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1、Attributive ClauseRelative Clause1u定定义义: 所所谓谓定定语语从从句句，就就是是在在复复合合句句中中起起定定语语作作用用以以修修饰饰主主句句中中的的名名词词或或代代词词的的从从句句，又又称称作作形形容容词词性从句性从句。u两个重要两个重要概念概念:1.Antecedent(先先行行词词)：放放在在定定语语从从句句前前，被被定定语语从从句句修修饰饰的的名词名词或或代词代词叫叫先行词先行词。2.Relative(关关系系词词)：用用于于引引导导定定语语从从句句的的引引导导词词，通通常常被被放放在在先先行行词词和和定定语语从从句句之之间间起起连连接接作作用用，以以
2、表表明明两两者者之之间间的的修饰关系，同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。修饰关系，同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。2关系词关系词关系代词关系代词(Relative Pronoun): 所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等，定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等，英语中比较常用的关系代词有英语中比较常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等。等。关系副词关系副词(Relative Adverb):关系副词就是指起副词作用的关
3、系词，关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当状语等，英语中比较常用的从句中充当状语等，英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个，即关系副词只有三个，即when, where和和why。3 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句Is he the man who/that wants to see you?He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.Please pass me the book whose (=of which) cover is green.The package w
4、hich / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.关关系系代代词词的的省省略略：当当关关系系代代词词在在定定语语从从句句中中用用作作宾宾语语的的时时候候。在在定定语语从从句句中中能能够够用用作作宾宾语语的的关关系系代代词词有有that, which, who, whom。4注注意意: 我我们们说说的的关关系系代代词词的的省省略略只只限限于于限限制制性性定定语语从从句句，在在非非限限制制性性定定语语从从句句中中，即即使使关关系系代代词词用用作作宾宾语语也也不不能能省省略略。另另外外，当当关关系系代代词词直直接接用用作作介介词词后后作作
5、宾宾语语时时，此此时时也也不不能能省省略。略。Eg: I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人5关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句There comes a time when you have to make a choice.Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused ou
6、r offer? 6关系代词关系代词that 和和 which 的用法区别的用法区别:只只能能用用that的的情情况况: 最最高高级级、不不定定代代词词、序序数数词词、正正是是(very, just)、疑疑（主主句句是是疑疑问问句句）、表表（先先行行词词在在从从句句中中做做表表语语）、人人物物（人人和物同时做先行词）。和物同时做先行词）。 只能用只能用which的情况的情况: 1.在介词后在介词后 2.引导非限制性定从句引导非限制性定从句7Look at the girl and the dog that are crossing the street.This is the most int
7、eresting book that Ive ever read.When we see anything that happen on the island, were so glad.Which is the bike that you lost?The building in which Han Mei studied was very old.Johns dog, which was very old now, became ill and died.8u分分类类: 根根据据从从句句与与主主句句的的关关系系是是否否紧紧密密来来区区分分，定定语语从从句句可可分分为为限制性定语从句限制性定
8、语从句和和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句两大类。两大类。限制性限制性定语定语从句从句(Restrictive attributive clause)对对先先行行词词起起修修饰饰、限限制制或或确确定定的的作作用用，若若去去掉掉，先先行行词词的的意意思思就就不不明明确确，它它是是不不可可缺缺少少的的一一部部分分，它它与与先先行行词词的的关关系系密密不不可可分分，不可用逗号将其分开不可用逗号将其分开。非非限限制制性性定定语语从从句句(Non-restrictive attributive clause):起起补补充充说说明明作作用用，只只是是附附加加成成分分，缺缺少少也也不不会会影影响响全全句句的
9、的理理解解。在在非非限限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。 9He didnt pass the exam that was too difficult. (限限制制)他没有通过那个很难的考试。他没有通过那个很难的考试。He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me. (非限制非限制)他没有通过考试，这令我很失望。他没有通过考试，这令我很失望。This is the house which we bought last month.这这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性限制性）The ho
10、use, which we bought last month, is very nice.这这幢幢房房子子很很漂漂亮亮，是是我我们们上上个个月月买买的的。（非非限限制制性性）10限限制制性性定定语语从从句句和和 非非限限制制性性定定语从句的区别语从句的区别:1) 从从结结构构上上来来看看，限限定定性性从从句句不不能能用用逗逗号号与与先先行行词词分分开开；而而非非限限定定性性从从句句却却必必须须用用逗逗号号分分开开。引引导导非非限限定定性性从从句句的的关关系系代代词词不不能省略。能省略。The clock (that/which) my great-grandfather bought to
11、me is still in good order.The clock，which my great-grandfather bought, is still in good order.2) 两两种种形形容容词词性性从从句句往往往往赋赋予予同同一一个个先先行行词词以以不同的含义。不同的含义。My sister who lives in London is a doctor.我我 住住 在在伦伦敦敦的的妹妹妹妹是是医医生。生。My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.我我 的的 妹妹妹妹是是一一个个医医生生，她住在伦敦她住在伦敦。 113) 非非限
12、限定定性性从从句句可可以以把把整整个个主主句句当当作作先先行行词词，而而限限定定性性从从句句没没有有这这种种功功能能。非非限限定定性性从从句句修修饰饰整整个个主主句句时时，只只能用能用which或或as来引导。来引导。 I said nothing，which made him still more angry. She has married again, as seemed natural.12值得注意的特殊定语从句值得注意的特殊定语从句u分裂式定语分裂式定语从句从句u强调式定语强调式定语从句从句u混杂式定语混杂式定语从句从句u多重定语多重定语从句从句u省略式定语从句省略式定语从句13 分
13、裂式定语从句分裂式定语从句由由于于先先行行词词有有别别的的修修饰饰语语,或或者者话话语语间间插插入入了了其其它它成成分分,或或者者为为了了强强调调等等某某种种特特殊殊的的需需要要,定定语语从从句句和和它它修修饰饰的的先先行行词词被被分分裂裂开开了了,这这种种现现象象叫叫做分裂式定语从句。常见的形式有做分裂式定语从句。常见的形式有: 1. 被被作作定定语语的的介介词词短短语语分分开开。这这是是因因为为介介词词短短语语相相对对较较短短的的缘缘故故(在在英英语语里里,相相对对较较短短的的同同类类句子成分应该放在前面句子成分应该放在前面)。Eg: We were honored to meet the
14、 chief of an African tribe there, who warmly received and feasted us. 我我们们荣荣幸幸地地见见到到了了那那儿儿的的一一个个非非洲洲部部落落酋酋长长,他热情地接见并款待了我们。他热情地接见并款待了我们。2. 被被谓谓语语分分开开。当当主主句句的的谓谓语语部部分分较较短短,而而定定语语从从句句又又相相对对较较长长时时,为为了了保保持持句句子子平平衡衡,避避免免头头重脚轻重脚轻,而将定语从句放到谓语后面。而将定语从句放到谓语后面。Eg: The professor is sleeping who has just come bac
15、k from abroad after a long journey. 刚刚长途跋涉从海外归来的教授正在睡觉。刚刚长途跋涉从海外归来的教授正在睡觉。 14 强调式定语从句强调式定语从句强强调调式式定定语语从从句句指指的的是是It is / was . that / who . 结结构构。在在这这种种结结构构中中,先先行行词词以以被被强强调调的的形形式式出出现现,定定语语从从句句通通常常只只能能用用关关系系词词that 或或who引引导导, 指指人人时时,二二者者皆皆可可使使用用;指指事事、物物时时通通常常用用that引引导导,但但是是当当被被强强调调者者在在从从句句中中作作主主语语、宾宾语语或
16、或者者表表语语时时,也也可可以以用用which引引导导(注注意意,作作状状语语时时不不能能用用which引引导导)。例例如如: It was Chinese who / that made the four great inventions which have brought such great progress to mankind. 是中国人创造了四大发明是中国人创造了四大发明,为人类带来了如此巨大的进步。为人类带来了如此巨大的进步。 It is happiness instead of money that / which everyone seeks. 人们所追求的是幸福人们所追求
17、的是幸福,而不是金钱。而不是金钱。It was not until then that I knew we had been deceived. 直到那时我才知道我们被欺骗了。直到那时我才知道我们被欺骗了。 注意注意: 被强调的是主语时被强调的是主语时,要用人称代词的主格形式。要用人称代词的主格形式。 eg: It was I, not he, that / who am to blame for this. 该对此事负责的应该是我该对此事负责的应该是我,而不是他。而不是他。15 混杂式定语从句混杂式定语从句有有时时定定语语从从句句的的关关系系词词与与从从句句中中的的句句子子成成分分之之间间会
18、会插插入入“人人称称代代词词 + think / believe / guess等等”表表猜猜测测等等态态度度的的句句子子。这这种种定定语语从从句句被被称称为为混混杂杂式式定定语语从从句句。在在学学习习英英语语和和做做英英语语试试题题时时,我我们们可可以以把把它它当当作作一一个个插插入成分看待入成分看待,这样处理比较容易理解。这样处理比较容易理解。 eg: That evening some Chongqing people saw something that they thought was a UFO flying across the sky. 那天傍晚那天傍晚,一些重庆人看到了他们认
19、为是不明飞行物的东西从天空中飞过。一些重庆人看到了他们认为是不明飞行物的东西从天空中飞过。 Many college students have mastered computer, driving and foreign languages, which we all know are the most important things in todays society. 很很多多大大学学生生都都掌掌握握了了计计算算机机、驾驾驶驶和和外外语语,我我们们都都知知道道这这些些在在当当今今社社会会是是非常重要的。非常重要的。16 多重定语从句多重定语从句 两两个个或或两两个个以以上上的的定定语语
20、从从句句同同时时修修饰饰一一个个先先行行词词时时,这这样样的的定定语语从从句句叫叫做做多多重重定定语语从从句。句。 eg: Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which / that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. 西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方,也是全世界的人都渴望去观光游览的地方。也是全世界的人都渴望去观光游览的地方。 He said he would nev
21、er forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life. 他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相见的那一刻他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相见的那一刻,那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福的一刻。那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福的一刻。 注注意意: 多多重重定定语语从从句句的的特特点点之之一一是是:即即使使在在从从句句中中作作宾宾语语或或表表语语,第第二二个个以以及及之之后后的的所所有有关系词都不能省略关系词都不能省略,以免引起句意的模糊不清。例如以免引起句意的模糊不清。例如:
22、 China is an attractive country which has the largest population, where there are lots of mysterious stories and legends and that many westerners are still not familiar with. 中中国国是是一一个个充充满满魅魅力力的的国国家家,她她拥拥有有世世界界上上最最多多的的人人口口,有有许许多多神神秘秘的的故故事事和和传传说说,但但也也是很多西方人还不熟悉的国度。是很多西方人还不熟悉的国度。17 省略式定语从句省略式定语从句在在含含将
23、将来来意意义义的的定定语语从从句句中中,我我们们可可以以省省略略主主语语和和谓谓语语的的一一部部分分(主主要要是是情情态态动动词词和和助助动动词词),而而代代之之以以“介介词词+关关系系代代词词+不不定定式式”的的形形式式,这这叫叫做做省省略略式式定定语从句语从句,或者叫做定语从句的省略形式。例如或者叫做定语从句的省略形式。例如: I intend to make friends with some Frenchman from whom to improve French.(完完整整句句式式是是: I intend to make friends with some Frenchman fr
24、om whom I can improve my French.) 我打算交个法国朋友我打算交个法国朋友,从他那儿我可以提高法语水平。从他那儿我可以提高法语水平。 She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which to buy her family a big flat. (完完整整句句式式是是:She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which she can buy her family a big flat.) 她很想从股市赚一大笔
25、资金给她的家人买一套大公寓。她很想从股市赚一大笔资金给她的家人买一套大公寓。 注注意意: 此此时时主主句句的的主主语语必必须须与与不不定定式式的的逻逻辑辑主主语语一一致致,否否则则不不能能改改成成省省略略式式定定语从句。例如语从句。例如: Stock is a capital with which factories or companies can develop themselves. 股票是工厂或者公司用来谋求自身发展的一种本钱。股票是工厂或者公司用来谋求自身发展的一种本钱。 这里不能改成省略式定语从句这里不能改成省略式定语从句,因为主句和从句的主语不同因为主句和从句的主语不同。18 E
26、xercise1.The museum _ we are going to visit is far form our school. Awhere Bthat Cit DAs2. The buses, _were already full, were surrounded by passengers. A most of them B most of which C which most Dthat most3. _everybody knows, China has the largest population in the world. AWhich BThat C As DThe th
27、ing4. Everything _ can be done should be done. Awhich Bthat Call DThat5. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. Athat Bwho Cfrom whom Dto whom 196 6. The man will never forget the days _ he spent with Lenin. Awhen Bon which Con that D. that7. The only thing, _ I a
28、m not sure is the idiom. Afor which Bof which Cthat DWhich8. The reason _ he didnt come was _ he was injured. Athat , because Bwhy, that Cwhy, because Dthat , that9. You may take anything useful _ . Awhich you want Byou want them Cwhat you want Dyou want10. John got beaten in the game, _ had been ex
29、pected. Awho Bwhat Cthat Das2011. The day of last year _ we got to know each other led to our marriage later. A. When B. that C. where D. as12. It was at the bottom of the valley _ those children happened to discover the smuggled cultural relics. A. where B. that C. which D. who13. Firms that use co
30、mputers have found that the number of staff _is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. A. whose B. as C. what D. that14. She remembered several occasions in the past _she had experienced a similar feeling. A. which B. before C. that D. when15. The physicist has made a discovery, _of great importance to the progress of science and technology. A. I think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. I think that is21 Thank you22
