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1、英语复合句 句子的种类根据作用分A 陈述句：肯定陈述句，否定陈述句B 疑问句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 选择疑问句 反意疑问句 C 祈使句D 感叹句 what感叹句 How感叹句根据结构分简单句并列句复合句 状语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 定语从句 状语从句 同位语从句 简单的基本句型主语+连系动词+表语Our classroom is big and brightI am a student2 主语+不及物动词（谓语）I can swim3 主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语Tom wrote an article4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He showed his father his n
2、ew shoes主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足We should keep our classroom clean and 6 there be +主语+状语There is a book on the desk 句子的成分基本的成分主语：动作的施出者，表示所说的是谁是什么The bird can fly He is my sister谓语：表示主语的动作或状态（动词）We worked togetherThey sang and ate at the party句子可能具有的成分直接宾语：表示动作的承受者（名词，人名，代词）He makes a fly。They clean the room
3、s。We build a bridge间接宾语：表示动作是针对谁作的，不是动作的承受者Pass me the salt, please Hell lend me good books to readThey helped me with my study。 She told me a story句中的me都是间接宾语宾语补足语；为表示意思的完整，仅有宾语远不够，还需有补足语加于补充The teacher encouraged students to express his ideaThe teacher proved himself worthy confidence表语：表示主语的特征或性质
4、或表示主语是+（名词）It is warm and brightThe flowers are red定语：用来修饰或限定名词，表示其特征特性或其它情况He has a beautiful girl friendYour question is a difficult one状语：表示动作，行为或事件发生的时间，地点，目的。方式，程度，因果等，The book is rather interestingI have lived here for a long timeThey arrived at hospital yesterdayShe comes here by train 并列句1.并
5、列关系并列句连词有：and, not onlybut also, neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but, yet, however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or., eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for, so, therefore例句并列关系：I hope him and he help me转折关系：He tried open the door, but he couldnt 选择关系：Either you are foolish or he is因果关系：the students are on holidays, therefore you can see
6、them today。 复合句 定语从句 同位语从句复合句： 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 状语从句定语从句定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that. Which, who, whom, whose等关系副词有：when , where , whyThe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词 (定语)The village where I was born has grown in
7、to a town(先行词) 关系代词 (定语)that 关系代词与先行词的关系限制性定语从句 先行词 关系代词主语 关系代词宾语 关系代词所有格代替人 who/that which/that whom/that which/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of which 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人和物 非限制性定语从句代替人和物代替前一句话which whichwhosewhich关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in, 时间状语 during / which地点名词 where=in, at/wh
8、ich 地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一 定要担任成分） 1.关系代词引导的定语从句John is the girl who/that was injured in the accident （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）He found the watch which/that he had lost （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）The
9、house which/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中作主语）Is there anyone whose name is wangli? 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作主语）The building whose roof we can see form here is （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that
10、连接）There is not an easy question that you think it to be （ 先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）注意的问题One of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those women, who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the
11、 theatre在口语中，在定语从句中起宾语作用的关系代词省去Have you found the book (that) you want?当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that) I got a lot of useful information 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by a famous scientist（关系代词（关系代词whichwhich在从句中作介词在从句中作介词fromfrom的宾语）的宾语）Tom is the boy with whom (不用不用that)
12、 you were talk a moment ago 先行词 介词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去 上两句可改为：1The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist2Tom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago当先行词是当先行词是all, everything, something, nothing, 或被或被firs
13、t, last, only, few, much, some, only, no以及形容词最高级修饰时，只用以及形容词最高级修饰时，只用that不用不用whichI am interested in all that you have told meHe asked for the best book that there was on math当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用thatthat引导引导We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited （
14、先行词） （关系代词)（ 关系代词在从句中作宾语） 关系副词在定语从句中的应用关系副词在定语从句中的应用1. I shall never forget the day when (on which) new china was founded 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2. He came at a time when (at which) we were in need of help 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3. The school where (in which )I work is not far from here 先行词 关系代词
15、（ 关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4. Is this the place where (at which )that traffic accident happened? 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.He didnt give the reason why (for which) he was absent yesterday. （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.The reason why (for which )he missed the bus was that he got up late 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语注意
16、：注意：在口语或非正式场合在口语或非正式场合,that可代替可代替介词介词+which结构或相当的关系结构或相当的关系副词副词1.All the years that (for which/when) I was at school, was there never discussion about careers. （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2.The reason that (why=for which) you were absent in excuse （先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）3.The direction that (in
17、 which) the car is driving can be changed （先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语）4.I dont like the way that (in which) he talks（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语）有些固定的介词有些固定的介词+which结构无相应关系副词，要根据先行词选用适当的介词结构无相应关系副词，要根据先行词选用适当的介词5.The speed at which the spaceship flies is very fast（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担状语）6.Wattles an
18、d kilometers are the units in which electric power is measured（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语） 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词非限制性定语从句由关系代词which, who ,whose, where, when引出引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词词that不能引起非限制性定语从句不能引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词名词、代词+of+ which+ whom引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系Ther
19、e are many forms of energy, each of which is useful for us非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开He missed the train ,which annoyed him very much（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）The sun heats the earth ,which makes it possible for plants to grow （先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词注：关系代词which
20、有时可以用来指代主句的一部分有时可以用来指代主句的一部分Tom can write a letter in Chinese , which Mary can not （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 种类 意义 形式 功能 译法 关系代副词限制性限制性 起限制性起限制性 紧接紧接先行先行 修饰修饰 常译为常译为 关系代词有时关系代词有时定语从定语从 作用若省去，词后，作用若省去，词后， 先行词先行词 先行词的先行词的 可用可用that代替代替句句 原句意义不原句意义不 无逗号无逗号 定语定语 有
21、时也可省去有时也可省去 完整。完整。 非限制 起补充 有逗号 可修饰 常译为 不可用that代替 性定语 说明作用 与主句 先行词 “另一 ” 也不可省去从句 若省去原 隔开 也可修饰 并列分句 句意义不 整个主句 受影响试比较：试比较：July is the month when we have a lot of rain （先行词（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担状语）关系代词在从句中担状语）The meeting will be put off till next month ,when we will have made all the preparations
22、（先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担状语）I want to buy the house which(=that) has a garden (先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担主语）I want to buy the house, which(不等于不等于that) has a garden（先行词）（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担主语）关系代词在从句中担主语）注：在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中 担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词1.This is the place where I spent my childho
23、od （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担地点状语）关系代词在从句中担地点状语）2.This is the place, which I visited last summer （先行词）（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担宾语）关系代词在从句中担宾语）3.The reason which he gave was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担宾语）关系代词在从句中担宾语）4.The reason why he did that was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词
24、）（先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）关系代词在从句中担原因状语） As 的用法的用法as引导定语从句：引导引导定语从句：引导 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句 引导非引导非限限定制性定语从句定制性定语从句As 限定性定语从句As引导限定性定语从句,主要用在suchas和和the sameas的结构中可代替先行词是人或物的名词，在可代替先行词是人或物的名词，在the sameas结构中结构中as也可用that代替Lets discuss only such questions as concern us(as:作主语)译：让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题吧No one will be
25、lieve such stories as he told (as作宾语) I have never seen such kind of people as they are (as作表语)This is the watch as (或that) I have lost (as作宾语)注：有时the same .as结构中，as也可用作关系副词 He works in the same shop as (that) I do (as作地点状语) 引导非限定性定语从句As引导的非限定性定语从句,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,其位置较灵活，可位于主句前，主句中，主句后，通常由逗号与其主句隔开He i
26、s an Englishman, as (=which) I know from his accent(as代替主句，在主句中作宾语)As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner(as代替主句，在从句中作主语)As引导时间状语从句， 意为“当。时”As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster(he was可省略,用法用when ,as, when, if引导的时间状语从句，条件状语从句，若其逻辑主语与主句主语相同，可省略)He sa
27、ng as he workedAs引导的方式状语从句， 意为“像.一样”We must do as the teacher told usAs 引导原因状语从句， 意为“由于”As you are tired , you had better restAs引导的让步状语从句，意为“虽然”“尽管”Child as he is ,he can do it well=Although/though he is a child ,he can do it wellSmall as it was, the army had great fighting capacity=Though/although
28、it was small, the army had great fighting capacityHard as (though) he studied ,he didnt pass the examination =Though/although he studied hard ,he didnt pass the examination 同位语从句同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句 的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有： fact, idea, news, hope, evidence, suggestion, order,
29、problemThe doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancerThe discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 whether, when, where, how, what, why引出They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the workI have no
30、 idea when he will return有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开而是被其它词隔开An idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 发生 ，出现They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming 定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分， 定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。The idea that one can do th
31、e work without thinking is wrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当任何成分)The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语) 主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why what how which whose whether等，等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式式What I said is impo
32、rtant to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知，光是以直线运行众所周知，光是以直线
33、运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布注注：A.当what引导的主语从句表示“东西”时。不用it作形式语What he wants is a bookB 如果带主语从句的句子是疑问句，则必须用it作形式主语的结构Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task谁将被派出执行这个任务决定了吗？
34、谁将被派出执行这个任务决定了吗？C it作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法，作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法， 通常有通常有4种情况种情况 1.It is +名词+从句 2.It is a fact that. 事实是事实是. 3.It is a good news that., 是个好消息是个好消息 4.It is a question that. 是个问题是个问题 5.It is common knowledge that .是个常识是个常识1.It is +形容词形容词+从句从句2.It is necessary that有必要有必要3.It is clear th
35、at. 很清楚很清楚4.It is (un) likely that 很可能很可能5.It is important that主要的是主要的是.1.It is +过去分词过去分词+从句从句2.It is said that据说据说.3.It is reported that 据报道据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出必须指出It +不及物动词不及物动词+从句从句It seems that.好像是好像是.It happened that.碰巧碰巧It follows that . 结果是结果是
36、. 强调句强调句强调谓语动词时强调谓语动词时,可在谓语动词前加可在谓语动词前加do, does, did, I do believe that he will attend the meetingHe did work hard yesterday强调句中强调谓语以外的是成分时强调句中强调谓语以外的是成分时,采用强调句型：采用强调句型：It is (was)+强调部分强调部分+that/who/whom说明：无论强调什么部分说明：无论强调什么部分,都要求用连接词都要求用连接词that 被强调部分是人被强调部分是人,也可用也可用who 当被强调部分是状语当被强调部分是状语,只能用只能用that,
37、 不用不用when, where, how等等例：例： John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday1.It was John that (who) bought a toy plane for his son yesterday (强调主语强调主语)2.It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday (强调宾语强调宾语)3.It was for his son that John brought a toy plane yesterday (强调目的状语强调目的状语)4.It w
38、as yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son (强调时间状语强调时间状语)强调表示时间的名词或时间状语时，还可用：强调表示时间的名词或时间状语时，还可用：1.It was not until that直到直到.才才.2.It was not until he got on the train that he realized he had lost his ticket表语从句表语从句表语从句的结构：主语表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词连系动词+表语从句表语从句常用的连系动词有常用的连系动词有:be, seen, remain, lo
39、ok等等My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行The question remains whether we should accept their invitation问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请It looks that (as if) it is going to rain看起来天要下雨看起来天要下雨 where why how引导的从句作this is或that is的表语时， 它们通常不含有疑问意义,而
40、是分别表示具体的地点， 原因.方式.翻译That is why we called off the meeting这就是我们取消会议的原因This is how we did it我们就用这种方式做的注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用becauseThe reason (why) he was late was that he missed the bus 宾语从句充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语， 介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语一.作动词宾语Everybody knows that goods takes up the room(由连词引导)He wonde
41、red how the building were built(由连接副词引导)常跟连接词that引导的宾语从句的动词有：Admit agree answer believe command complain confess Decide demand deny doubt dream expect explain feel hearHope imagine intend insist know mean notice prefer order Propose reply report request require say see suggest suppose think urge (激励
42、) wish understand常跟疑问代词who whom疑问副词when where why how whether if 引导宾语从句的动词有：Advise ask discover discuss doubt find out imagine inquire(询问询问) know question show tell understand wonderA. tell/inform/remind/show/teach+间接宾语+宾语从句”结构 He told me where he lived B. advise/ask/ assure/promise/question/warn等+间
43、接宾语+ 宾语从句+结构中，间接宾语可省略 I promised (him) that I would give him more help 我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助作介词宾语:This depends on how hard you work这取决于你的工作的如何努力Is there anything wrong in what I said?A. that引导的宾语从句只限做介词in except but beside 的宾语从句Men different from brutes in that they can speak and think人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想The
44、meal was very good except that the fish was a bit too salty除了鱼有点咸，这顿是、很好的I would have helped you but that I was so busy then若不是工作忙，我本来时帮助你的B “介词+it+ that“结构You may depend on it that they will support you你放心,他们会支持你的Ill see to it that everything is ready in time我将负责按时做好一切准备C 动词+it+ that 结构I take it th
45、at they will succeed我想他们会成功的The newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt据报道那家公司几乎破产D be+形容词+that 结构类似形容词有:sure certain afraid confident等They are confident that they can do the job I am not certain whether (if) the train will arrive on time我没有把握火车是否转时达到特别说明：特别说明：使用形式宾语it的问题如果宾语从句后跟有宾语从句，要用形式宾语
46、it来代替。再将从句放到补语的后面去He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed他说的很清楚,这个会议将不推迟I heard it said that this factory was founded in1901我听说这家工厂是1901年创建的宾语从句否定意义的转移在think believe suppose expect等动词后跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语动词是否定的一般要将否定词not转移到主句谓语动词上而将从句变为肯定形式I dont think he has time to play chess with you
47、我没想到他有时间和你下棋I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet我认为现在还未到（交通）高峰时间宾语从句的替代；在hope believe imagine suppose guess think等动词以及Im afraid 等,表达法后用so代替一个宾语从句，指代上文提到的一件事Do you think we will have good weather?I hope so上述动词否定形式（hope除外）如：I dont believe 或I believe not Hope只用I hop not/ I am afraid not上述动词的肯定式。如:I h
48、ope so宾语从句的时态呼应: 宾语从句的时态是在主句的时态其础上向前推进一个时态. 如:主句为过去时,从句要用过去完成时,若从句表示的客观真理或自然观念,其谓语时态仍用一般现在时.He said that he had left his umbrella in the library. 他说把伞忘在图书馆里了.The teacher told the students that the pacific ocean is the largest Ocean in the world.老师告诉学生,太平洋是世界上最大的海洋.插入疑问句.练习，就划线部分提问，再理解1.I think that
49、John will arrive at 5 oclock When do you think John will arrive?2.They said that they had cleaned the classroom What did they say they had done?3.we believe that prefer will be given the prize Who do you believe will be given the prize?4.They expected that the teacher would criticize prefer Whom did
50、 they expect the teacher would criticize? 定语从句知识点总结:Which, that引导定语从句在定语从句中,which/that在指代事物时可互换,但在下列情况下不可互换,只用which不用thatA 关系代词前有介词时 如: This is the room in which we lived last yearB 引导非限制性定语从句 Johns dog, which was now very old, because ill and diedC 表示继续关系的非限制性定语从句中 （这种定语从句的先行词不是一个词，通常是整个句子， 定语从句与所修
51、饰的整个句子用逗号开如：Mr. Smith nodded several times and smiled, which rather surprised meHe saw the girl every day, which was very naturalMany has made rapid progress in her studies, which is known to us allD 当先行词后面有插入语时如：Here is the English grammar book which as I have told you, will help improve your Engli
52、sh只用that不用whichA.先行词为all much little everything anything nothing none the one 等先行词 如:Is there anything that I can do for you? Thats all that I knowB.先行词前有only any few little no all one of等修饰语时 如: You can take any seat that is free There is a little time that we can spare但 I was the only person in my
53、 office who was invited 这句中用who不用that.若用that有可能理解为office的定语从句 改用who, 必然理解为person的定语从句 先行词是序数词，或先行词受序数词修饰时如:This is the first composition that I have written in EnglishD.先行词是最高级形容词或先行词受最高级形容词修饰时如:This is the best film that has been shown this yearE.先行词为联系动词be后面的表语时如:Its a book that will help you a lo
54、tF.主句以there be开头时如:There is a seat in the corner that is still free 先行词是数词如:Yesterday I caught two fish, now you can see the two fish that are still alive in a basin of waterH.先行词受same修饰时如：she is wearing the same dress that(=as) she wore at the meetingI have the same opinion that(=as) you have I.先行词
55、同时含有人和物时如：Later we visited the school and the teacher that I had visited last year.先行词为all anyone one ones指人时多用who不用thatAll who heard the news were amazedAnyone who refused to bow was thrown into prison凡拒绝鞠躬的人都被关进监狱One who doesnt work hard will never be happy在以there be开头的句子中多用who不用thatThere is a str
56、anger who wants to see you在非限制性定语从句中,需用who如:Abraham Lincoln, who was murdered at a theatre in washing D.C, died on April 15,1865在被分隔的的定语从句中需用whoA new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中的一个从句的关系代词是who另一个是thatThe student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor t
57、hat is very modesty(谦虚) and studies very hard若先行词接两个以上的并列的定语从句后一个定语从句须重复前一个关系代词，以免产生误解如:There is a teacher who present the material in the most interesting way and who enjoys what he teaches只用that不用who若先行词前有序数词，形容词最高级the last, same 或only修饰时，多用that, 如：The first person that I visited there was Mr. Gre
58、en He is the last man that I want to see He is the finest work mate that I have ever worked with She is the same teacher that was praised the other day She is the only person that understands me当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that,以免与先行词重复如：Who that has common sense will do such a thing? 凡是有常识的人会做出这种事
59、来吗？ Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 我们当中懂得一些物理的人谁不知这个呢？ Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在大门口的那个人是谁？若先行词兼人或物时须用that如：He talked about the teacher and schools that he had visited若关系代词在从句中作表语须用that如:He is not the man that he used to beWhose, of who
60、m, of which的区别Whose可指人也可指物Of whom只指人Of which只指物如：This is the boy whose house caught fire last week (whose指人) The table whose legs were broken has been repaired (whose指物) I want to talk to the students the homework of whom hasnt been handed in (of whom指人)That is our room ,the windows of which face th
61、e south (of which指物)whose 能和of whom, of which互换，但whose须放在无定冠词the的名词前，of whom和of which常放在有定冠词the的名词后，如: wei Fang is the girl whose handwriting(=the handwriting of whom) is the best in our classchina,whose area(=the area of which) is about9,600,km2,lies in east of Asia注：有时of whom和of which 也可放在有定的、冠词th
62、e的名词前The mountain in the top of which is covered with snowThe mountain in which the top is covered with snow从句的主语是表示部分与整体的关系的代词some, many, few, most, much , little等时不能用whoseAll those present at the meeting were advanced workers ,most of whom were party membersProfessor Li is looking through his stud
63、ents papers ,some of which are written in English.He is given as a lot of information little of which is valuable从句的主语是表示同位关系的代词：all, both, each, none, neither,等时，不能用whoseI have two sons ,both of whom are university studentsShe told us many stories ,none of which was interesting从句的主语是数词时,不能用whoseThe
64、re are fifty students in our class ,twenty of whom are girlsThe Young pioneers have planted many trees, and third of which are pine trees(松树)在从句中作表语的定语时,不能用whose如：look, there come the heroes, of whom YangLin is one The stories about Long March, of which this one example, are well writtenNo one与none的
65、区别no one用来指人,含有not even one(连一个也没有)之意，其后不能接of短语，当它用作主语时，谓语动词用单数如：No one knows what they fought about No one likes a person with bad mannersnone不仅指人也指物，其后接of短语，构成“of+名词、代词”结构，单名词是复数时，谓语动词用单复数均可如：“Im sorry” he said to the class, “but none of you watched carefully enough” None of them has/have seen him
66、none还可用于物质名词或抽象概念，表示“一点也不”之意。比如have one of ,not allow “不允许“ , not accept(不接受)如:He knew about the order ,and he knew why the soldiers were there ,but he would have none of it他知道这道命令,也知道士兵为什么站在那里,但他根本不理这一套Mary wanted to go there alone ,but her parents would have none of it说明：此短语中have的意思是“容许， 接受“别人的行为造
67、成的结果在简略答语中no one用来回答who的问句，而none则用来回答hoe many/ how much引起的问句，不可混用如：1.who are you speaking to? No one 2.How many students are there in the classroom? None nobody, nothing, none的用法区别:none可与由of连接的人或物组成短语，这时不能用nobody和nothing替换如:None of us went to the concert last night None of workers can have children不
68、涉及确指的人或物时,不能有none要用nobody或nothing如:He looked round ,but could see nobody He listened, but could hear nothingnone可以指代前面提到的人或物，nobody和nothing没有这种作用， 如:He has a brother ,but I have none I have two English-Chinese dictionaries, but she has none none用来回答 “how many ”和“how much”的问题,而nobody和nothing则分别用来回答“w
69、ho.”和 “what.”的问题如：1 -How many students in your class went to the park? -None 2.-Whom did you see enter the lovely house? -Nobody 3.-Whats on the table? -Nothingnone用来回答“any+名词”构成的一般疑问句而nobody和nothing分别用来回答由anybody和anything构成的一般疑问句1.-Are there any other people in the room? -No, there are none2.-Is th
70、ere any coal left there? -No ,none at all3. -Is there anybody in the room? -No ,nobody there4. -Do you have anything else to say for yourself? -No ,nothing elsenobody but.表示单一概念,谓语动词用单数，而none but.指人时谓语动词常用复数形式如：Nobody but he is often late for school除了他以外,没有人上学迟到None but fools have ever believed it除了
71、傻瓜外，没有一个人相信这一点指物时，none but指代前面的同一事物，而nothing but泛指but之后的事物以外是任何事物如：There are a lot of apples, and he choose none but the best有很多苹果，他只挑了最好的苹果There are different kinds of fruit, but he chose noting but an apple有很多不同种类的水果,但他只选中一个苹果If whether用法的区别引导主语从句,表语从句或同位语从句,用whether而不用if如:Whether it is fruit rema
72、ins a problem The question is whether he will speak at meeting I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan 我决定不了是否同意该项计划我决定不了是否同意该项计划引导动词的宾语从句时,即可用whether也可用if, whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句.If引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可是否定如:Could you tell us whether/if it rains in winter in Australia? I dont care if it doesnt rain
73、(此句只能用if)3一般地说,用whether引导宾语从句正反两个方面选择意义用if引导 宾语从句强调说话者希望得到正面意义或肯定回答 I asked the teacher if I could go I asked the teacher whether I should go注:引导的discuss的宾语从句,用whether不用if如： We discussed whether Mary could join us 引导宾语从句的whether ,if常可与or not连用.连用时注意or not的位置， 它一般与whether, if分开使用,可合起来使用,但不能与if合起来使用如：
74、 I dont know whether or not they will come而不能说 I dont know if or not they will come5.当whether引导的从句作介词的宾语或置于句首,表示强调时 不能用if替换Whether可与不定式连用，if不可以如:Everything depends on whether we have enough moneyI wonder whether to go whether he will come ,I am not sure注:二者还可以引导状语从句,if引导状语从句表示条件,译为“ 如果”whether引导的状语从
75、句表示让步,译为“不管,无论”如：If we start at six, well be there in time whether you go or not, I will不管你去不去，我都去Whether及if均可与or搭配,构成“whetheror”与“ifor”译为 或或是还是He asked me if/whether I was going out or staying at homeif. not是if的引导的状语从句,省略形式If (you did) not (go back where you came from) well get you some day如果(你)不(滚
76、回老家去)的话,将来某一天我会收拾你的 If only, only if的用法1 .only of 只要引导用陈述语气的真实条件句如:Only if you study hard, you will pass the test2 .If only “但愿要是就好”常引导虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句If only we had arrived in time, we would not have missed the train要是我们按时到，就不会误车If only I were younger!要是我年轻点就好了说明:If only有时引导的陈述语气的真实条件句,意思为“只要”If only it clears up, well go只要天一放晴，我们就出去
