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1、Narration and Description2021/8/221Part I. NarrationlConcept and Basic StructurelFive Aspects of NarrationlHow to Write a NarrationlNarration in CET62021/8/222. Concept and Basic Structure1. 记叙文又称记事文或叙述文，是按照时间顺序叙述人物的经历和事情的产生、发展和变化过程的文章。记叙文主要的叙事方式有顺叙、倒叙、插叙和夹叙夹议。2. 顺叙（in sequence of time）通常是按事情发生的先后顺序
2、进行叙述；倒叙(flashback)把结局提到前面叙述，然后再按时间的顺序进行叙述；插叙(narration interspersed with flashbacks)是在叙述过程中，由于某种需要，暂时把叙述的线索中断，插入与之相关的另外一件事；夹叙夹议(narration interspersed with comments)是一面叙述事情，一面对这种事情加以分析或评论。2021/8/223a. 交代清楚与事件有关的六要素：人物、时间、地点和事情的起因、经过、结尾（who/when/where/why/what/how）b. 选取恰当的叙事角度。在记叙某件事情时，即可采用第一人称，也可采用第
3、三人称。第一人称可以使记叙显得逼真，让读者有一种身临其境的感觉，也便于表达作者的思想感情，这种形式常用在写自传、本人经历或记叙耳闻目睹的事件；第三人称可不受时间、空间的限制，可以更加客观地反映内容，常用在对重大事件的客观报导以及记叙他人的经历或事迹。c. 合理使用文章发展的方法，将事件有逻辑地组织起来。一般来说按开端、发展、高潮、结尾的顺序进行的。常用的表达时间顺序的词和短语有：first, second, third, after that, next, meanwhile, while, afterward, later, whenever, finally, from then on,
4、soon after, during等。3. 一篇好的记叙文必须具备以下几点要求：2021/8/224 We planned a surprise party for Lucy recently. She never had a birthday party and she was twenty-one years old. First, we carefully made a guest list. We included many of her friends from school, a few of her other friends from church, and all of h
5、er brothers and sisters. Second, we planned a suitable menu. We needed some refreshing drinks and food. We were going to serve fruit punch and coffee. We also wanted chicken sandwiches, a birthday cake with twenty-one candles, and ice cream. Third, we planned entertainment. A boy did magic tricks sk
6、illfully. Another boy played the guitar well. We all liked group singing. We had a lot of records and a record player. Everyone helped. The party became a secret community project. 2021/8/225d.在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词，所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用的最多的是动词的过去式，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜
7、活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。这一点在准备记叙文的写作中值得注意。e.主题明确。中心思想是文章的灵魂。我们记叙任何事件都必须有一个明确的主题，要围绕主题思想精心设计情节，而不是罗列琐碎的小事。这个中心思想就是指对所记叙的人、事、物究竟是持什么态度，是赞成还是反对；是歌颂还是批评都必须明确，并且保持主题始终如一。2021/8/226l科技英语学习主编，上海交大毛荣贵教授与美国天普大学Dorine Houston教授合作对中国大学生作文进行修改，其中一篇写一个女孩在公交车上为老人让座，不料在场的三位男青年耻笑女孩，女孩的母亲也责怪了她，此时“我”实在看不下去了，就带头为女孩的行为鼓掌，车厢里也
8、响起了掌声。原文的开头如下：2021/8/227lIn this world, we should think more of other people than ourselves. By doing so, our world will be full of happiness. This, of course, in my personal view. But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience. So now, I would like to share this experience with you,
9、my dear reader. 2021/8/228按照汉语的写作标准，这样的开头自然而又不俗，但Houston教授对他的评语是“This is essentially a solid essay. The writer uses an anecdote to make a pointNow we just need to give it a good, strong topic sentence using the writers own ideas to form it.”Houston教授为该短文代拟了如下主题句：A little girl and a bus full of peopl
10、e taught me an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves. One day I took a very crowded bus to school2021/8/229A Seaside Holiday Once we spent our holiday at the seaside. When we arrived at the seaside, the weather was fine and everything around us was
11、beautiful. The sea was all blue with seagulls hovering to and fro. Some boats were floating on the still sea and some speed boats were rushing quickly across the water. We all enjoyed a pleasant time. Most of us swam in the sea. We played and splashed water onto one another. Having swum for a while,
12、 we went to the shore and bathed in the sun on the sand ground. Some went boating. They sang as they boated. The others played games at the shore. We all spent the time happily. When it was time to go back, we were all reluctant to leave. We were freshened by the sea wind and fascinated by the scene
13、ry. The bath in the sea made us healthy and comfortable. I should say a holiday at the seaside is really enjoyable and profitable. 2021/8/2210. Five Aspects of NarrationlContext (背景背景) 记叙文的背景包括事件发生的时间、地点、记叙文的背景包括事件发生的时间、地点、人物等要素，这些需要在文章的开头交代人物等要素，这些需要在文章的开头交代清楚，从而为事件的发展提供一个背景环清楚，从而为事件的发展提供一个背景环境，帮助读
14、者更好地理解事件的进程。境，帮助读者更好地理解事件的进程。2021/8/2211lSelection of Details (细节的选取细节的选取) 一个事件总是由大大小小的细节构成的。一个事件总是由大大小小的细节构成的。细节的选取要适量，如果太少无法使读者细节的选取要适量，如果太少无法使读者了解整个事件的发生及过程，如果太多又了解整个事件的发生及过程，如果太多又会使情节显得杂乱从而使读者失去兴趣。会使情节显得杂乱从而使读者失去兴趣。细节的选取应遵循一个原则：即仅选取那细节的选取应遵循一个原则：即仅选取那些与主题相关，能够带出中心思想的细节。些与主题相关，能够带出中心思想的细节。2021/8/
15、2212lOrganization (情节的组织情节的组织) 一般的记叙文可以按照时间的顺序展开，一般的记叙文可以按照时间的顺序展开，即开端、发展、结局依次将情节展开。如即开端、发展、结局依次将情节展开。如果整个故事情节已经清楚地交代完毕，则果整个故事情节已经清楚地交代完毕，则无需另外添加结尾。但有的情况下有必要无需另外添加结尾。但有的情况下有必要在叙述完整个事件的经过后，对事件的意在叙述完整个事件的经过后，对事件的意义或后续进展做简单论述。义或后续进展做简单论述。 2021/8/2213lPoint of View (观点观点) 即可选用第一人称或第三人称的写法。第即可选用第一人称或第三人称
16、的写法。第三人称的选择可以比较客观地表达作者的三人称的选择可以比较客观地表达作者的观点。观点。 2021/8/2214lPurpose (目的目的) 记叙文不是单纯地流水账式的记叙，必须记叙文不是单纯地流水账式的记叙，必须有一定的写作目的。可以是证明某种理论，有一定的写作目的。可以是证明某种理论，例举某种概念，赞扬某种美德或是批评某例举某种概念，赞扬某种美德或是批评某种恶行。所以，在细节的选取和情节的设种恶行。所以，在细节的选取和情节的设计上都必须紧紧围绕这一写作目的。计上都必须紧紧围绕这一写作目的。 2021/8/2215. How to Write a NarrationPrewritin
17、gDraw an outline:(1)The time and place of occurrence of the instance and the people who were involved(2)The major phases in the process in which the instance developed(3)Your comments on the instance. Work on the three points listed in your outline one by one by trying to collect all the details rel
18、evant respectively to each of the three points, so as to make yourself comprehensively familiar with the whole process, within the frame of which the instance developed2021/8/2216Drafting At this stage you are expected to be ready to put what is in your mind concerning the instance into written word
19、s. Make feasible plan for composing your narrative piece. Topic:_ Tentative title:_ Place:_ Time:_ People involved:_ Details to include (what happened):_ My comments:_ Write the first draft.2021/8/2217Revising: A way to improve your compositionlRead your paper carefully and objectively.lMark parts o
20、r aspects you like and those you think weak and need improving.lCheck the details/examples and see if they support your central idea and if you have better ones to replace them.lRewrite what you think ineffective and supply more powerful details if you can. Cut out whatever detail that does not rela
21、te to the topic2021/8/2218Editing: A way to improve your composition by eliminating the technical errors it containslCheck your spelling.lCheck your grammar: subject-verb agreement, verb forms, tenses, etc.lMake sure you use correct punctuation marks.lObserve essay format: capitalization, indentatio
22、n and spacing.lMake sure your paper has a title2021/8/2219. Narration in CET6l记叙文在历年大学英语四、六级的作文考试中极少出现，只在2003年6月、9月的四级作文。2004年6月的六级作文中出现过。值得注意的是这三篇文章并不是单纯的记叙文，其中都掺杂着说明或是议论的部分，并与日常生活相结合。众所周知，记叙文是所有文体写作的基础，所以考生还是应该好好掌握记叙文的特点和写作要领。2021/8/2220实战演练实战演练 Directions：For this part, you are allowed thirty min
23、utes to write a composition on the topic The Day My Classmate Fell Ill. 1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况； 2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的；3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是.2021/8/2221第一段：第一段：开篇句：About _ oclock one evening in _, _.扩展句：_. (展开描述一下事件)第二段第二段： 主题句：Without hesitation, _. It wasnt long before _.扩展句：1、one _.2、another _.3、our teacher
24、_.第三段：第三段：结尾句：Is _? Who can tell ? But _. 扩展句：1、When _ , people showed _ spirit regardless of _.2、This kind of care between people is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.3、And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful
25、 world.2021/8/2222范文欣赏范文欣赏 About nine oclock one evening in May, my roommate Li Ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5. Without hesitation, I dialed 120. I
26、t wasnt long before an ambulance arrived. One roommate brought a blanket for him. Another supported him in the ambulance. Our teacher insisted on giving him some money. Is he a suspected SARS patient? Who can tell ?But we did not retreat. When the savage SARS was spreading, people showed fearless sp
27、irit regardless of dangers to their own health. This kind of care between people is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice. And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world. 2021/8/2223Part II. DescriptionlConcept and
28、 Basic StructurelEssentials2021/8/2224. Concept and Basic Structure 描写文就是用生动形象的语言把人物、事件、地点和环境进行具体的描绘和刻画，课分为人物描写、景物描写和场面描写等。在写作时，首先要确定描写对象，从各个视角选取有意义的素材，安排描写的细节；然后选择好视角，按照一定的事件或空间的顺序进行描写。描写要突出重点，精心挑选突出品质和主要特征，不可面面俱到。 与记叙文不同的是：描写文不需要按照时间顺序来写，它强调人的感受，可以通过视、听、触、味、嗅所获得的感受在文章中加以描写。总之，描写旨在用语言文字勾勒出一幅幅有关人物、事
29、物、地点、景物等的画面。其目的在于使客观事物的特征和性质活灵活现地刻画或描绘出来，给读者以真实感和美感。 描写文的时态多用一般现在时和一般过去时，人称常用第一人称和第三人称。2021/8/2225. Essentialsl主题突出，目的明确主题突出，目的明确l要突出人或事物的特点要突出人或事物的特点l要生动、逼真、充分体现人的感官印象要生动、逼真、充分体现人的感官印象l要精心设计描写的角度和次序要精心设计描写的角度和次序l要灵活运用各种修辞手法要灵活运用各种修辞手法2021/8/2226An Eye-Witness Account of the Event of Bus Spontaneous Combustion in Chengdu 2021/8/2227
