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1、British Literature IPartIITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449A.D.-1066A.D.)2021/8/221British Literature I本章任务 让学生了解并掌握以下几个知识点：让学生了解并掌握以下几个知识点：1. 1. 英国盎格鲁英国盎格鲁- -撒克逊时期的文学概况；撒克逊时期的文学概况；2.2.古英语诗歌的分类及特征；古英语诗歌的分类及特征；3.3.史诗贝奥武甫赏析；史诗贝奥武甫赏析；4.4.英语修辞手法头韵、抑言陈述。英语修辞手法头韵、抑言陈述。2021/8/222British Literature IContentsII.Chara
2、cteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLiteratureAnglo-SaxonPoetryIII.IV.Anglo-SaxonProseV.AssignmentsTheHistoricalBackgroundI.2021/8/223British Literature IThemakingofthenation:fromthefollowingformula,wecanknowthattheEnglishpeopleareofamixedblood:BritonsNormansDanesEnglishAnglesSaxonsJutesI.HistoricalBackground202
3、1/8/224British Literature IThreefamousconquestsTherearethreefamousconquestsintheBritishhistorywhichhaveenormousimpactonBritishliterature.(1)TheRomanConquest(55B.C-410A.D.)(2)TheAnglo-SaxonConquest(449-1066)(3)TheNormanConquest(1066-1485)2021/8/225British Literature I.CharacteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLite
4、ratureThereweretwoliterarydivisions:onewaspaganandtheotherwasreligious.Andthemainliteraryformsarepoetryandprose,andpoetrywasinoralform.2021/8/226British Literature IThreecharacteristics:1.Anglo-Saxonliteratureisalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.2.Ther
5、earetwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiodpagan(世俗诗)andreligious（宗教诗）poetry.PaganpoetrywasrepresentedbyBeowulfwhilereligiouspoetrywasrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf(塞内武甫）.3.Inthe8thcentury,Anglo-Saxonproseappeared.ThefamousprosewritersofthatperiodwereVenerableBede（比德）andAlfredthe
6、Great（阿尔弗烈德大王）.2021/8/227British Literature I.Anglo-SaxonPoetry1.PaganPoetry（世俗诗）Thepaganpoetry,alsocalledsecularpoetry,doesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrineandemphasizesontheharshnessofcircumstanceandthehelplessnessofhumansbeforethepoweroffate.Beowulfistherepresentative.2.ReligiousPoetry（宗教诗）T
7、hereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaintslives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmonandCynewulf.2021/8/228British Literature I1.ThePaganPoetry:The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫之歌贝奥武甫之歌i.Introductionii.Significanceof“Be
8、owulf”iii.PoeticFormandFeaturesof“Beowulf”iv.Whatisanepic?2021/8/229British Literature IThe Song of Beowulf2021/8/2210British Literature Ii.Introduction1.Itscharacters:2.Beowulf:nephewofHygelac3.Hygelac:kingofYeatsinJutland4.Hrothgar:kingoftheDanes5.Grendel:amonster6.Grendelsmother:she-monster2021/8
9、/2211British Literature IIntroduction2.Itsplot:1)BeowulfsfightwiththemonsterGrendelinHrothgarshall(Heorot)2)2)BeowulfsslayingofGrendelsmotherinherlair3)3)Beowulfsreturntohisuncle,andhissuccessiontothethrone.4)4)Beowulfsvictoryindeath,fiftyyearslater,overthefiredragon2021/8/2212British Literature ITh
10、eStoryofBeowulfillustratedbythefollowing14pictures:2021/8/2213British Literature IHrothgar, king of the DanesHrothgar, king of the Danes2021/8/2214British Literature IHeorot(Themeadhall)2021/8/2215British Literature IGrendel,themonster2021/8/2216British Literature IBeowulfwenttohelpHrothgar2021/8/22
11、17British Literature IThequeenfilledBeowulfsCup2021/8/2218British Literature IBeowulftoreoffGrendelsarmandshoulder2021/8/2219British Literature ITheshe-monsteralmostkilledBeowulf.2021/8/2220British Literature IBeowulffinallysucceeded.2021/8/2221British Literature IBeowulfruledthecountryforabout50yea
12、rs2021/8/2222British Literature ITheFireDragonguardedthetreasure.Arunawayslavestolethetreasure2021/8/2223British Literature IBeowulfwenttofightwiththeFireDragon.2021/8/2224British Literature IBeowulffoughtagainsttheFireDragon.2021/8/2225British Literature IBeowulfwaswoundedanddied.2021/8/2226British
13、 Literature ITheykilledthedragonandgotthetreasure2021/8/2227British Literature IiiSignificanceof“Beowulf”Itisthelongest&finestofextantoldEnglishpoems&thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.Itsingsoftheexcitingadventuresofagreatlegendaryherowhosephysicalstrengthdemonstrateshishighspiritualqualities,i.e.hi
14、sresolutiontoservehiscountry&kinsfolk,histruecourage,courteousconduct,andhisloveofhonor.Inthepoem,Beowulfisstrong,courageous,selfless,andreadytoriskhislifeinordertoridhispeopleofevilmonsters.(Thematically,thispoemshowshowtheprimitivepeoplefightagainsttheforcesofthenaturalworldunderawise&mightyleader
15、.)2021/8/2228British Literature Iiii.PoeticFormandFeaturesof“Beowulf”Form:Beowulfwaswritteninalliterativeverse(头韵头韵).Features:(1)Theuseofalliterationisoneofitsmoststrikingfeatures.(Inalliterativeverse,certainstressedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Thereare4stressesinalinegenerally,threeor
16、twoofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenfromthelinesfromtheendofthepoem:“ThusmadetheirmourningthemenofGreatland,Fortheirherospassing,hishearth-companionsQuoththatofallthekingsofearth,Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.”(Inmoderntranslation)2021/8/2229British Literatu
17、re IFeaturesof“Beowulf”(2)Theuseofcompound-words(kennings)toserveasmetaphors:“Ring-giver”isusedforking,“hearth-companion”forhisattendantwarriors,“swansbath”or“whalesroad”forsea,“sea-wood”forship,thesoldiersarecalledshield-men;thechieftainsarecalledthetreasurekeepers;human-bodyisreferredtoasthebone-h
18、ouse;Godiscalledwonder-wielder;monsterisreferredtoassoul-destroyer，“birdsjoy”referstothewing,“skyscandle”referstothesun,etc.(Suchmetaphorsoccuringreatnumbers.)2021/8/2230British Literature I(3)Theuseofunderstatements(抑言陈述抑言陈述)oreuphemism(委婉语委婉语)Theuseofunderstatementsgivesanimpressionofreserve,andat
19、times,atingeofironicalhumor.ThisqualityisoftenregardedasapermanentcharacteristicofEnglish.e.g“nottroublesome”forverywelcome,“neednotpraise”forarighttocondemn,“sword-play”forfighting,“sleeping”or“leavinglifesfeast”fordeath,etc.（4）ItisnotaChristianbutapaganpoem,despitetheChristianflavorgiventoitbythem
20、onasteryscribe.Itistheproductofalladvancedpagancivilization.Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsocietyandChristianculture.Thesocialconditionsandcustomscanbeseeninit.Sothepoemhasagreatsocialsignificance.2021/8/2231British Literature Iiv.Whatisanepic(史诗史诗)?epic(heroicpoem):anextendedna
21、rrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomersIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.2021/8/2232British Literature I2.TheReligiousPoetryThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaintslives.Butsometimesthereisamixtureof
22、Christianandpaganideasinthesepoems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf（塞内武甫）.2021/8/2233British Literature I(1)Caedmon(610-680)CaedmonisthefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland.HeisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.HislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBedesHistoric Ecclesiastical（英格兰人教会史）.Hisfirstpoemiscalle
23、dThe Hymn of Praise (赞美诗）.Lateron,Caedmoncomposedmanyotherpoemsbyusingthebiblicalmaterials.2021/8/2234British Literature I(2)Cynewulf(early9thCentury)Cynewulflivedintheearly9thcentury.ExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,heisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.Ofhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyan
24、ecclesiastic牧师andascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.Cynewulftookhissubjectmatterpartlyfromthechurchliturgy,morelargelyfromthehomiliesofGregorytheGreat.Throughoutthepoem,adeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.2021/8/2235British Literature I.Anglo-SaxonProseProseliteraturedidnot
25、showitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.Thereweretwofamousprosewriters:VenerableBede,AlfredtheGreat.2021/8/2236British Literature I(1)VenerableBede(673-735)ThemostimportantofhisworksisThe Ecclesiastical History of the English People（英格兰人教会史）.ThebooknotonlytellsushowreligionwasintroducedandspreadinEnglan
26、dbutalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.2021/8/2237British Literature I(2)AlfredtheGreat(871-901)AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexkingdom,isanotherimportantfigureinprosewritingofAnglo-Saxonperiod.Duringhisreign,hetriedeverymeanstoimprovethestateofeducation,suchasf
27、oundingcolleges,andimportingteachersfromEurope.Hewasawell-knowntranslator.HetranslatedsomeimportantLatinworksintoEnglish.Butofhisworks,themostimportantisThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicles（盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史）.ThisbookrecordsthemainhappeningsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.ItisthebestmonumentoftheOldEnglishprose.2021/8/2238Br
28、itish Literature IV.Assignments1.HowmanygroupsdoestheOldEnglishpoetryfallinto?Whatarethey?2.WhatfeaturesdoesBeowulfhaveinwriting?3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofAnglo-Saxonliterature?4.WhatisAlfredsmostimportantcontributiontoBritishliterature?2021/8/2239British Literature I参考文献参考文献1. 李赋宁、何其莘.英国中古时期
29、文学史 M.外语教学与研究出版社，2006.2.王守仁.英国文学选读M.高等教育出版社，2003.3.刘炳善.英国文学简史M. 河南人民出版社，1993年.4.陈嘉.英国文学史（第一卷）M.商务印书馆，1998.5.张伯香.英国文学教程（上册）M.武汉大学出版社，2006.6.吴伟仁，印兵.英国文学史及选读（学习指南）（第一册）M.中央民族大学出版社，2002.7.陆如刚.英语诗歌欣赏M.外语教学与研究出版社，2007.2021/8/2240British Literature I2021/8/2241刚才的发言，如刚才的发言，如有不当之处请多指有不当之处请多指正。谢谢大家！正。谢谢大家！2021/8/2242
