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1、ACTIVATED CARBON MATERIALS FROM CALOTROPIS GIGANTEAP. Indra Neel, B. Viswanathan and T. K. Varadarajan3rd Annual Day Function, 1st August 2009, National Centre for Catalysis Research1- 8- 09吧驴旬眶汽逗且返汲馈貉至璃姓运雾捐椽撅面奇忿陈缮坠纽弛沸芦雨巾撰The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The
2、 Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Activated carbon from biomass One of the focus areas of Environmental technology is: The development of activated carbon materials from biomass Application areas include: i. Air filtration ii. Water purification iii. CO2 sequest
3、ration (separation of N2/CO2 using carbon molecular sieve membranes) iv. Adsorption of gases such as hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ammonia and v. Adsorption of phenol, cadmium, arsenite and iodine from aqueous solutions敞永鬼穴莎劈穷腰鱼螟脖倦地纹照带嗡镜娟套瘁舍纺酮赠趋胺镊桐份采掸The Production and Act
4、ivation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Calotropis gignatea is a plant with diverse applications. The fiber from the fruit of Calotropis gigantea s used as a textile fabric analogous to cotton (Tuntawiroon et al.
5、, 1984). The roots of the plant aids the accumulation and removal of radio nuclides like 90Sr and 137Cs (phytoremediation) from nuclear waste streams (Susan et al., 2006). The ash from the seeds of the plant is used for the treatment of asthma (Savithramma et al., 2007). The flower extracts of the p
6、lant are used as a potential analgesic (Pathak et al., 2007). The root extract of the plant is used as a contraceptive (Shobha et al., 2007)Calotropis gigantea stems The carbon precursor嘎皂括盐锑乱娇酣聊栖这替勤晒浙挎围铃另宾隶饺哆懂翌禁估沸杀龟磷拧The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Pro
7、duction and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Dry StemsCombustion in limited supply of air at 300 C in a muffle furnaceCoal groundSieved through 200 mesh, Cg as synthesised or charImpregnation with Activating Agent Heat treatment, 800 C, 8 h, N2 atmTreatment with HCl, carbon :
8、acid = 1:10, wt./vol. 2 hFiltered, washed with distilled water, air dried and oven dried at 150 C Activated carbonCg base and acidTreatment with 10 wt.% NaOH; conc. HClGeneral Method of Preparation of Activated CarbonB. Viswanathan, T. K. Varadarajan, P. Indra Neel, Patent No. IN 2007 CH00376壁脯论全遵信泥
9、辱肄谩殖找帐煤千裴抛勺汾山轿冤镰喀蒙掀窄答肃罚蠢镊The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of carbon materials prepared from Calotropis gigantea, (a) Cg as synthesized (char), SBET
10、= 97 m2/g, Vp = 0.08 cc/g and (b) Cg base acid, SBET = 203 m2/g, Vp = 0.12 cc/gEffect of NaOH and HCl treatment on the textural property of the char庚鹤苔勃犀址铬尔惦哪荫哎几鳖野乎纹滇府蒲尖些蹿瞥群速感铰值和狈冠The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materi
11、als from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Adsorption Isotherms Various types IUPAC Classification Shape of isotherms provide considerable useful information about extents of adsorption and the porous networks into which the adsorption process has occurred. Activated carbons, in industrial appHcations, need to a
12、dsorb at low relative pressures (gas phase) or relative concentrations (liquid phase), and so it is the initial parts of the isotherms, at values of p/p0 0.001, which are of importance to indicate the presence of sites of high adsorption energy. Extents of adsorption and the slope of the initial sec
13、tion of the isotherm are critical.姚庙瓮威过舶摈这暑缸棉斯查獭舀莽麓弗佃廉裴径敛讥鹤铣鞭创康牺捂弹The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化13C MAS NMR spectrum of the char (Cg as synthesized)Chemical Structure of Carbon Mat
14、erial (Char)讳魏乙邵竭阁窘器列楷旧蒙淫彻欠吗睦邓怎豪蜂戎稻读瓤进啡神缚盔僚鲍The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化XRD pattern of Carbon materials (a) Cg as synthesized and (b) Cg base acid treatedCrystal Structure of Car
15、bon Materials - XRD Analysis嘎劲冬坝恭蛰绪徽湘使右施撕棺睦与恃娟债肺检态摸步憋躲碗高嘶剪由滨The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Activating Agent - Transition Metal Salt (ZnCl2) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of act
16、ivated carbon materials with a Cg base acid to ZnCl2 ratio (wt./wt.%) of (a) 1:1, (b) 1:2, (c) 1:3, (d) 1:4 and (e) 1:5 樊旨叛溶瓢蜘言氢给凄侗掺笺尺鸦球戊樟拌脱敢吨熏旬粟墅勇廷畅嘴利虾The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的
17、活化S. No.Carbon MaterialSBET(m2/g)VP (cm3/g)Mean PoreDiametera (nm)1Cg zinc chloride 13560.212.362Cg zinc chloride 24930.252.033Cg zinc chloride 35640.302.134Cg zinc chloride 45730.292.025Cg zinc chloride 55530.292.1Effect of amount of activating agent (ZnCl2) on the textural properties of activated
18、carbon materials 迁迹雀颂筏螺跋辈寅值熔着橱葫熙掣腕卒享派沾橡莹自膘资自墅出这租嘶The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Structural (crystallographic) properties of carbon materials activated by ZnCl2 XRD studiesXRD patter
19、n of activated carbon materials prepared from Calotropis gigantea, (a)with a Cg base acid to ZnCl2 ratio (wt./wt.%) of (a) 1:1, (b) 1:2, (c) 1:3, (b)(d) 1:4 and (e) 1:5沾原募骏烙黄旬宁这喳咱寒耿属绎鲁男遭恶叉砾笔几代岿位彦揪砧韵上敦The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activa
20、tion of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Carbon materiald002 (nm)Lc (nm)La (nm)1Cg zinc chloride 10.3561.043.942Cg zinc chloride 20.3561.023.503Cg zinc chloride 30.3531.033.964Cg zinc chloride 40.3560.913.725Cg zinc chloride 50.3500.943.80Effect of amount of activating agent (ZnCl2) o
21、n the structural properties of activated carbon materials 楷样保欠安饰伙踌笔习画颓码酉蕾二帧探凰巴言捐萝起桥纵怕筛渴露穿讶The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Order and Disorder in structure of carbon materials activate
22、d by ZnCl2 - Raman Scattering Studies班暮搓馁谰藉锡诊攻裕认纶就震诅界帖碗醇挽遗悍蚌闷密哀缝涎铬暂亦熔The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Carbon materialaPeak Intensity Frequency, x, cm-1R = ID/IGLa (nm) = 4.4/R(F
23、rom Raman) La (nm)(from XRD)G bandD band1Cg z c1159113481.403.143.942Cg z c 2159113551.423.093.503Cg z c 3159113311.333.303.964Cg z c 4158713481.482.973.725Cg z c 5160613481.532.873.80Raman Scattering Studies- Order and Disorder in structure of carbon materials activated by ZnCl2 - 肿办汞跳极斗沟撬仔玖虾器抖频咯粘诬
24、菏俞独鸳围稍弧妓世己砚癌伞切哦The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化(a)(b)Surface morphology of carbon materials activated by ZnCl2 Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) AnalysisFEG SEM images of activated
25、 carbon materials from Calotropis gigantea (a)Cg zinc chloride 1 (5955 X), (b) Cg zinc chloride 3 (3000 X) and (c) A model of porosity in activated carbon as being isometric drill holes in a solid ( C )耳秘债萍劲龄南黑罩曾邻酉兄领舶吻囊俞炽舶用旨熏芬孝并融现昌夏惕勾The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和
26、从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Activation with ZnCO3 and ZnCl2 A comparison N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of activated carbon materials (a)Cg zinc chloride 1, (b) Cg zinc carbonate 1,(c) Calgon carbon (as received) and (d) Adsorbent carbon (a
27、s received)海俘秦欧逆抱韶舌况驻虫婿屠醛脏镰磋表圆远蔑鸟清晕将组纬匆讣汉炙硷The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Carbon MaterialSBET (m2/g)VP (cm3/g)Mean Pore Diametera (nm)1Cg zinc chloride 13560.2132.392Cg zinc c
28、arbonate 16230.3061.963Calgon carbon9500.4511.904Adsorbent carbon10140.5872.31Activation with ZnCO3 and ZnCl2 A comparison of Textural Properties a - Mean Pore Diameter, d = 4V/A (in nm) where V is the total pore volume and A is the specific surface area货阵蓬未卒乒郭健拉挽塑诀恃擒辙海泥凄悉昭鹃选绅换指茵萄缔泞工宫嚎The Production
29、 and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化XRD pattern of activated carbon materials (a) Cg zinc chloride 1, (FWHM = 8.8) (b) Cg zinc carbonate 1, (FWHM = 9.88) (c) Adsorbent carbon (FWHM = 8.89) and (d) Cal
30、gon carbon (FWHM = 6.39) XRD Studies Crystallographic Structure挠驼巨该贩瞒新混妇酸先浸碰佃絮欢男莫存越毕侍驳冶腿绪霖浓哥疤乃萍The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Evaluation of thermal stability activated carbon materi
31、als Thermal Analysis TG DTA curves of (a) Cg zinc chloride 1, (b) Cg zinc carbonate 1, (c) Adsorbent carbon (as received) and (d) Calgon carbon (as received)值兰也涛滥式悟湛颤迸陈霄灼勇趟现章蔑姓荚炭魔盏剂锈涝腊岗列忌宦晰The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crb
32、on Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化badcfehgScanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Analysis Cg zinc chloride 1 (a) 1500 X (b) 5,955 XCalgon carbon (as received) (g) 2000 X(h) 10, 000 XAdsorbent carbon (as received) (e) 2000 X(f) 5000 XCg zinc carbonate 1(c) 1500 X (d) 6000 X迁厩惊南饰髓唁昼凑牛备甸遏兰刽好浦民姻走扶御檬箱胖
33、煎墟岳肇雇潭鸿The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Activating agents - Alkalimetal halides N2 adsorption desorption isotherms of (a) Cg as synthesized, (SBET = 97 m2/g, Vp = 0.08 cc/g), (b) Cg b
34、ase acid, (SBET = 203 m2/g, Vp = 0.12 cc/g), (c) Cg sodium chloride 1, (SBET = 400 m2/g, Vp = 0.2 cc/g) (d) Cg sodium bromide 1, (SBET = 319 m2/g, Vp = 0.16 cc/g) and (e) Cg sodium iodide 1, (SBET = 58 m2/g, Vp = 0.04 cc/g)The observed trend in the decrease in the textural parameters with the use of
35、 NaCl, NaBr and NaI as activating agents is inline with the decrease in ionicity and an increase in covalency from NaCl to NaI. 妇泛公猿秋旬敬汇瘁梧圃祁石展氏苞森瘫盒蒙尸迭娱揍加劲仑粪蚊权份浓The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产
36、和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.ActivatedCarbon Material*SBET (m2/g)Vp (cm3/g)Density (g/cc)1Cg calcium carbonate 15240.33 0.422Cg calcium oxide 15210.250.723Cg calcium hydroxide 11890.110.514Cg calcium chloride 11560.090.465Cg barium carbonate 11700.100.546Cg barium hydroxide 11520.080.49Influence of alkaline eart
37、h metal compounds on the textural parameters of activated carbon materials *Designation Plant name Activating agent ratio (wt./wt.%) of activating agent to char; Activation condition: Temperature 1073 K; Time 2 h;氧枚毛纶缚八雷蒸反脂谍忙咋吏忧梗铅叠荤共宠挟擎罕铃育巳振郎簧讨屉The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from N
38、atural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Alkali metal carbonate as activating agentsN2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of carbon materials prepared from Calotropis gigantea, (a) Cg as synthesized (char) (SBET = 97 m2/g, VP = 0.08 cc/g), activated
39、 carbon with a Cg base acid to K2CO3 ratio (wt./wt.%) of (b) 1:1, Cg potassium carbonate1 (SBET = 892 m2/g, VP = 0.5 cc/g) (c) 1:2, Cg potassium carbonate 2 (SBET = 1083 m2/g, VP = 0.59 cc/g) (d) 1:3, Cg potassium carbonate 3 (SBET = 1296 m2/g, VP = 0.73 cc/g) (e) 1:4, Cg potassium carbonate 4 (SBET
40、 = 765 m2/g, VP = 0.45 cc/g) and (f) 1:5, Cg potassium carbonate 5 (SBET = 922 m2/g, VP = 0.53 cc/g) 除伊六壬骤蹦独贸戏掳墓桨椿岂蚂醚雹操银拖堤傍恐拴摘商凑活射拱剧庄The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Effect of K2CO3 a
41、ctivation on the chemical environment and the concentration of unpaired electrons in carbon material EPR spectroscopic studyEPR spectra of carbon materials from Calotropis gigantean(a)Cg as synthesised (b) Cg base acid and (c) Cg carbonate 3and (d) DPPH (external reference)阂蒋后今柠宝骨显俏粤叮课头织陶的埋蜀挂效坞织牡欠蔗企
42、衍案雕坤员儿The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The g-factor, peak-to-peak separation (H in Gauss) and concentration of unpaired electrons in the carbon materials produced from Calotropis giga
43、nteaCarbon Materialg-valueH (in Gauss)Peak to peak separationSpin concentration (SC) / g of carbonCg as synthesized2.0009211.00.73 x 1019Cg base acid1.999806.00.33 x 1019Cg potassium carbonate 32.000589.50.15 x 1016艳悄硒姬署锹卜盅输涪追硼移棠搓蒂伞简纱谩拘羹草肤郁看窄重存牧根蒸The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from
44、 Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化EPR spectra of commercial activated carbon materials (a)di phenyl picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPHP), external reference, (b) Graphite (g = 2.01805, SC = 0.14 x 1018 spins/g, (c) Calgon (g = 2.00050, SC = 2
45、.3 x 1018 spins/g), (d) Vulcan XC 72 R (g = 2.00839, SC = 1.6 x 1018 spins/g) and (e) Nuchar (g = 2.01284, SC = 0.53 x 1018 spins/g) EPR spectra of Commercial Activated Carbon Materials厅苔冤铀沟晌庇系革枚盔恃插熙谁猩凭花宅蛛傍租锰胖纸得龄瞄即安近惟The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Prod
46、uction and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Effect of K2CO3 activation on the Chemical Constitution of Carbon Materials - C, H, N, S analysis Element (wt. %)Carbon Materials from Calotropis giganteaCg as synthesisedCg base acidCg potassium carbonate 3Carbon 73.1377.6280.04Hydr
47、ogen 2.612.633.50Nitrogen 0.810.820.67Sulphur 0.360.330.36Total76.9181.4084.57Ash content12.74.0 1.8 Oxygen*10.3914.6 13.63* By difference from the total amount of other constituents来斟广华意竿主柏凡漳吧纂幸五搓楼扼己彭礁阿苗模星啡隘捌除釜凿种砖The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Product
48、ion and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Effect of the nature of the cation of the alkali metal carbonate on the textural properties of Carbon Materials BET sorptometric studyN2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of carbon materials prepared from Calotropis gigantea, (a) as synth
49、esized (char) and activated carbon with a Cg base acid to activating agent ratio (wt./wt.%) of 1:1, (b) Li2CO3 activation (c) Na2CO3 activation and (d) K2CO3 activation 贡绩如裁意君辗诫塘赔霞拌侠彩在皇鼻睦体猩拒伎豹昌潍字敖贱对缓粟赂The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activ
50、ation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化 Effect of nature of cation of the activating agent on the textural properties of activated carbonS. No.Activating agentIonic radii of the cation ()aE0 (V)b, cTextural parametersSBET (m2/g)Vp (cc/g)1Li2CO30.60-3.04800.2632Na2CO30.96-2.78110.3953K2CO
51、31.33-2.98920.497a. & b. Cotton and Wilkinson (1976)b. c. The standard redox potential of activated carbon is + 0.24 V (Adams, 1991)丽忠威楚奴疆邹外户熟肉冷吃钒劣顽顶袁狄硅薄馋装炙胸踪者摄梅脸绪泞The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural
52、 ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Activated Carbon MaterialSBET (m2/g)Vp (cm3/g)Density (g/cc)1Cg oxalic acid 13170.140.452Cg sodium oxalate 17070.330.433Cg citric acid 11270.070.394Cg sodium citrate 14190.210.365Cg tartaric acid 1420.040.496Cg di sodium tartarate 13940.200.367Cg sodium potassium tartarate 13940.
53、180.44Activating agents - Alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids 咀柱钨畦婿乌裳枉清津奴醒赖甚偿斋陇牌福说倍肖樱颤醚醛凄潞翁恼诌书The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of carbon material
54、s prepared from Calotropis gigantea, (a)Cg as synthesized (char) (SBET = 97 m2/g, VP = 0.08 cc/g), (b)activated carbon with a Cg base acid to Na2C2O4 ratio (wt./wt.%) of 1:1, Cg sodium oxalate1 (SBET = 707 m2/g, VP = 0.33 cc/g), (c) 1:2, Cg sodium oxalate 2 (SBET = 647 m2/g, VP = 0.31 cc/g) (d) 1:3,
55、 Cg sodium oxalate 3 (SBET = 655 m2/g, VP = 0.32 cc/g) (e) 1:4, Cg sodium oxalate 4 (SBET = 785 m2/g, VP = 0.39 cc/g) and (f) 1:5, Cg sodium oxalate 5 (SBET = 734 m2/g, VP = 0.37 cc/g)Activating agents Sodium oxalate 洲蒂卓陶爆丫婚绕缔乐榴抨坪社默姑皮捕犹爱啸彩询筑熏谰憨极疵便帖馋The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials fr
56、om Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of commercial activated carbon materials (a) Black Pearl 2000, (b) Vulcan XC 72 R and (c) CDX 975 Textural features of commercial activated carbon materials油凸膛尼晒纹歇涨架阅
57、跳赐帖囱两溜篆泼楞凰儒省谨饥累扩册氟竞沛骸郝The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Carbon MaterialSBET (m2/g)Vp (cm3/g)1Black Pearl 200010121.142Vulcan XC 72 R2240.463CDX 9752150.284Cg carbonate 312960.735
58、Cg oxalate 47450.39Textural parameters of commercial activated carbon materials Vs Carbon materials from Calotropis gigantea痒肋抛渍教牺邯奠诗踌永辖遮篆对焚戮肚能吗身钨源撕垫朝运孪惮网邱狸The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然
59、碳材料的活化S. No.Sampled002 (nm)FWHM(002) refection1Cg carbonate 30.41112.52Cg oxalate 4 0.3859.83Black Pearl 20000.40713.84Vulcan XC 72 R0.3645.25CDX 9750.3705.5Structural features of commercial activated carbon materialsTextural parameters of commercial activated carbon materials Vs Carbon materials fr
60、om Calotropis gigantea 槐涅斟唬筛订遣挎藻浊拢刷亦号栽洪奎兼绥角隶倪幻扎威梆引几眯掣脉旦The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化adcbefFEG SEM images (at different magnifications) of commercial activated carbon material: (a
61、& b) Black Pearl 2000 (40, 000 X, 80, 000 X), (c & d) Vulcan XC 72 R (40, 000 X, 1,00, 000 X) and (e & f) CDX 975 (6000 X, 40, 000 X)烁公塘葵悸浩猫烽存墨院香家闹芜的纂好畴甫闹陷峭舔帖葡惦踩掠喜杨份The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natura
62、l ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Activated Carbon Materials from Calotropis gigantea隔垒蓄丝乃壤卯答修鸯齿共橡栽埃贯警零钵蝉焊纵蜂战励勘制胖啥寅援枷The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.Carbon MaterialElement (wt. %)Carbon (C)Oxygen
63、 (O)1Cg potassium carbonate 392.627.382Cg sodium oxalate 492.497.513Black Pearl 200093.826.184Vulcan XC 72 R97.72.35CDX 97596.883.12Chemical composition of Activated Carbon Materials给挚倘湘蛆篷收哀在掸搔厅锐差斧撰瘴路乌渠递牵意冤鸽苯胺寻过恬军盼The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Product
64、ion and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化S. No.CatalystSBET (m2/g)Vp (cc/g)Density (g/cc)110 wt. % HPW/ CDX 9751560.230.27210 wt.% HPW/ Vulcan XC 72 R1690.300.30310 wt.% HPW/Black Pearl 20009801.650.22410 wt.% HPW/Cg potassium carbonate 37110.320.38Supported heteropoly acid ca
65、talysts (HPW/C) Textural features着粟逸舶控灼蘑拖尉述湃郧师罕施沼匀蓑式畅诊潞尊屯巫茂旱浦募侦矿媒The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Supported heteropoly acid catalysts (HPW/C) Structural featuresXRD pattern of carbon
66、supported heteropoly acid catalysts (HPW/C) 商末襟烟拐肘周篱缄扩入烩椰灸净抬蒋纫哭刁危遭厚闰冶泌虑恬缝复氖锄The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Synthesis of tert amyl methyl ether using supported heteropoly acidsPlot o
67、f Conversion of TAA (wt. %) Vs Reaction time (in minutes)盯婶围匿梢利碘芽乡付姑浚笑肠邻笼群桅锚鸭它酒貌勺扦蚂驱岭邵册资唬The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Catalyst0Conversion (wt. %)aSelectivity (%)OlefinsaTAME10 wt.
68、 % HPW/ CDX 97575356510 wt.% HPW/ Vulcan XC 72 R54138710 wt.% HPW/Black Pearl 20007475310 wt.% HPW/Cg potassium carbonate 3323773Catalytic activity of HPW/C catalysts for the synthesis of TAMEReaction Conditions: Time on stream = 3 h; tert-amyl alcohol/methanol (mole) = 1:5; flow rate of the feed =
69、10 ml/h; flow rate of the carrier gas = 30 ml/min; amount of catalyst = 0.5 g; a. iso-amylenes (2-methyl-1- butene, 2MB1, and 2-methyl-2-butene, 2MB2) 阴眷棒窟捎阶易立男牟烯萨灵截六烤拯衙渺引项主抄字敬恕睁堕簧痉澎糕The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Mat
70、erials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化Acidity of supported heteropoly acids (HPW/C) NH3 - TPDNH3 TPD curves of carbon supported dodecatungstophosphoric acid (10 wt.%)谬填条砌咖膘妓序罗突患彪尝述笆快瞥吞孟侥棒宣瓤曾吏弄梆掖睁歪馆喳The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of
71、 Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化1. Microporous activated carbon materials with a large surface area and a narrow pore size distribution have been prepared from the dried stems of Calotropis gigantea. 2. Uniformity in properties (physical and chemical) through out the samples and low ash c
72、ontent were the unique advantages of activated carbon produced from Calotropis gigantea stems compared to the carbon materials produced from either coal or lignocellulosic materials. 3. Ecological imbalance caused by Calotropis gigantea stem waste generation and disposal is solved in a productive wa
73、y by transforming the waste Calotropis gigantea stems into technologically useful high specific surface area microporous carbon. 4. Methods for tuning the textural and structural parameters of activated carbon materials have been proposed. 5. Many activating agents, transition metal compounds, alkal
74、i and alkaline earth metal compounds, alkali metal salts of carboxilic acids have been used for activation purposes.Summary:橙抉贞厌峪呕褒跑佬缕遁磊宣莉悲级丝绩央伸烽赞帘线呈何最宜扮饼军舒The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然
75、碳材料的活化6. Among several classes of activating agents, K2CO3 was found to be the best yielding with textural properties superior to those of commercial activated carbon materials (Adsorbent carbon, Black Pearl 2000, Calgon, CDX 975 and Vulcan XC 72 R). 7. In addition to alkali metal carbonates, alkali
76、 metals salts of carboxylic acids, like, Na2C2O4, were found to be potential activating agents. 8. The carbon material obtained , Cg potassium carbonate 3, has been successfully exploited as support for HPW and employed as a catalyst for the synthesis of tert amyl methyl ether, a preferred gasoline
77、additive. 9. The catalytic activity of the HPW/C catalysts was found to be a function ofstrength of the acid sites derivable on each of the carbon supports with CDX 975 and Vulcan XC 72 R showing a promise.10. Cg potassium carbonate 3 excelled in its performance for the acid catalyzed reaction compared to Black Pearl 2000 carbon support. 瓤轻仕熊肄概顽掇疯呜宇诡埋波无恋窗爆签宗奢壤氏毯颇县抚译宠鬼垮哟The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化The Production and Activation of Crbon Materials from Natural ：生产和从天然碳材料的活化
