味精安全问题

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1、Umami/MSG: Safety Issues味精的安全问题味精的安全问题John D. Fernstrom, Ph.D.John D. Fernstrom, Ph.D.Professor - University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineProfessor - University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineScientific Advisor - IGTCScientific Advisor - IGTCIGTCIGTC科学顾问科学顾问科学顾问科学顾问1味精安全问题PPT课件Outline 内容纲要内容纲要n

2、nBrief review of original issues leading to expression Brief review of original issues leading to expression of concern in early 1970sof concern in early 1970s 简要回顾上世纪简要回顾上世纪7070年代初引起关注的安全问题年代初引起关注的安全问题n nBrief summary of safety views nowBrief summary of safety views now 简单总结当前关于味精安全的观点简单总结当前关于味精安全的

3、观点n nExamination of two general issuesExamination of two general issues两大类问题两大类问题n nNeurotoxicityNeurotoxicity神经毒性神经毒性n nGeneral Adverse Effects (e.g., MSG Symptom General Adverse Effects (e.g., MSG Symptom Complex)Complex)n n所有不良反应（如味精综合症）所有不良反应（如味精综合症）n nConclusionsConclusions 结论结论2味精安全问题PPT课件Kwok

4、 RHMChinese-Restaurant Syndrome中国餐馆综合症中国餐馆综合症中国餐馆综合症中国餐馆综合症New Engl J Med 278: 796, 1968 (letter)19681968年年年年 新英格兰医学杂志新英格兰医学杂志新英格兰医学杂志新英格兰医学杂志 （通讯）（通讯）（通讯）（通讯）n nFirst report of adverse symptoms in humans First report of adverse symptoms in humans associated with the ingestion of Chinese food that a

5、ssociated with the ingestion of Chinese food that suggested a possible link to MSG (suggested a possible link to MSG (as well as many as well as many other ingredientsother ingredients). ). 首例报道人体摄入中国食品后出现不适症状可能与所添加首例报道人体摄入中国食品后出现不适症状可能与所添加的味精有关（也可能是其他添加成分）的味精有关（也可能是其他添加成分）n nAn anecdotal case-repor

6、t.An anecdotal case-report.n n单例报告（缺乏足够科学依据）单例报告（缺乏足够科学依据）3味精安全问题PPT课件Schaumberg HH et al.Monosodium L-Glutamate: Its Pharmacology & Role in the Chinese Restaurant SyndromeScience 163: 826-828, 1969谷氨酸单钠的药理学及其在中国餐馆并发症中的角色谷氨酸单钠的药理学及其在中国餐馆并发症中的角色谷氨酸单钠的药理学及其在中国餐馆并发症中的角色谷氨酸单钠的药理学及其在中国餐馆并发症中的角色科学科学科学科学16

7、3163期，期，期，期，826-828826-828页，页，页，页，19691969n nDefined MSG Symptom Triad“n n味精味精“三种并发症状三种并发症状” 表现为表现为n nBurning 灼烧感灼烧感n nFacial Pressure 面部紧张面部紧张n nChest Pain 胸痛胸痛胸痛胸痛4味精安全问题PPT课件Skeletal stunting骨萎缩骨萎缩Marked obesity明显肥胖明显肥胖Sterility 不育不育Hypothalamic lesions下丘脑损伤下丘脑损伤MSG INJECTED注射味精后注射味精后Olney JW. Ol

8、ney JW. Brain Lesions, Obesity and Brain Lesions, Obesity and Other Disturbances in Mice Other Disturbances in Mice Treated with Monosodium Treated with Monosodium Glutamate.Glutamate. SCIENCE 164: 719-721, SCIENCE 164: 719-721, 1969.1969.小白鼠注射味精后出现大脑损小白鼠注射味精后出现大脑损小白鼠注射味精后出现大脑损小白鼠注射味精后出现大脑损伤，肥胖以及其他系

9、统紊乱伤，肥胖以及其他系统紊乱伤，肥胖以及其他系统紊乱伤，肥胖以及其他系统紊乱19691969年科学杂志年科学杂志年科学杂志年科学杂志5味精安全问题PPT课件n nConventional Toxicologic database for review by Conventional Toxicologic database for review by JECFA was very extensive, including acute, JECFA was very extensive, including acute, subchronic & chronic toxicity studie

10、s in rats, mice & subchronic & chronic toxicity studies in rats, mice & dogs, together with studies on reproductive toxicity dogs, together with studies on reproductive toxicity and teratologyand teratologyn n供食品添加剂联合专家委员会审查的常规毒性数据资料非供食品添加剂联合专家委员会审查的常规毒性数据资料非常完整，包括大白鼠、小白鼠和狗的急性，亚慢性，慢性常完整，包括大白鼠、小白鼠和狗的

11、急性，亚慢性，慢性毒性研究以及遗传性毒性和畸形学研究。毒性研究以及遗传性毒性和畸形学研究。The Safety Evaluation of Monosodium GlutamateWalker R, Lupien JRWalker R, Lupien JRJournal of NutritionJournal of Nutrition 130: 1049S-1052S, 2000. 130: 1049S-1052S, 2000.味精的安全评估味精的安全评估 20002000年营养学杂志年营养学杂志6味精安全问题PPT课件n nGLU has very low acute toxicity (1

12、5,000+ mg/kg po) in GLU has very low acute toxicity (15,000+ mg/kg po) in rats and micerats and micen n谷氨酸对大、小白鼠具有极低的剧毒性（谷氨酸对大、小白鼠具有极低的剧毒性（15000+mg/kg po15000+mg/kg po）n nNo specific adverse effects in chronic and sub-chronic No specific adverse effects in chronic and sub-chronic studies up to 2 yr

13、(studies up to 2 yr (MSG added to rat and mouse diets up MSG added to rat and mouse diets up to 4%, to dog diets up to 10%to 4%, to dog diets up to 10%) )n n两年内，在慢性、亚慢性研究试验中未有明显副作用（大、两年内，在慢性、亚慢性研究试验中未有明显副作用（大、小白鼠食物中味精占小白鼠食物中味精占4%4%，小狗食物中添加，小狗食物中添加10%10%）n nReproductive and teratology studies negativ

14、eReproductive and teratology studies negativen n生殖和畸形研究无异常生殖和畸形研究无异常Walker R, Lupien JR. Walker R, Lupien JR. J NutrJ Nutr 130130: 1049S-1052S, 2000.: 1049S-1052S, 2000.The Safety Evaluation of Monosodium Glutamate味精的安全评估味精的安全评估7味精安全问题PPT课件The Issues 问题问题1.Neurotoxicity 神经毒性研究神经毒性研究神经毒性研究神经毒性研究2. CR

15、S (MSG Symptom Complex) 中国餐馆综合症（中国餐馆综合症（中国餐馆综合症（中国餐馆综合症（ 味精综合症）味精综合症）味精综合症）味精综合症）8味精安全问题PPT课件Neurotoxicity神经毒性研究神经毒性研究Dietary MSG食用味精食用味精 Plasma (GLU)血浆（谷氨酸）上升血浆（谷氨酸）上升 Brain (GLU)大脑（谷氨酸）上升大脑（谷氨酸）上升Neuronal excitation & death神经兴奋和死亡神经兴奋和死亡9味精安全问题PPT课件Barriers to Neurotoxicityn nGastrointestinal Trac

16、tGastrointestinal Tract efficiently uses ingested GLU (MSG) efficiently uses ingested GLU (MSG) as E-source (95+%).as E-source (95+%).n n胃肠道能有效地吸收胃肠道能有效地吸收95%95%以上的谷氨酸钠作为能源以上的谷氨酸钠作为能源n nGut is thus a barrier to GLU entry into blood.Gut is thus a barrier to GLU entry into blood.n n肠道因此能阻止谷氨酸进入血液中肠道因此

17、能阻止谷氨酸进入血液中n nBlood-Brain BarrierBlood-Brain Barrier prevents GLU penetration into brain. prevents GLU penetration into brain.n n血脑屏障阻止谷氨酸渗透到大脑血脑屏障阻止谷氨酸渗透到大脑n nOnly Only very highvery high oral doses of MSG by gavage can raise plasma oral doses of MSG by gavage can raise plasma GLU enough to get GLU

18、 into brainGLU enough to get GLU into brainn n只有灌喂大剂量的味精，才会致血浆中的谷氨酸含量升高，只有灌喂大剂量的味精，才会致血浆中的谷氨酸含量升高，而进入到大脑而进入到大脑n nMSG in foodMSG in food does does notnot have this effect. have this effect.n n食物中添加的味精不会有这种效果食物中添加的味精不会有这种效果10味精安全问题PPT课件Fernstrom JD et al. Fernstrom JD et al. J Clin Endocrinol J Clin E

19、ndocrinol MetabMetab 8181: 184-191, 1996.: 184-191, 1996.19961996年，临床内分泌代谢杂志年，临床内分泌代谢杂志Adult males (80 kg) quickly ingested MSG, 12.7 g (150 mg/kg) in solution.成年男子 （体重约80公斤）能很快吸收溶液中12.7g（约150毫克每公斤）的味精11味精安全问题PPT课件Tsai P-J, Huang P-C Tsai P-J, Huang P-C Metabolism Metabolism 4848: 1455-1460, : 1455-

20、1460, 1999.1999.Arrows = meal or snack 箭头代表摄取的食物或点心Meals: 0745, 1215, 1800 h 饮食时间：0745，1215，1800Daily MSG dose = 100 mg/kg:Daily MSG dose = 100 mg/kg:每日摄入味精量：每日摄入味精量：每日摄入味精量：每日摄入味精量：100mg/kg100mg/kgBreakfastBreakfast: : 15 mg/kg15 mg/kg早餐：早餐：早餐：早餐：15mg/kg15mg/kgLunch: 40 mg/kgLunch: 40 mg/kg午餐午餐午餐午餐

21、: 40mg/kg: 40mg/kgDinner 45 mg/kgDinner 45 mg/kg晚餐：晚餐：晚餐：晚餐：45mg/kg45mg/kgData are means sem(n = 10)数据：均值标准差Black circle: no MSG黑圈表示不含味精White circle: MSG.白圈表示含有味精12味精安全问题PPT课件 GLU GLU injectioninjection ip stimulates ip stimulates PRL secretion in ratsPRL secretion in rats Does GLU (MSG) ingestion D

22、oes GLU (MSG) ingestion stimulate PRL secretion in stimulate PRL secretion in humans?humans? 腹腔注射谷氨酸钠会刺激小白鼠催腹腔注射谷氨酸钠会刺激小白鼠催乳素的分泌，它会对人体产生同样乳素的分泌，它会对人体产生同样的作用吗？的作用吗？ 12.7 g oral load of MSG in 12.7 g oral load of MSG in male subjects male subjects 雄性研究对象雄性研究对象12.712.7克口服克口服Plasma PRL in ratsPlasma PRL

23、 in rats injected injected with MSG (1000 mg/kg ip). with MSG (1000 mg/kg ip). From: Terry LC et al. From: Terry LC et al. Brain Research Brain Research 217217: 129-142, 1981.: 129-142, 1981.RatsRatsHumansHumans13味精安全问题PPT课件Placental Barrier to Maternal Placental Barrier to Maternal Glutamate Glutam

24、ate 胎盘屏障母体中的谷氨酸钠胎盘屏障母体中的谷氨酸钠胎盘屏障母体中的谷氨酸钠胎盘屏障母体中的谷氨酸钠Stegink LD et al Am J Obstet Gynecol 122: 70-78 (1975)Monkey study.猴子实验猴子实验Highest dose (400 mg/kg iv, open circles) produced plasma GLU 70-times normal.Battaglia FC. J Nutrition 130: 974S-977S (2000)14味精安全问题PPT课件Effect of oral MSG loading on breas

25、t milk free GLU Effect of oral MSG loading on breast milk free GLU concentrations in lactating womenconcentrations in lactating women哺乳妇女食用味精后母乳不会有谷氨酸钠哺乳妇女食用味精后母乳不会有谷氨酸钠哺乳妇女食用味精后母乳不会有谷氨酸钠哺乳妇女食用味精后母乳不会有谷氨酸钠15味精安全问题PPT课件Lactating women ingested 100 mg/kg MSG in capsules with water, and milk samples we

26、re taken at the indicated times thereafter. This This dose dose raised raised plasma plasma GLU GLU from from 45 45 nmol/ml nmol/ml to to peak peak values values of of about about 300 300 nmol/ml nmol/ml in in 30-45 30-45 min.min. From: Baker GL et al., Factors influencing dicarboxylic amino acid co

27、ntent of human milk. In: Glutamic Glutamic Acid: Acid: Advances Advances in in Biochemistry Biochemistry & & PhysiologyPhysiology, Filer LJ et al., ed. New York, Raven Press, 1979 , pp. 111-123.哺乳期女性加水摄入 100 mg/kg 的胶囊，对其后特定时间的母乳样品进行检验表明：这这一一剂剂量量使使得得血血液液谷谷氨氨酸酸浓浓度度在在30-45分分钟钟内内从从45nmol/ml 45nmol/ml 提提

28、提提高高高高到到到到峰峰峰峰值值值值约约约约300 nmol/ml 300 nmol/ml 。 From: Baker GL et al., Factors influencing dicarboxylic amino acid content of human milk. In: Glutamic Glutamic Acid: Acid: Advances Advances in in Biochemistry Biochemistry & & PhysiologyPhysiology, Filer LJ et al., ed. New York, Raven Press, 1979 , p

29、p. 111-123.影响人体母乳二氨基酸浓度的因素谷氨酸：生物化学和生理学进展16味精安全问题PPT课件Brain Issues 大脑问题大脑问题 n nRelevance to human MSG ingestion:Relevance to human MSG ingestion:n n有关人体摄入味精有关人体摄入味精有关人体摄入味精有关人体摄入味精n nThe placenta blocks GLU transfer from maternal into fetal blood: The placenta blocks GLU transfer from maternal into f

30、etal blood: FETAL FETAL brain is safe.brain is safe.n n胎盘会阻止谷氨酸从母体传递给胎儿：胎儿大脑不会受到影响胎盘会阻止谷氨酸从母体传递给胎儿：胎儿大脑不会受到影响胎盘会阻止谷氨酸从母体传递给胎儿：胎儿大脑不会受到影响胎盘会阻止谷氨酸从母体传递给胎儿：胎儿大脑不会受到影响n nBreast milk (GLU) does not rise when mother ingests high-dose MSG: Breast milk (GLU) does not rise when mother ingests high-dose MSG:

31、NEWBORN/INFANT brain is safe.NEWBORN/INFANT brain is safe.n n当母体摄入大剂量的味精母乳中的谷氨酸含量不会上升：新生儿的脑当母体摄入大剂量的味精母乳中的谷氨酸含量不会上升：新生儿的脑当母体摄入大剂量的味精母乳中的谷氨酸含量不会上升：新生儿的脑当母体摄入大剂量的味精母乳中的谷氨酸含量不会上升：新生儿的脑发育是安全的发育是安全的发育是安全的发育是安全的n nInfant metabolizes GLU at same rate as adult (Stegink et al., Infant metabolizes GLU at same

32、 rate as adult (Stegink et al., Pediatric Res Pediatric Res 20: 53-58, 1986).20: 53-58, 1986).n n婴幼儿具有和成年人同样的谷氨酸代谢的能力婴幼儿具有和成年人同样的谷氨酸代谢的能力17味精安全问题PPT课件Brain Issues大脑问题大脑问题 n nThe human brain is unaffected by the very high The human brain is unaffected by the very high plasma (GLU) following high dose

33、 MSG intakeplasma (GLU) following high dose MSG intaken n摄入大量的味精导致的血浆中高谷氨酸含量不会摄入大量的味精导致的血浆中高谷氨酸含量不会对人体大脑产生影响对人体大脑产生影响n nNo dose of MSG has yet been given to humans high No dose of MSG has yet been given to humans high enough to induce CNS effects.enough to induce CNS effects.n n至今亦未发现食用味精会影响人体中枢神经系统

34、至今亦未发现食用味精会影响人体中枢神经系统18味精安全问题PPT课件19味精安全问题PPT课件CRS/Allergy(MSG Symptom Complex)中国餐中国餐馆综馆综合症合症/ /过过敏症敏症味精味精综综合症合症20味精安全问题PPT课件21味精安全问题PPT课件Studying MSG Symptom Complex味精综合症研究味精综合症研究n nCan reproducible symptoms be defined?n n能定义这些重复性的症状么？能定义这些重复性的症状么？n nAre reproducible symptoms dose-related?n n这些重复性症

35、状与摄入剂量有关吗这些重复性症状与摄入剂量有关吗?n nDo MSG-sensitive individuals exist?n n对味精敏感的个体存在吗？对味精敏感的个体存在吗？22味精安全问题PPT课件SYMPTOMS ATTRIBUTED TO MSG:味精所致症状味精所致症状n nBurning, tightness, numbness in upper chest, neck and Burning, tightness, numbness in upper chest, neck and face. face. 发烧，身体发紧，胸腔上部发闷，脖子、面部发烧，身体发紧，胸腔上部发闷，

36、脖子、面部发麻发麻n nDizziness, headache Dizziness, headache 眩晕，头疼眩晕，头疼n nChest pain, palpitation Chest pain, palpitation 胸口痛，心悸胸口痛，心悸n nWeakness Weakness 乏力乏力n nNausea, vomiting Nausea, vomiting 反胃呕吐反胃呕吐n nBronchospasm (asthmatics)Bronchospasm (asthmatics)哮喘哮喘n nHives (urticaria)Hives (urticaria)麻疹麻疹MECHANI

37、SMS UNKNOWN MECHANISMS UNKNOWN 机制未知机制未知机制未知机制未知23味精安全问题PPT课件Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate.Geha RS et al. Geha RS et al. J Allergy Clin ImmunolJ Allergy Clin Immunol 106106:973-80, 2000:973-80, 2000味精反应的多中心、双

38、盲、安慰剂控制、多重治疗评估报告味精反应的多中心、双盲、安慰剂控制、多重治疗评估报告20002000年年 过敏与临床免疫学过敏与临床免疫学 杂志杂志24味精安全问题PPT课件n nProtocol A:Protocol A:130130 self-styled MSG-sensitive individuals. Fasted, self-styled MSG-sensitive individuals. Fasted, challenge challenge blindblind with placebo or MSG (5 g with placebo or MSG (5 g in liq

39、uidin liquid). ).n n实验实验A A：130130例自认为例自认为MSGMSG过敏者，禁食，以安慰剂或过敏者，禁食，以安慰剂或MSG(5MSG(5克液体克液体) )进行盲试。进行盲试。n nProtocol B:Protocol B:Subjects had positive response of 2 symptoms toSubjects had positive response of 2 symptoms toeither or both either or both treatments in treatments in A A (i.e., placebo (i.

40、e., placebo respondersresponderstoo). Fast, too). Fast, blindblind challenge with 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 g challenge with 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 gMSG (MSG (in liquidin liquid). ).n n实验实验B: B: 对对A A中，出现阳性反应的实验对象，超过中，出现阳性反应的实验对象，超过2 2种症状（例种症状（例如：对安慰剂反应也一样）。禁食，以如：对安慰剂反应也一样）。禁食，以0 0，1.251.25，2.52.5或或5 5克克MSG(MSG(

41、液体液体) )进行盲试。进行盲试。Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 200025味精安全问题PPT课件n nProtocol C:Protocol C:Subjects had positive response of 2 Subjects had positive response of 2 symptoms to 5symptoms to 5g MSG g MSG but not placebobut not placebo in in A A or or B B. Fast, placebo (suc-. Fast, p

42、lacebo (suc- rose) or MSG (5 g), rose) or MSG (5 g), in capsules in capsules ( (blindblind). Do twice.). Do twice.n n实验实验实验实验C: C: 对对A A和和B B中阳性反应的实验对象中阳性反应的实验对象- -对对5 5克克MSGMSG出现超过出现超过2 2种症状（对种症状（对安慰剂没有），禁食，以胶囊性的安慰剂（蔗糖）或安慰剂没有），禁食，以胶囊性的安慰剂（蔗糖）或MSG(5MSG(5克克) )，进行盲，进行盲试。重复实验。试。重复实验。n nProtocol D:Proto

43、col D:Subjects had positive response to Subjects had positive response to bothboth MSG MSG chal-chal-lenges in lenges in C C. Fast, breakfast & placebo (sucrose). Fast, breakfast & placebo (sucrose)or MSG (5 g), or MSG (5 g), in capsules in capsules ( (blindblind). Do three times.). Do three times.n

44、 n实验实验实验实验D: D: 对对C C中中MSGMSG治疗出现阳性反应的实验对象，禁食，早餐加胶囊性治疗出现阳性反应的实验对象，禁食，早餐加胶囊性安慰剂（蔗糖）或安慰剂（蔗糖）或MSG(5MSG(5克克) )，进行盲试。重复，进行盲试。重复3 3次实验次实验Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 200026味精安全问题PPT课件SYMPTOMS RATED:症状表现症状表现n nGeneral WeaknessGeneral Weakness虚弱虚弱虚弱虚弱n nMuscle TightnessMuscle Tightness

45、肌肉紧张肌肉紧张肌肉紧张肌肉紧张n nMuscle TwitchingMuscle Twitching肌肉酸痛肌肉酸痛肌肉酸痛肌肉酸痛n nFlushingFlushing脸颊发红脸颊发红脸颊发红脸颊发红n nSweatingSweating盗汗盗汗盗汗盗汗n nBurning SensationBurning Sensation灼感灼感灼感灼感n nHeadache-migraineHeadache-migraine偏头痛偏头痛偏头痛偏头痛n nChest painChest pain胸闷胸闷胸闷胸闷n nPalpitationsPalpitations心悸心悸心悸心悸n nNumbness

46、-TinglingNumbness-Tingling发麻发麻发麻发麻Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 200027味精安全问题PPT课件Protocol A Results:实验实验A结果结果n nn=50:n=50: 2 symptoms with MSG & 0/1 with placebo. 2 symptoms with MSG & 0/1 with placebo.n n MSGMSG组超过组超过2 2种症状出现种症状出现+ +安慰剂组安慰剂组1 1个个n nn=19n=19: 2 symptoms with MSG

47、 &: 2 symptoms with MSG & placebo.placebo.n n 超过超过2 2种症状出现，味精和安慰剂种症状出现，味精和安慰剂n nn=17n=17: 2 symptoms with placebo & 0/1 with MSG.: 2 symptoms with placebo & 0/1 with MSG.n n 安慰剂组超过安慰剂组超过2 2种症状出现种症状出现+MSG+MSG组组1 1个个n nn=44n=44: : 0 or 1 symptoms with MSG & placebo. 0 or 1 symptoms with MSG & placebo.

48、n n 没有或没有或1 1种症状出现：种症状出现：MSG+MSG+安慰剂安慰剂Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 200028味精安全问题PPT课件Protocol B Results:实验实验B结果结果n nn=86 from A had 2 symptoms with a treatment (blinded: placebo or MSG), and included in B. 69 completed.n n对对2 2种症状进行治疗（双盲：安慰剂或种症状进行治疗（双盲：安慰剂或MSGMSG）n nOvernight f

49、ast, challenge with 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 g MSG.n n禁食过夜，按禁食过夜，按0 0，1.251.25，2.52.5或或5 5克克MSGMSG看结果看结果29味精安全问题PPT课件Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 2000n nn=19/69 reported 2 symptoms to 5 g MSG but not placebo.n n19/6919/69例报道，例报道，5 5克克MSGMSG下有超过下有超过2 2种症状出现，没有安慰剂种症状出现，没有安慰剂n nn=14/19 t

50、he same symptoms occurred in B as in A.n n14/1914/19例中同样症状出现，类似于例中同样症状出现，类似于A A实验实验n nHence, 14/130 showed reproducible response to 5 g MSG.n n因此，因此， 14/13014/130表现出对表现出对5 5克克MSGMSG的可重复性反应的可重复性反应30味精安全问题PPT课件Protocol C Results:实验实验C结果结果Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 2000n n1995 F

51、ASEB MSG Panel:1995 FASEB MSG Panel: 3 placebo-MSG challenges 3 placebo-MSG challenges must give must give samesame positive response to MSG, no response positive response to MSG, no response to placebo. Give MSG to placebo. Give MSG in capsulesin capsules. .n n19951995年美国实验生物学联合会味精组：年美国实验生物学联合会味精组：

52、3 3种安慰剂种安慰剂- -味精治疗必须引起同样的对味精的阳性反应，对安味精治疗必须引起同样的对味精的阳性反应，对安慰剂没有反应，味精应该以胶囊的形式给予。慰剂没有反应，味精应该以胶囊的形式给予。n nn=19 had 2 symptoms inn=19 had 2 symptoms in A A & & B B with MSG & no with MSG & no symptoms with placebo. symptoms with placebo. n=12n=12 agreed to be studied. agreed to be studied.n nN=19N=19时，实验时

53、，实验A A和和B B的味精组都有超过的味精组都有超过2 2种症状出现，种症状出现，安慰剂组没有症状出现，安慰剂组没有症状出现，n=12n=12时，实验一致。时，实验一致。31味精安全问题PPT课件Protocol C Results:实验实验C结果结果Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 2000n nTwo separate tests of MSG (5 g) vs placebo.Two separate tests of MSG (5 g) vs placebo.n n分开测试味精（分开测试味精（5 5克）和安慰剂克）和

54、安慰剂n nn=2/12 had 2 symptoms with MSG & none with n=2/12 had 2 symptoms with MSG & none with placebo; but symptoms were placebo; but symptoms were notnot the same. the same.n nn=2/12n=2/12，味精组超过味精组超过2 2种症状出现，安慰剂组没有种症状出现，安慰剂组没有症状出现，但症状不同。症状出现，但症状不同。n nn=0/130 met FASEB criteria for MSG sensitivityn=0/

55、130 met FASEB criteria for MSG sensitivityn nn=0/130 n=0/130 时符合时符合时符合时符合FASEBFASEB的的的的MSGMSG过敏性实验标准过敏性实验标准过敏性实验标准过敏性实验标准32味精安全问题PPT课件Geha RS et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:973-80, 2000CONCLUSION: Using criteria established by the 1995 FASEB panel, none of the individuals who claimed a sensitivi

56、ty to MSG actually showed this sensitivity when tested under blinded conditions.结论：根据1995年美国实验生物学联合会（FASEB）制定的标准，对那些声称味精过敏的个体进行双盲试验表明他们未表现出敏感性。33味精安全问题PPT课件CRS Symptoms in Humans人体的人体的MSG症状症状n nAsthmaAsthma: Early studies claiming that MSG induces Early studies claiming that MSG induces asthma in as

57、thma patients have asthma in asthma patients have notnot been confirmed in been confirmed in recent studies involving greater numbers of patients.recent studies involving greater numbers of patients.n n哮喘：早期研究声称味精会导致哮喘病人病情发哮喘：早期研究声称味精会导致哮喘病人病情发作，但近期众多数量病人的研究中未得到证实作，但近期众多数量病人的研究中未得到证实Stevenson DD. Mo

58、nosodium glutamate and asthma. J Nutr 130: 1067S-1073S, 2000味精和哮喘 2000年 营养学杂志.34味精安全问题PPT课件MSG Symptoms in Humans人体的人体的MSG症状症状n nUrticariaUrticaria: 65 subjects with idiopathic urticaria; single- and : 65 subjects with idiopathic urticaria; single- and double-blind studies using 2.5 g MSG challenges

59、 vs placebo double-blind studies using 2.5 g MSG challenges vs placebo (capsules).(capsules).n n荨麻疹：使用荨麻疹：使用2.5g2.5g味精和安慰剂（胶囊）治疗味精和安慰剂（胶囊）治疗6565例特发性荨麻疹，例特发性荨麻疹，单盲和双盲研究单盲和双盲研究n n“ “ .MSG is a distinctly uncommon cause or exacerbant of chronic urticaria, if .MSG is a distinctly uncommon cause or exace

60、rbant of chronic urticaria, if it induces urticaria at all. We were certainly unable to demonstrate MSG-it induces urticaria at all. We were certainly unable to demonstrate MSG-induced urticaria in any of our chronic urticaria patients, even those who induced urticaria in any of our chronic urticari

61、a patients, even those who believed MSG provoked their urticaria in the past.”believed MSG provoked their urticaria in the past.”n n即使味精会引发荨麻疹，那也很少会引起或加剧慢性荨麻疹。我们无即使味精会引发荨麻疹，那也很少会引起或加剧慢性荨麻疹。我们无法确证慢性麻疹病人中多少是由味精所致的，尽管有些人认为是因为法确证慢性麻疹病人中多少是由味精所致的，尽管有些人认为是因为过去食用味精所致病。过去食用味精所致病。Simon RA. Additive-induced u

62、rticaria: Experience with monosodium glutamate (MSG).J Nutr 130: 1063S-1066S, 2000.35味精安全问题PPT课件 Bazzano G, DElia JA, Olson RE Science 169: 1208-1209, 1970.Adult human subjects ingested a chemically-de-fined diet supplying all of the essential amino acids in optimum amounts, plus glutamic acid as the sole source of non-essential nitrogen, for 14-42 days. No subjects developed the Chinese restaurant syndrome. No changes in weight, irrita-bility, appetite or mentation were noted. 给予成人研究对象适量的化学性饮食包含所有必须氨基酸，并以谷氨酸作为非必须氮源，14-42天后，没有发现中国餐馆综合症，体重、情绪、胃口以及智力都没有变化。 36味精安全问题PPT课件