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1、Lesson 10 The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American James Baldwin外语教学与研究出版社FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS1.ContentsPart One: Warm-upPart Two: Background InformationPart Three: Text AppreciationPart Four: Language Study Part Five: Exercises2. BrainstormingDiscussion: What do you
2、think it means to be an American?AmericanLiberty?Democracy? New YorkUncle Sam Civil rightMulti-cultural? Black people 3. Discussion1)How do you think the United States differs from Europe? 2)Why do American writers like to go to Europe? 3)In what ways do you think a writer differs from the average p
3、eople? 4)What are the tasks of writers?4.Topics for oral presentation1. What does it mean to be a Chinese? 2. What are the historical tasks of a writer?5. . Learning Objectives1.To know the writing techniques of expository writing.2.To be acquainted with some literary terms.3.To learn to use words t
4、o describe one nation and your feelings.4.To appreciate the language features.5.To learn to voice your own viewpoint fluently and accurately.6. Part TwoBackground Information. About the Author. Henry James. Bessie Smith. Les Miserables. Albert Camus. Little RockI.Anna Karenina7. About the AuthorJame
5、s Baldwin (1924-1987) Afro-American writer, noted for his novels on sexual and personalidentity, and sharp essays on civil-rights struggle in the United States. 8.He is a major spokesman for his race in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. In protest against the racial discrimination he left the
6、US at 24 to live in France, where most of his work was written. “At the root of the American Negro problem is the necessity of the American white man to find a way of living with the Negro in order to be able to live with himself.”He gained fame with his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953
7、), a story of hidden sins, guilt, and religious torments. Several of his novels dealt with homosexual liaisons. Some of his other important works are: Notes of a Native Son, Nobody Knows My Name, The Fire NextTime, and If Beale Street Could Talk. He also wrote plays, and the most well-known is Blues
8、 for Mister Charlie. About the Author9. Henry JamesHenry James (1843-1916)American-born writer who spent the last 53 years of his life in England.A key figure of 19th-century literary realism.Writing form the point of view of a character within a tale.10. He is primarily known for the series of nove
9、ls in which he portrays the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans. His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and possibly unreliable narrators in his own novels and tales brought a new depth and interest to narrative fiction. His style in later works has been compared to im
10、pressionist painting. Some of his famous works are: The American (1877), The Bostonians (1886), The Spoils of Poynton (1897), The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903); The Golden Bowl (1904), etc. Henry James11. Bessie SmithBessie Smith (1894-1937)American Black singer. Smith was the mos
11、t popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era. The power and somber beauty of her voice, coupled with songs representing every variety of the blues, earned her the title “Empress of the Blues.” 12. Les Miserables悲惨世界An 1862 Fren
12、ch novel by author Victor Hugo and is widely considered one of the greatest novels of 19th century. It follows the lives and interactions of several French characters over a seventeen-year period in the early 19th century, starting in 1815 and culminating in the 1832 June Rebellion. The novel focuse
13、s on the struggles of ex-convict Jean Valjean and his experience of redemption. It examines the nature of law and grace, and expatiates upon the history of France, architecture of Paris, politics, moral philosophy, antimonarchism, justice, religion, and the types and nature of romantic and familial
14、love. 13. Albert CamusAlbert Camus (19131960)Algerian-born French philosopher, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. One of the most important authors and thinkers of the 20th century. In World War II he joined the French resistance and was principal editor of the underground paper Combat. Camus was
15、awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature. Some of his famous works are: the novel The Stranger (1942), the essay “The Myth of Sisyphus” (1942), the short novel The Fall (1956), etc. Camus has sometimes been classified among the existentialists, but he himself refuted their position in many of his
16、writings. 14. . Little Rock Little Rock is the capital and the largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The city became a center of world attention in 1957, when Federal troops were sent there to enforce a 1954 US Supreme Court ruling against segregation in the public schools. 15.I. I. Anna Karen
17、inaa novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. One of the masterpieces of world. The first complete English translation appeared in 1899.16.Anna Karenina is the heroine in the novel. She is an aristocratic wom
18、an questing for bourgeois individuality. Unable to bear the cold-heartedness and shallowness of her husband, Aleksei Karenin, she falls in love with the young officer Vronsky. Their love affair receives insults and attacks from the aristocratic society. After having lost her family, son and social s
19、tatus, she doesnt find a true love and finally commits suicide as a protest against the society.The novel is currently enjoying popularity as demonstrated by a recent poll of 125 contemporary authors by J. Peder Zane, published in 2007 in The Top Ten, which declared that Anna Karenina is the “greate
20、st novel ever written”.I. I. Anna Karenina17. Part ThreeText Appreciation. Text Analysis Introduction Theme Text Organization Further Understanding. Writing Devices Language Style Rhetorical Devices . Sentence Paraphrase18. . Text Analysis IntroductionThe Discovery of What It Means to Be an American
21、 is a piece of expository writing. Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform.The creator of an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discus
22、sed. 19. Text Analysis One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather than blatantly公然地telling the reader what is being discussed.Since clarity requires strong organization, one of the most important mechanisms that can
23、be used to improve our skills in exposition is to provide directions to improve the organization of the text.20. . Text AnalysisThemeThe central thesis of the exposition is expressed by the title of the essay. To develop the thesis, Baldwin is writing on three levels:1) as an American2) as an Americ
24、an writer3) as a black American writer21. . Text Analysis Baldwin discovers in Europe that the American is different from the European and that it is a complex fate to be an American. He also discovers that all Americans, white or black, loved their country and were not at home in Europe; that Ameri
25、cans knew more about each other than any European ever could; that Europe was part of their identity and part of their inheritance. 22. . Text AnalysisText OrganizationPart 1 (Paras. 1-2): Why I left AmericaPart 2 (Paras. 3-19): What I found in Europe as an American Negro writerPart 3 (Paras. 20-29)
26、:What made me go back to America 23. Text AnalysisFurther Understanding1. Baldwin left America because all of the following reasons except _ . A. He was afraid he might not able to survive the fury of the color problem B. He suffered a kind of nervous breakdown there C. He wanted to find out how his
27、 special experience as a Negro could help to connect him with other people instead of dividing him form them24. Text Analysis2. In Baldwins eyes, America is mobile society and _. A. nothing is fixed B. a land of unprecedented opportunities and unlimited possibilities C. the individual must fight for
28、 his identity D. all of the above-mentioned 3. It was in _ that Baldwin realized that he was a very patriotic American. A. Europe B. Switzerland C. Paris D. America25.4. According to the text, which of the following statements is NOT true ? A. In Europe, the actor and the waiter can have a freer and
29、 more genuinely friendly relationship than they are likely to have in America. B. In Europe, everybody thinks that he has status and at the same time, everyone becomes uneasy as to just what his status is. C. Bessie Smiths beautiful song would not help to reconcile the writer to being a nigger if he
30、 still stayed in America. D. Very often an American writer has to leave his own country to achieve his first breakthrough in a dangerous, unending and unpredictable battle. . Text Analysis26.II. Detailed StudyPara. 1ItisacomplexfatetobeanAmerican:Thefate(lotorfortune)ofbeinganAmericaniscomplicatedan
31、dhardtounderstand.Beginninganessaywithaquotationcanlendauthorityandforcetowhatthewriterwantstosay.Buttobeeffective,thequotationmustbeaptandwell-chosenlikethisone.27.Americashistorypropernoun.:EverythingaboutAmerica,whetherinthepastoratpresent,isquitedifferentfromthoseofothercountries.Herhistoryareex
32、traordinaryandunparalleled.Thisdifference,thisuniquenessisdeep,subtleandhardtogetridof.Forthisreason,itishardtodefinethepropernoun“America”standsfor.Peoplekeepongivingnewanddifferentinterpretationstothisword.28.NotevenwemotleyAmericans:Nooneknowsexactlywhattheword“America”reallymeans,noteventhemilli
33、onsofAmericanswithdifferentbackground,education,outlook,etc.Motley:havingorbeingcomposedofmanydifferentorclashingelements;heterogeneous29.Questionsfordiscussion1.Whydoestheauthorsaytheword“America”remainsanew,almostcompletelyundefinedandextremelycontroversialpropernoun?30.Para.2IleftAmericaproblemhe
34、re.:IleftAmericabecauseIwasafraidthatImightnotbeabletolivethroughallthefuriousstrugglesbroughtaboutbyracialdiscriminationhereinAmerica.31.Iwantedtofindoutfromthem.:Beinganegro,especiallyanegrowriter,Baldwinsexperienceoflifewasspecialordifferentfromthoseofotherpeople.Hewantedtofindoutwhatwayhecouldma
35、keuseofthisspecialexperiencetobringhimclosertootherpeopleinsteadofdrivingfartherapartfromthem.32.Iwasisolatedabouthim.BaldwinfeelshimselfisolatedfrombothNegroesandwhitesalikebecausehereallybelieveswhatthewhitepeoplesayaboutNegroes.Atbottom:fundamentally;actually;really33.Questionsfordiscussion1.Whyd
36、idtheauthorleaveAmerica?34.Para.3TexasG.I.:ATexanenlistedsoldieroftheUSarmedforces.Asymbolofpatriotism.G.I.:originatedinthetermGovernmentIssue(seenote4onpage225)35.InmynecessityTexasG.I.Baldwinfounditnecessarytofindouttheconditionsorwaysinwhichhecouldrelatehisexperiencetothatofotherpeople,Negroesand
37、whites,writersandnon-writers.Inthisprocesshefound,tohissurprise,thathewasaspatrioticanAmericanasanyTexassoldier.36.AndIfoundinParis.ItwasinParisthatBaldwinrealizedthathewasaverypatrioticAmerican.AlltheotherAmericanwritersinParissharedthispatrioticfeeling.37.Likemetheirorigins.ThewhiteAmericanwriters
38、hadbeencompletelyseparatedfromtheirEuropeanoriginsasBaldwinwasfromhisAfricanorigins.NowtheywereallAmericans.38.TheywerenomoreIwas.TheywereuneasyanduncomfortableinEuropeasIwas.Athome:comfortable;atease;asifinonesownhome39.Questionsfordiscussion1.WhatfeelingdoestheauthorthinkissharedbyeveryAmericaninE
39、urope?40.Para.4Thefactthatseparateidentities.WhenBaldwinandthewhiteAmericanwritersmetinEuropetheyfeltthefactthatBaldwinwasthedescendentofablackAfricanslaveandtheothersweredescendentsoffreewhiteEuropeansettlerswasnotasimportantasthefactthattheywerealltryingtofindtheirownspecialindividualities.41.When
40、wefoundsolong.Whentheyhadfoundtheirseparateidentities,theyseemtosaytoeachothertherewasnolongeranyneedtoharborthefeelingofshameandbitternessthathaddividedtheNegroesandwhitesforsolong.42.QuestionsfordiscussionWhathaddividedthewhiteandtheblackforsolong?43.Para.5Anditalsobecameclearourinheritance.Andita
41、lsobecameclearthat,nomatterhowdifferenttheiroriginswere,EuropehadformedboththeblackandwhiteAmericans.ThisfactwaspartoftheidentityandinheritanceoftheNegroandwhiteAmericanwritersalike.44.Para.6Whenitdid:Whenthisbecamecleartome.“This”referstothefactsmentionedinparagraph5.45.Hispropsunderhim:Metaphor-al
42、lthethingsthatgavehimstrengthandcouragetolivehislifearecomparedtoprops,thingstosupportAllthethingshebelievedandhadfaithin,allthethingsthatgavehimstrengthandcouragetolivehislifenowprovedtobemisconceptions,tobewrong.46.SufferedaspeciesSwitzerland:Sufferedakindofnervousbreakdownandhadtogotoasanatoriumi
43、nthemountainsofSwitzerlandtorecoverandrecuperate.47.Inflight:tryingtoescape,orforget,evadeAlabaster:雪花石膏48.Thereinthatabsolutelyalabasterlandscapeinflight:Inthebeautifulandsnow-whitelandscapeofSwitzerland,IoftenlistenedtothesongssungbytheAmericanNegrosinger,BessieSmith,andwithmytypewriterItriedtowri
44、teraboutthelifethatIfirstexperiencedasachildandwhichformanyyearsIhadtriedveryhardtoforget.49.Armedwith:hereametaphor,comparingtherecordsandtypewritertoweaponshewasgoingtofighthisnervousbreakdown.FromwhichIhadspentsomanyyearsinflight:ametaphor,comparingforgettingsomethingtorunningawayfromsomething50.
45、QuestionsfordiscussionWhydidtheauthorgotoSwitzerland?51.Para.7ItwasBessieSmithandfelt:BessieSmith,throughthetoneandrhythmofhersongs(negrofolkmusic),helpedmerememberhowIspokeasachildandthethingsIhadheard,seenandfeltinmychildhood.52.Ihadverydeep:Metaphor.Thingsburieddeeparehardtofindandrecover.Baldwin
46、hadtriedveryhardtoforgethisNegrochildhood.53.Inthesamewatermelon:WatermelonwasanAfricanfruitintroducedintoAmericabytheNegroslaves.BaldwinwastryingtoforgethisNegroorigins.54.InEuropeshe“nigger”:InEurope,thesongsofBessieSmithhelpedmetoacceptmyNegrooriginsandnottobeashamedofit.Reconcile:toinduce(someon
47、e)toacceptsomethingdisagreeableNigger:anoffensivetermofcontemptforAmericanNegroes55.QuestionsfordiscussionInwhatwaydidBessieSmithssongshelptheauthor?56.Para.8Idontthinkhere:IdontthinkIcouldhaveacceptedinAmericamyNegrostatuswithoutfeelingashamed.57.OnceIwasablehatedAmerica:AsaNegrooccupyingthelowestp
48、laceinAmericansociety,BaldwinhatedAmerica.InEuropewhenhediscoveredhimselftobeapatrioticAmericanwriterandhadaspecialroletoplayintheextraordinarydramaofAmerica,henolongerhatedhiscountry.Drama:metaphor58.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese:一旦我能够接受自己在美国这出不同寻常的戏剧中所扮演的角色应该指出，这个角色有别于我的特殊“地位”我便从仇恨美国的幻觉中摆脱出来。59.
49、QuestionsfordiscussionWhydidnttheauthorhateAmericaanymoreafterhemovedtoEurope?60.Para.9ThestoryAmericanwriterthere.ThestoryofwhatcanhappentoanAmericanNegrowritershowssimplyandquitesharplywhatcanhappentoanyAmericanwriterthere.61.Itisnotmeanttoo.ThisdoesnotmeanthatithappenstoallAmericanwriterswhogotoE
50、uropeforEuropecanalsohaveaveryfrustratingordisablingeffect.Cripple:tofrustrate;tomakeunableorunfittoact,functioneffectively,etc.62.Awriter,whenunpredictablebattle:Metaphorscomparingawritersrealizationofselfandidentitytoabreakthrough,acrucialskirmish;andcomparingawriterslifeandtasktoanunpredictableba
51、ttle.63.Awriter,whenhediscovershisspecificidentityinEurope,hasonlyjustmanagedtomakeabreakthrough,towinasmallthoughcrucialencounter,inthedangerousandunendingstrugglewhoseoutcomeonecannotyetforesee.Crucialskirmish:asmallencounterbutofdecisiveimportance64.QuestionsfordiscussionIntheeyeoftheauthor,howca
52、nanAmericanwriterusuallymakehisfirstbreakthrough?65.Para.10TheAmericanwriterapologizingforhimself.InEurope,anAmericanwriterhasnoneedtofindreasonsorexcusestoexplainwhyheisawriter.66.Itisnotuntilhabithasbeen.metaphorInAmerica,awritergetsintothehabitofdisplayinghisstrengthtodefendhimselfortoavoidbeinga
53、ttacked;andheisalwaystryingtoprovethatheisanordinaryperson,sameasanyotherperson.Thishabitmakeshimunabletoactorfunctioneffectively.HerealizesallthisonlywhenhegetsridofthishabitinEurope.67.Toflexamuscle:totenseamusclebycontraction;toshowstrength68.WhatevertheEuropeansbusinessmen.SimileTheyallexistanda
54、rerealandwillneverdisappear.NomatterwhattheEuropeansmayactuallythinkofartists,theyhavekilledoffenoughofthemtoknowbynowthatartistsarerealpeopleandtherewillalwaysbeartistsjustastherewillalwaysberain,snow,taxesandbusinessmen.69.QuestionsfordiscussionWhatisthefirstdifferencetheauthorfindbetweenEuropeAnd
55、theUSforawriter?70.Para.11Translatethefirstsentence:Of course当然，在欧洲，每个人的社会功能（比在美国）相对更清晰，原因在于，欧洲社会从来就有清晰的阶级界限，而美国社会从未如此。71.Para.11AEuropeanwriterallhisfriends.AEuropeanwriterconsidershimselftobeapartofanoldhonorableprofession.Heisamanofletters.Infollowingthisprofessionhedoesntneedtoworrywhetherornoth
56、ewillloseallhisfriends.Uneasywonder:transferredepithet72.Para.12Wehaveintellectualeffort.PeopleinAmericahaveaverystrongdistrustofpeopleengagedinrealintellectualworkandthedistrustishardtoremove.73.Wesuspectthatitwilldestroythatmythsodesperately.TheAmericanpeopleareafraidthatreal,honestintellectualwor
57、kwillbreakthebubbleoftheAmericandreamontowhichtheyholdtightlywithalltheirstrength.74.AnAmericanwriterfightsoddjobs.Metaphor,comparingtheprofessionofawritertothelowestrungofaladderThewritingprofessionisoneofthelowestprofessionsinAmericansociety,yettheAmericanwritercanremaininthisprofessiononlythrough
58、sheertenacityandbyundertakinganindescribableseriesofoddjobs.75.Bullheadedness:tenacityn.韧性；固执；不屈不挠；黏性76.Heprobablyhasbeenlukewarmbath.MetaphorThewriter,formuchofhisadultlife,hasprobablybeentryingveryhardtoappearandbehavelikeanordinarypersonanditisnoteasyforhimtochangehishabitnow.77.Questionsfordiscu
59、ssion1.WhydoyouthinkthereexistsastrongdistrustofrealintellectualeffortinAmerica?2.IsiteasyforanAmericanwritertofightforhissuccess?78.Para.13ThoughAmericansocietythanitishere.ThoughinAmericapeoplessocialstatuscanchangemorefreely,yetitiseasierinEuropeforpeopleofdifferentsocialgroupsandoccupationstoint
60、ermingleandhavesocialintercourse.Mobile:unfixed79.Paradox:astatementthatcontradictsitselfn.悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事Tocutacrosssocialandoccupationallines:tominglewithpeoplefromdifferentsocialstatusandoccupations80.Translatetheabovesentence:不过，我们必须考虑一个相当严重的矛盾现象：尽管美国社会提供给人们改变社会地位的机会比欧洲多，但在欧洲，人们却更容易跨越社会和职
61、业的界限。81.Questionsfordiscussion1.WhatistheseconddifferencetheauthorhasfoundbetweenEuropeandAmerica?82.Para.14Amancanbeproudthreatened.InEuropeagoodwriterandagoodactorareequallyproudoftheirsocialstatusandposition.Theyarenotjealousofeachotheranddonotliveinfearoflosingtheirposition.83.Thewaiterdoesnotfe
62、elmadeit.Thewaiterdoesnotvaguelyfeelhurtofindignantattheactorssuccess.Makeit:(Americancolloquialism)toachieveacertainthing;tobesuccessful84.Questionsfordiscussion1.Whatdoesthewritersayabout“socialstatus”inEuropeandAmerica?85.Para.15Thislackofopentoeverything.InEuropetheAmericanwriterloseshisfearofso
63、cialpersecutionandalmostcertainlyforthefirsttimeinhislifehefeelsthathecanhavesocialcontactswitheveryoneandeveryonecanapproachhimtooandheiswillingtolistentoanddiscusseverything.86.paranoia:心理偏执狂，内科妄想狂Hefeelshisownvalue.Onemightsayherealizeshisownimportanceandworth.87.Itisasthoughopensky.Simile,compar
64、ingthesuddenrealizationofthewritersownimportanceandworthtocomingoutofadarktunnel.AnAmericanwriterinEuropeloseshisdoubtsandfearsandsuddenlyrealizeswhoheisandwhathecando.Itislikeamansuddenlycomingoutofadarktunneltofindhimselfbeneaththeopensky.88.Para16Itwasborneinonmewasdead.Iwasmadetorealize,andwitho
65、utfeelingsad,thatthebeautifulskyIsawinParishadbeentherebeforeIwasbornandwouldbetherewhenIwasdead.TheshortnessofhisownlifedidnotmakeBaldwinfeelmelancholy.Borneinon:bemadetorealize89.Questionsfordiscussion1.WhatisthedifferentfeelingforawriterinAmericaandinEurope?90.Para17Anditwasuptomecouldbemade.(Sin
66、celifewasshort)itwasuptometomakethebestuseofmytimeandopportunityonthisearth.Pocket:asmallareaorgroupofaspecifictype91.InParis,IlivedinNeuilly.BaldwinherestressesthefactthathehadlivedalloverParisandhadcomeintocontactwithallkindsofpeople.Bourgeoisie:representingrichpeopleLesmiserables:thepoor,poverty-
67、strickenpeople92.Para18Thismaysoundhealthy.Thislivingamongtherichandthepoorandhavesocialintercoursewithprostitutesandbankersalikemayappeartobeveryunscrupulousorevenviolatinginsomewaythestandardsofmoralbehavior,butIfoundittobeahealthythingtodo.93.Thisreassessmentveryvaluable.Thisreconsideringofthesig
68、nificanceandimportanceofmanythingsthatonehadtakenforgrantedinthepastcanbeverypainful,thoughveryvaluable.94.Unprincipled:unscrupulous，不讲道德的Perpetual:constantlyhappeningShattering:theprocessorresultofbreakingcompletely粉碎Preconception:成见、偏见95.QuestionsfordiscussionWhatcausedtheAmericanwritertoreconside
69、rmanythingshehadtakenforgranted?96.Para19Thisfreedomresponsibilities.Whenamanisfreehehastofacemanydangersandacceptmanyresponsibilities.“Thisfreedom”referstothereleasefromtheconstrictingbondsofoldbeliefsandhabits-apologizingforhimself,flexinghismuscles,etc.97.Sthtobeborneinonsb:sth被sb逐渐认识到Question:Wh
70、ydoestheauthorsaythatitwouldbeafarlessattractivecontinentifhewerelivinginEuropeasaEuropean?98.PartIIIPara20Thiscrucialdaymaybethedaytoexplainit.ThishighlyimportantanddecisivedaywhenherealizesforthefirsttimethatheislivinginEuropeasanAmericanmaybethedayonwhich1)anAlgeriantaxidrivertellshimhowitfeelsto
71、beanAlgerianinParis,or2)heseesthetenseandintelligentandtroubledfaceofAlbertCamussittinginacaf,or3)someoneaskshimtoexplainLittleRock.99.Itmaybetheday:parallelismTerrace:anunroofed,pavedarea,immediatelyadjacenttoahouse,etc.LittleRock:asymbolofracialsegregationinAmericaCorny:Ifyoudescribesomethingascor
72、ny,youmeanthatitisobviousorsentimentalandnotatalloriginal.多愁善感的;老一套的表不满100.Hebeginstofeeltoexplainit.He(beinganAmericanNegro)beginstofeelthatitwouldbesimplerandmorehonorable,thoughtheword“honorable”maysoundtriteandcommonplace,togotoLittleRockandtakepartinthestrugglefordesegregationinpublicschoolstha
73、nstayinEurope,withanAmericanpassport,tryingtoexplainthestrugglethatwasgoingonthere.101.QuestionsfordiscussionCanyouguessthereasonwhytheauthorreturnedtoAmerica?102.Para21Thisisapersonaldaybeentending.HisentirestayinEuropehadbeenleadingtothisterribleday,adaythatissignificantandimportanttohimselfalone.
74、Terribleday:Perhapsbecauseherealizesthatheislivinginafearfullytroubledworldandtheresponsibilityforhisdevelopmentrestsinhisownhands103.Thisisapersonalday,aday,theday:therepetitionoftheword“day”istoachievecohesionandemphasisSojourn:abriefortemporarystayTending:leadingto104.IfhehasbeenpreparingforAmeri
75、ca.IfinEuropeitseemedthathewasgettinghimselfreadyforsomeimportanttaskorwork,henowrealizesfullythathehasonlybeenpreparinghimselfforthetaskthatawaitshiminAmerica.105.Translatetheabovesentence:就是在这一天，他终于认识到，在这个多灾多难的世界上并不存在什么太平乐土；如果说他一直在欧洲训练自己准备承担什么重任的话，他实际是在为美国而训练自己。106.TranslatethelastsentenceinPara.2
76、1:总而言之，美国作家在欧洲找到的自由，带着他绕了整整一圈后，又回到了自己身边；同时，把自身发展的责任带回到了原本所在之处他自己手中。107.Para22108.Para22Eventhemostsomehow.MetaphorMaverick:(Americanism)afterSamuelMaverick(1803-70),aTexasrancherwhodidnotbrandhiscattleanunbrandedanimal,especiallyastrayedcalf109.Incorrigible:Ifyoutellsomeonetheyareincorrigible,youare
77、saying,ofteninahumorousway,thattheyhavefaultsthatwillneverchange.屡教不改的110.Hemayproducedhim.Hemayleavethegroupofpeoplewherehewasborn.InthecaseofBaldwin,hemayleavetheNegroesinHarlem,NewYorkCitywherehewasborn,buthewillstillbearthemarksofhisorigins.111.Onhisacceptanceawriterdepends.Thelifeofawriterreall
78、ydependsonhisacceptingthefactthatnomatterwherehegoesorwhathedoeshewillalwayscarrythemarksofhisorigins.Awritercannotwritewithoutshowingthemarksofhisorigins.112.efface:Toeffacesomethingmeanstodestroyorremoveitsothatitcannotbeseenanymore.消除;抹去113.QuestionsfordiscussionShouldapersontrytoremovehisoriginw
79、hichsometimesisterribleormiserable?114.Para23Atoddswithhertimeandplace:InhisnovelAnna Karenina,Tolstoydescribedthetragicfateoftheheroine,whosethoughtsandactionswereoutofharmonywithhertimeandplaceinsociety.115.Para24Therealdifferencefixedforever.Tolstoyisdescribinganoldandcompactsocietywhereeverythin
80、gseemedtothepeopleinthatsocietytobefixedforever,thoughTolstoydoesntthinkso.WhereastheAmericanwritersaredescribingamobilesociety“inwhichnothingisfixedandinwhichtheindividualmustfightforhisidentity.”Thisistherealdifference.116.Fathom：Ifyoucannotfathomsomething,youareunabletounderstandit,althoughyouthi
81、nkcarefullyaboutit.理解、看穿117.Para25Thisisarichopportunities.Americansocietyindeedaffordsanabundant,meaningful,andever-changingvarietyofthingsandpeople.Noothercountryhaseverprovidedtheirwriterswithsuchfavorablecircumstances.Confusion:thingsappearconfusedbecausenothingisfixedandpeoplearefightingtoestab
82、lishtheiridentities118.QuestionsfordiscussionIsthechargeagainstAmericanwritersthattheydonotdescribesocietyreasonable?119.Para26Thatthetensionevenaquestion.ItisquitetruethatthereislotoftensioninAmericanlife,butthepeoplehavealsounfoldopportunitiesforadvancement.120.Butthesearedealtexaminationofit.Thet
83、ensionandpossibilitiesofAmericanlifeappearinmanycontemporarynovelsbutthewriterseemstohavebeencompelledofforcedtowriteonthesethemes.ThesebookswerenotwrittenbythewriterafterananalysisofthetensionthatexistsinAmericansocietybuttheyaremorelikelythedirectproductofthetensionitself.121.Translatetheabovetwos
84、entences:美国生活的极度紧张和它提供的无限的发展机会已经是尽人皆知、毫无疑问的事实了。但当代文学作品中对这些现象的描写却很带强迫性。也就是说，这些作品不是对我们社会中的紧张生活的深入分析，倒更像是这种紧张生活的直接反映。122.QuestionsfordiscussionHowshouldweexamineoursocietyandourselves?123.Para27Everysocietyofthepeople.Everysocietyisinfluencedanddirectedbyhiddenlaws,andbymanythingsdeeplyfeltandtakenforg
85、rantedbythepeople,thoughnotopenlyspokenabout.124.Inasocietynoeasymatter.TheAmericanpeopleareverymuchdisposedtothebreakingofbondsimposedbyconventionortraditionbuttheyneverreallymanagetofreethemselvesfromthesebonds.Inthiskindofsocietyitisveryhardforthewritertofindoutthehiddenlawsandassumptionsthatgove
86、rnit.125.Given:accustomed,asfromhabitorinclination;prone;disposedorinclinedSmashing:breakingTaboo:anysocialprohibitionorrestrictionthatresultsfromconventionortradition126.Translatetheabovesentence:在一个非常喜爱冲破禁忌却又不能由此从中解脱出来的社会，要弄清这些，不会是一件容易的事。127.Para28Heneedssustenancehecanfind.Metaphor,comparingawrit
87、ersworkoflifetoalongarduousjourney.Awriterneedsspiritualandintellectualnourishmenttogivehimstrengthtocarryonhisworkandalsothebeststandardsofexcellencethathecanfollow.ThereforeherunsofftoEuropewherehecanfindthesethings.128.Sustenance:nutrition,nourishment129.Europehastragedy.PeopleinEuropecanfeelandu
88、nderstandthatnothingcanalterorchecktheobscureandinexplicablelimitationsoflife.Inaword,theyknowthemeaningoftragedy.TheAmericanpeopledonotyethavetheabilitytofeel,appreciateofunderstandallthesethings.Inexorable:thatcannotbealtered,checked130.Para29Andwehavelifespossibilities.PeopleinAmericafeelandknowt
89、hatlifeisfullofopportunitiesandwiththerightendeavoreverythingispossible.Europeurgentlyneedsthisnewfeeling.131.Sorely:greatly,urgently,extremely;usedtoemphasizethatafeelingsuchasdisappointmentorneedisverystrongWed:tomarry结合132.Inthisendeavorstrongestarm.Metaphor,comparingtheunitingofthetwovisionstoam
90、arriage.InthisattempttounitethevisionofEuropeandthatofAmerica,itisthewriterwhocanexertthestrongestforceandnotthestatesmen.Arm:anycombatantbranchofthemilitaryforces133.Thoughwedonotontheworld.Thespiritualandintellectuallifeofthepeopleisreallifeandthevaguedreamsofthepeoplehaveaperceptibleeffectonthewo
91、rld.Thisistrue,thoughwedonotwhollybelieveityet.134.Tangible:perceptiveAntithesisisusedhere.135.Translatepara.29:在努力把旧世界的看法和新世界的看法结合起来的过程中，不是政治家，而是作家，是我们最强的一支力量。虽然我们迄今还未全信，可是内心的生活确是真正的生活，而人们那种海市蜃楼般的梦幻却对世界有着实实在在的影响。136. Writing DevicesLanguage Style1.Writing with both strength and delicacy, Baldwin ha
92、s made the essay into a form that brings together vivid reporting, personal recollection and speculative thought. 2. One great merit of his essays is their honesty in reflecting his own doubts and aggressions, and in recording his torturous efforts to find some peace in the relations between James B
93、aldwin the lonely writer and James Baldwin the man who suffers as a Negro.137. Writing DevicesThis text is a piece of expository writing. The author employs some effective writing skills:Use some quotations to support his own viewpoint.Use analogy to elaborate his statement.Use simultaneous comparis
94、on to state his point.Use alternating comparison achieved first by identifying a characteristic of one item in the comparison and following it immediately with a similar characteristic in the other item. This type of comparison is built up in layers, from first one subject, then the other. Alternati
95、ng comparison is commonly used to stress points of similarity.138. Writing DevicesRhetorical Devices: MetaphorDefinition: Metaphor is a figure of speech where comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is im
96、plied, not expressed with the word “as” or “like”. 139. Writing Devicese.g. 1.There, in that absolutely alabaster landscape, armed with two Bessie Smith recodes and a typewriter. (Para. 6) (comparing the records and typewriter to weapons he was going to use to fight his nervous breakdown.)2. An Amer
97、ican writer fights his way to one of the lowest rungs. (Para. 12) (comparing society to a ladder and the profession of a writer to the lowest rung of a ladder.)140. Writing DevicesRhetorical Devices: SimileDefinition: The word simile comes from Latin word similis, meaning like. A simile is a figure
98、of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elementshaving at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile is almost always introduced by the followingwords: like, as, asas, as it were, as if, as though, besomething of, similar to, etc.141.e.g. 1. Whatever the Europeans may actuall
99、y think of artist, they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real and as persistent as rain, snow, taxes or businessmen. (Para. 10) (comparing artists to rain, snow, taxes or businessmen.). Writing Devices142.2. It is as though he suddenly came out of a dark tunnel and foun
100、d himself beneath the open sky. (Para. 16) (comparing the sudden realization of the writers own importance and value to coming out from a dark tunnel into the open sky. ) . Writing Devices143. Writing DevicesRhetorical Devices: Transferred EpithetDefinition:A figure of speech in which an epithet (or
101、 adjective) grammatically qualifies a noun other than the person or thing it is actually describing. Also known as hypallage.e.g. and his choice of a vocation does not cause him any uneasy wonder as to whether or not it will cost him all his friends. (Para. 11)144.Rhetorical Devices: AntithesisIt in
102、volving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, orsentences, within a parallel grammatical structure. e.g. Though we do not wholly believe it yet, the interior life is a real life, and the intangible dreams of people have a tangible effect on the wor
103、ld.(Para. 11). Writing Devices145. Sentence Paraphrase1. It is a complex fate to be an American. (Para. 1) The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.2. they were no more at home in Europe than I was. (Para. 3) They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.146. Sentence Pa
104、raphrase3. we were both searching for our separate identities. (Para. 4) The Negro and white American writers were both trying to find their own special individualities, characteristics and qualities.4. I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here. (Para. 8) I dont think I could ha
105、ve accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.147. Sentence Paraphrase5. it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here. (Para. 13) It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse
106、.148. Sentence Paraphrase6. A man can be proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened. (Para. 14) In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear o
107、f losing their position. 7. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it. (Para. 17) I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.149. Sentence Paraphrase8. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable. (Para. 18) This reconsiderin
108、g of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable.150.9. He may leave the group that produced him. (Para. 22) He may leave the group of people where he was born. In the case of Baldwin, he may leave the Negroes in
109、 Harlem, New York City where he was born, but he will still bear the marks of his origins. 151. Sentence Paraphrase10. American writers do not have a fixed society to describe. (Para. 25) American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed so they do not have a fixed society to describe
110、.11. Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people (Para. 27) Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.152.Part FourLan
111、guage Study. Word Study . Phrases and Expressions153. Word StudyList: 1. aspiration2. peculiar3. profound4. stubborn5. controversial6. motley7. inheritance8. cadence9. reconcile10. cripple11. skirmish12. lukewarm13. paranoia14. sojourn15. incorrigible16. intangible154. Word Study1. aspiration (Para.
112、 1) (n.): a strong desire to have or achieve somethinge.g. a high level of political aspiration the aspirations of the working class2. peculiar (Para. 1) (adj.): strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprisinge.g. There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.155. Word Study3. profound (Para. 1) (adj.): hav
113、ing a strong influence or effecte.g. Tolstoys experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. 4. stubborn (Para. 1) (adj.): determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being unreasonablee.g. Why are you so stubborn? 156. Word Study5. controversial (Para. 1) (adj.): causi
114、ng a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussede.g. He is a controversial figure. 6. motley (Para. 1) (adj.): a group of people or things that are very different from each other and do not seem to belong togethere.g. I looked at the motley bunch w
115、e were sailing with and began to feel uneasy about the trip.157. Word Study7. inheritance (Para. 5) (n.): money, property, etc. that you receive from someone who has diede.g. Lucinda has to fight for her life and her inheritance in this gripping novel. 8. cadence (Para. 7) (n.): the way someones voi
116、ce rises and falls, especially when reading out loud; a regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements e.g. the cadence of my mothers voice the Brazilian cadences of this music158. Word Study9. reconcile (Para. 7) (v.): if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they
117、can both be true or acceptable e.g. The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.10. crippling (Para. 9) (adj.): causing so much damage or harm that something no longer works or is no longer effectivee.g. the crippling effects of war on the economy159. Word Study11. skirmish (Para
118、.9) (n.): a fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from the main part of a battle used in news reportse.g. The young soldier was killed in a skirmish with the government troops.12. lukewarm (Para. 12) (adj.): food, liquid, etc. that is lukewarm is slightl
119、y warm and often not as hot or cold as it should bee.g. His idea got only a lukewarm response from the committee.160. Word Study13. paranoia (Para. 15) (n.): unreasonable belief that you cannot trust other people, or that they are trying to harm you or have a bad opinion of youe.g. She saved her cur
120、ses until she could shout them into the night then swallowed them anyway out of paranoia. 14. sojourn (Para. 21) (n.): a short period of time that you stay in a place that is not your homee.g. a brief sojourn in Europe161. Word Study15. incorrigible (Para. 22) (adj.): someone who is incorrigible is
121、bad in a way that cannot be changed or improved often used humorously e.g. Peter, you are an incorrigible flirt!16. intangible (Para. 29) (adj.): an intangible quality or feeling is difficult to describe exactlye.g. The island has an intangible quality of holiness.162. Phrases and ExpressionsList: 1
122、. at bottom2. divorce from3. knock out 4. in flight5. cut across6. live with7. reach out to8. be borne in on sb9. at odds with10. wedwith163. . Phrases and Expressions1. at bottom (Para. 2) the way a situation or a person really is, although they may seem differente.g. She is a good kind person at b
123、ottom. 2. divorce from (Para. 3) to stop being involved in an activity, organization, situation, etc. e.g. The society has divorced itself from religion. 164. Phrases and Expressions3. knock out (Para. 6) to defeat sb or destroy sth completelye.g. The air raids were planned to knock out communicatio
124、ns on the ground.4. in flight (Para. 6) when you leave a place in order to try and escape from a person or a dangerous situatione.g. The thief in flight waived the goods stolen.165. Phrases and Expressions5. cut across (Para. 13) if a problem or feeling cuts across different groups of people, they a
125、re all affected by ite.g. Domestic violence seems to cut across most social divisions. 6. live with (Para. 14) to accept a difficult situation that is likely to continue for a long time e.g. You have to learn to live with stress. 166. Phrases and Expressions7. reach out to (Para. 15) show people tha
126、t you are interested in them and want to listen to them e.g. Modern politicians try to reach out to ordinary people in their broadcast speeches.8. be borne in on sb (Para. 16) if a fact is borne in on someone, they realize that it is true e.g. It was borne in on us how close we had been to disaster.
127、 167. Phrases and Expressions9. at odds with (Para. 23) if two statements, descriptions, actions, etc. are at odds with each other, they are different although they should be the samee.g. She gave him a sweet smile, totally at odds with the look of dislike in her eyes.10. wedwith (Para. 29) to combi
128、ne one thing or quality with anothere.g. she wedded this accident with that one which happened the other day. 168.Part Five Extension. Useful Expressions . Discussion. Quiz. Writing 169. Useful Expressions 美钞最后时刻完全陌生的人女学者开玩笑西红柿博得全场喝彩高看或看重自己不祥之兆dead presidenteleventh hourblack strangerblue stockingpu
129、ll ones legan apple of lovebring down the housetake a great deal of oneselfhandwriting on the wall170. Useful Expressions 快乐宁静的晚年赤身裸体骗子官僚习气软骨病勃然大怒令人毛骨悚然Indian summerin ones birthday suitconfidence manred tapeEnglish diseasehave a fitmake ones hair stand on end171. Discussion1. What does the writer s
130、ay about social status“ in European and American?2. How is the essay organized?3. Comment on the first sentence of the essay. Is it an effective way of beginning this essay? Give your reasons.4. Do you find it easy to understand what the writer is saying? Why?5. What made the author finally choose t
131、o come back?172. Quiz173. Writing If you were given a chance to settle down in America or Europe, would you leave China? Write essay with 300 words listing your answer and reasons.You can approach the essay from the following perspectives:You may make a comparison between China and America / Europe.You should organize your ideas in a clear and strong way. 174.
