.surgery entered its modern phase. Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur established the fact that established the fact tha
16、t microbes are responsible for infection and microbes are responsible for infection and disease. disease. Before the discovery of antisepsis by Before the discovery of antisepsis by Joseph Joseph ListerLister, about 80% of surgical patients contracted , about 80% of surgical patients contracted gang
17、rene.gangrene.Painn nUntil 1847, surgeons had no recourse to anaesthetics and depended on swift technique (surgeons could perform an amputation in a minute or less), the mental preparation of the patient, and alcohol or opiates to dull the patients senses. Pain n nBefore the advent of anesthesia, su
18、rgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to amputations and external growth removals. Advances in these fields, bleeding, pain and infection, have transfo
19、rmed surgery from a risky art into a scientific discipline capable of treating many diseases and conditions. Modern surgery - futuren nTransplantationn nMicroinvasive Surgeryn nRobotic Surgery TerminologyWord combination Root : This establishes the basic meaning of the word and is the part to which
20、modifying prefixes and suffixes are added.A suffix : is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify its meaning. such as -itis.A prefix : is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning, such as pre-Word combinationWhen a suffix beginning with a consonant
21、 is added to a root, a vowel (usually an o) is inserted between the root and the suffix to aid in pronunciation.neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system)neur + itis = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve)the ending begins with a vowelRootsPrefixesSuffixesSuffixesn n-pathy-pathy sufferin
22、g or disease suffering or disease As in As in neuropathyneuropathy which is disease of the nerve which is disease of the nerve n n-itis-itis means inflammation- As in means inflammation- As in Gastritis Gastritis which which is Inflammation of the stomach. is Inflammation of the stomach. n n-emesis-
23、emesis is to vomit is to vomit as in as in Hematemesis Hematemesis - - vomiting blood vomiting blood Surgical Operations Terminology n n-ectomy-ectomy means the surgical removal of means the surgical removal of something, for instance the appendix in an something, for instance the appendix in an app
24、endectomy or appendicectomy.appendectomy or appendicectomy. n n-otomy-otomy refers to the cutting or slicing of a body refers to the cutting or slicing of a body part, for instance part, for instance LaparotomyLaparotomy -An operation to -An operation to open the abdomen/stomach.open the abdomen/sto
25、mach.n n-stomy-stomy is the creation of an artificial opening, is the creation of an artificial opening, as in a as in a ColostomyColostomy- An opening through the - An opening through the wall of the abdomen for the colon to divert wall of the abdomen for the colon to divert waste through. waste through. Surgical instrument n nA surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it.
