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1、IntroductionWhatdoyouknowabout“InterculturalCommunication”?HowabouttheChinesename?Asyoumayhaverealized,interculturalcommunicationisanextremelycomplicatedprocess,andcanbequitepainfulattimes.Nowadays,withtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomyandtheincreasingpopularityoftheinternet,interculturalcommunicatio

2、nispartofourdailylife.Thatiswhywearehere,takingthiscourse.2021/6/161FurtherReading林大津跨文化交际学：理论与实践，福建人民出版社“CommunicationBetweenCultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读中国和英语国家非语言交际对比LegerBrosnahan著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社语言研究的跨文化视野许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编跨文化交际丛书外语教学研究出版社胡文仲跨文化交际概论杜学增中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较平洪&张国扬英语习语与英美文化毕继万跨文化非言语交际王克非从翻译史看文

3、化差异朱永涛美国价值观-一个中国学者的探讨2021/6/162FurtherReading与陌生人交际跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&YoungYunKim著，SteveKulich等导读跨文化交际学基础，Guo-MingChen&WilliamJ.Starosta著，林大津、尤泽顺导读跨文化能力：文化间人际沟通导论（第五版）MyronW.Lustig&JoleneKoester编著，庄恩平导读2021/6/163WarmUpPleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexpla

4、intoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures2021/6/164Warm UpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghu

5、man,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciencesthehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmay

6、introducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?2021/6/165Reading IReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyonesquicktoblamethealien”inthec

7、ontemporaryworld?2.Whatsthedifferencebetweentodaysinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommun

8、ication?6.Whatdoesonesfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?2021/6/166ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?9.Howc

9、anafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?2021/6/167DiscoveringProblems:SlimisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHoll

10、ywoodlike,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Whatsmore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisb

11、eautifulandwhatisnot.2021/6/168CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefsbutalsoinwhattheyvalue. Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedes

12、iredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculturesvaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsactualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.2021/6/169SupplementWhatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithc

13、ommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationrefersto communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.2021/6/1610Forms of IC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakes

14、placebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethnic(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Int

15、erracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.2021/6/1611Features of IC1.Itisabranchofcommunication.2.Itmainlydealswit

16、hverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.3.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.2021/6/1612GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenonpage1112ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentit

17、isintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)1.CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;2.CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;3.CommunicationbetweenafirstgenerationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;4.Communicationbetweenabusinessper

18、sonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;5.CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;6.Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;7.Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;8.Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingth

19、eyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).2021/6/1613GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyother

20、factorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydiff

21、erentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.2021/6/1614DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsub

22、stantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)2021/6/1615DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssha

23、resomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackg

24、roundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachonesculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.2021/6/1616ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGloba

25、lization”onpage1316andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“theglobalmaybemorelocalthanthelocal”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusines

26、speopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?2021/6/1617Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies1.ICandICstudies

27、ICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeople

28、fromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.ThusthenewsubjectICpoppedup.2021/6/1618Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studi

29、es1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousacademicandyouthorientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrecognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1

30、982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchasinterculturaltensionsandinterculturalproblemsin1950.2021/6/1619Supplement:History and Present State of IC StudiesIn1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutothers

31、werefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958The Ugly AmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959The Silent LanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.Thiscoursewasofferedi

32、nUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,Shang

33、haiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.2021/6/1620IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p1819).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglishspeakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeac

34、hother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.2021/6/1621IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglishspeakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglishspeaking

35、countriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,itsbetterforourfriendtolearnmore

36、aboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.2021/6/1622IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumoro

37、usway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.2021/6/1623SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishspeakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval

38、,andleavetaking?2021/6/1624SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”Apol

39、ogizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglishspeakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.2021/6/1625SurveyMakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinin

40、directways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.Peoplefro

41、mEnglishspeakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.2021/6/1626SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglishspe

42、akingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindre

43、asonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.2021/6/1627CaseStudyCase1(Page23)1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectivet

44、erms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”2021/6/1628CaseStudyCase1(Page23)2.

45、Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitselfbeitafamilyoravastcorporationismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsor

46、valuesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.2021/6/1629CaseStudyCase1(Page23)3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureo

47、ftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypothetic

48、alEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.2021/6/1630Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalso

49、reflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.2021/6/1631CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdi

50、fferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriend

51、shipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydontfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercul

52、tureswouldbehurtverydeeply.2021/6/1632Readthearticleof“StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication”(p2631).Somequestionswillbeaskednextclass.HomeworkWhatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?Howtoovercometheseblocks?ReviewofUnit12021/6/1633ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesec

53、ouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.ImSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.Chinesecouple:Itsapleasure.ImLiFang,andthisismyhusband.WelcometoChina,MissSusan.Thankyou.Britishtourist:Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?Chinesecouple

54、:No,thanks.Case analysis2021/6/1634Warm UpPleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?Unit2CultureandCommunication2021/6/1635Reading IReadthearticleof“

55、WhatIsCulture”(p3943).Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed:1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?Why?2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?2021/6/1636MaslowsH

56、ierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41)2021/6/1637ReadingI4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?7.

57、InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglishspeakingcountries?2021/6/1638Supplement:Whatisculture?OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmean

58、ingwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.2021/6/1639Supplement:Whatisculture?OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文，以化成天下”re

59、ferstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“sa

60、vage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.2021/6/1640Supplement:Whatisculture?DefinitionofCultureinEnglishandChineseTheterm“culture”doesnotcorrespondperfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:他没有文化(Heisilliterate.)“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculturetheideasandthestandardstheyhav

61、eincommon.”R.BenedictDefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”BatesandPlog2021/6/1641Supplement:Whatisculture?Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebys

62、cholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:thebroadsenseandthenarrowsense.A.CultureinitsbroadsenseCultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:文化是

63、人类区别于动文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征物的综合特征.2021/6/1642Supplement:Whatisculture?Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politicole

64、galinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;Customs,habitsandbeha

65、vioralpatterns;Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.2021/6/1643Supplement:Whatisculture?Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).Itscultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.Butweknowtherearespec

66、ificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthe comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another(一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).2021/6/1644Supplement:Whatisculture?Cultur

67、einitsnarrowsenseItscalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小写字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslife way of a population,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents,and,withcomponents,andasthecentralpart.Somescholarsareinterestedin“largeCcult

68、ure”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.2021/6/1645SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Readthearticleonpage4548.Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculturecoherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingscultur

69、edoesculturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.2021/6/1646SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoot

70、hergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessucha

71、seating,makinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.2021/6/1647PropertiesofCultureItishumanspecific.Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodimentofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.Itisanationalphenomenonforeachna

72、tionhasitsownculture.Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewontnecessarilyremainthesame.Itisgeneralandabstract.2021/6/1648FillinTask(p4445)Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Ninetenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethe

73、wateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelowthewaterandisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Itissometimescalled“deepculture”.Butwhatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewaterwithinoroutofourawareness?2021/6/1649The Structure of Culture2021/6/1650TheStructureofCulture2021/6/1651Read

74、ingIIDecidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?Why?1)Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.2)TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.3)AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.4)Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.5)Ap

75、rogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.6)Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.7)YousendanemailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.8)Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.2021/6/1652ReadingIITheBasicsofCommunication:Communicationoccursif:1.twoormorepeople;2.contact;3.asharedlanguage;4.anexchangeofinformation.2021/6/165

76、3ReadingIIReadthearticleof“ElementsofCommunication”.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?1.Context:fouraspects(thephysicalsetting,historicalaspect,psychologicalaspect,cultureaspect)2.Participants:threevariables(relationship,gender,culture)3.Messages:meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.4.Channels:theme

77、thodusedtodeliveramessage(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthese)5.Noise(干扰):atermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.6.Feedback:theresponseofareceivertoasendersmessage2021/6/1654Supplement:What Is

78、 Communication?Therearealtogether126definitionsofcommunication.AmongthemthemostacceptedonedefinedbyL.A.Samovar,etal.Definition:“Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.”L.A.Samovar,etal2021/6/1655Supplement:What Is Commu

79、nication?Afewkeypointsaboutthisdefinition:Thebehaviorincludesverbalbehaviorandnonverbalbehavior.Forexample,youmeetanacquaintanceinthestreet.Yousmileandnodtoeachotherwithoututteringaword.Thenyourbehaviorisnonverbal,andyourcommunicationisalsononverbal.Soaccordingtothis,communicationcanbedividedintover

80、balcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication.2021/6/1656Supplement:What Is Communication?Astothemeaningof“behaviorresidue,hereisanexample.Youleaveanotebeforeyougoout,andyourroommateseesitwhencomingbackandwillmakecertainresponse.Thenthisnoteisyourbehaviorresidue.Inthiscase,whetheryourroommatedoessomethi

81、ngaboutorjustignoresthenote,aslongashereceivesthenote,communicationhappens,butitisnonsimultaneous.Therefore,communicationcanalsobedividedintosimultaneouscommunicationandnonsimultaneouscommunication.2021/6/1657Supplement:What Is Communication?Abehavior,whetherintentionalorunintentional,consciousorunc

82、onscious,onceisreceived,communicationoccurs.Forexample,whenyouaregivingaspeech,youmayblush(unintentional)orrepeatthesamemovement(unconscious),whichgivesyouraudienceamessagethatyouarenervous.Feedbackisnotaprerequisiteofcommunication.Sotheremaybeonewaycommunication.HuWenzhongofBeijingForeignStudiesUni

83、versityoncesaidtranslationisinfactakindof(intercultural)communication,becausewhenoneistranslating,oneisinfactcommunicationinterculturallywiththewriteroftheoriginalwork.Indeed,writtentranslationisinmostcasesonewaycommunication.2021/6/1658Communication Typesbasedonsymbolsused:verbalandnonverbalbasedon

84、media:directandindirectbasedonfeedback:twowayandonewaybasedonnumbersofthesourcesandresponders:one/grouptooneandone/grouptogroupbasedonsetresponder:directedandnondirectedbasedonthesourcesintention:intentionalandunintentionalbasedontherespondersactiveness:activeandpassivebasedontime:simultaneousandnon

85、simultaneous2021/6/1659Characteristics of CommunicationCommunicationissymbolic(象征的,符号的).Communicationisinterpretive(阐释的,解释的).Communicationistransactional(相互作用的).Communicationiscontextual(与语境有关的).Communicationisaprocess.Communicationinvolvessharedmeanings.2021/6/1660EssentialsofHumanCommunication(p68

86、73)Communicationisdynamic.Itisanongoing,everchangingactivity.Wearesuretobeinfluencedbyothersmessage,whethergraduallyorradically.Communicationissymbolic:Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbol isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrep

87、resentsaunitofmeaning.Peoplesbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.2021/6/1661EssentialsofHumanCommunication(p6873)Communicationissystemic:Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandr

88、eceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.Itinvolvesmakinginferences.Ithasaconsequence.Communicationiscomplex.2021/6/1662MatchingTask(p57)Matcheachofwhatthefirstspea

89、kersaysontheleftwithwhatthesecondspeakersaysontherighttoformadialoguethatwillmakesense,andthendecidewhatispossiblymeantbythesecondspeakerinthedialogue.1J2F3A4G5I6H7B8C9D10E2021/6/1663IdentifyingDifference(p58)Readthepassageof“CommunicatingorCommunicatingEffectively”andtrytoexplainwhywesometimesfindi

90、tverydifficulttocommunicateeffectivelywithothers,andthensuggestwhatwecandoaboutit.2021/6/1664IdentifyingDifference(p58)Therearemanyfactorsthatwillprobablycontributetoineffectivecommunication.Linguistically,onesfamiliaritywiththelanguageusedintermsofpronunciation,vocabulary,sentencepatterns,etc.willt

91、oalargeextentdeterminewhetherornotonecancommunicateeffectivelywiththeother.Culturally,onesknowledgeofthepeoplewithwhomoneiscommunicatingwillalsodecidehoweffectivelyonecancommunicatewiththem.Whilecommunicatingwithsomeonewhoisculturallydifferent,knowingmuchaboutthepersonsspeechhabits,modesofthinkingan

92、dsocialcustomswillsurelyincreasethepossibilityofmutualunderstanding.2021/6/1665IdentifyingDifference(p58)Onemorethingthatweshouldpayattentiontoisthatpeopleareinclinedtolookatissuesfromtheirownpointofview,andtherefore,theyusuallyattachverydifferentmeaningsto(orinterpret)messagesthattheytransmittotheo

93、therorreceivefromother.Thiswill,moreoftenthannot,leadtomisunderstandingincommunication.Ifwewanttoimproveourcommunicationwithothers,wehavetoimproveourmasteryofthelanguage(s)usedforcommunication,tolearnmoreaboutothersandtheirculture(s),andtoenhanceourawarenessofdifferencesexistingbetweenpeoplefromvari

94、ousculturalbackgrounds.Itisalsohopefullyadvisedthatweshouldtrytoputasideallthebiasesoriginallyrootedinourmindstowardotherswhomaybesoculturallydifferentfromusandtoshowproperrespectfortheirculturesnomatterhowstrangetheymayappeartous.2021/6/1666CaseStudyCase5(Page60)InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptaf

95、irstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeandwellbehavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.ButNorthAmericanrulesfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.Whateverthereason,youdonotinsi

96、stonofferingalcohol.However,therearealwaysindividualdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromeventhesameculture.ProbablythisyoungChinesenursemayhaveknownsomethingabouttheAmericanculturalrulesandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinanAmericanfamily.2021/6/1667CaseStudyCase6(Page61)Whenaspeakersayssometh

97、ingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaning,speakersmeaningandhearersmeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzsaid“Howlongisshegoingtostay?”shemeanttosaythatifsheknewhowlonghermotherinlawwasgoingtostayinFinland,shewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher,suchastakingherouttodosom

98、esightseeing.However,hermotherinlawoverheardtheconversation,andtookLitzsquestiontomean“Litzdoesnotwantmetostayforlong”.2021/6/1668CaseStudyCase7(Page62)IncountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddonthaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisi

99、s.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesntofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Americansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.2021/6/1669CaseStudyCase8(page62-63)AstheChinesegirlAmyfellinlov

100、ewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirl.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Fromthiscase,wecanfindaloto

101、fdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamefuljustbecauseonescultureisdifferentfromothers.AsAmysmothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.20

102、21/6/1670HomeworkRead“UnderstandingCulture(p6467)”and“EssentialsofHumanCommunication”.Definethefollowingthreeterms:culture,communication,interculturalcommunication.2021/6/1671ReviewofUnit2Whatisculture?Whatareelementsofcommunication?Howcanmeaningsbetransferredfromonepersontoanother?Whatproblemsmayar

103、iseinthisprocess?2021/6/1672WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage76,thenanswerthequestion:1.WhydoesJacksonsaythatMr.Zhaohasaskedtoomuch?2.WhatarethedifferencesintheopinionsoffriendshipbetweenChineseandAmericans?Unit3CulturalDiversity2021/6/1673WarmUpInChineseculture,friendshipmeansawillingnesstobeindebteda

104、ndtorepaythedebtmorethanowed.However,manyAmericans,likeJackson,wouldsaythatMr.Zhaowasaskingtoomuch,forwhattheyvaluemoreareindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,andtheydonotliketoputthemselvesinothersdebt,.2021/6/1674Reading IReadthearticleof“DifferentLands,Differen

105、tFriendships”(p7780).Whoisafriend?WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheChineseconceptoffriendshipandthewesternones?ComparethedifferentvaluesoffriendshipinAmerica,France,Germany,EnglandandChina.2021/6/1675ReadingIDifferencesinFriendshipInFrance:Friendsgenerallyareofthesamesex,andfriendshipis

106、seenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.Friendshipisaonetoonerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherpersonsintellect,temperament,andparticularinterests.Friendshipsarecompartmentalized.Theyarenotmadepartoffamilylife.InGermany:Friendshipismuchmorearticulatelyamatteroffeeling.Friendsusuallyarebr

107、oughtintothefamily.2021/6/1676ReadingIDifferencesinFriendshipInEngland:Thebasisissharedactivity.Englishfriendshipsareformedoutsidethefamilycircle,buttheyarenotcontrapuntaltothefamilynoraretheyseparatedfromthefamily.InChinaThetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsoh

108、asmuchtodowithfamily.InChineseculture,friendshipmeansawillingnesstobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowed.2021/6/1677ReadingIDifferencesinFriendshipInAmerica:(p8182)“Friend”isoftenusedinamuchwidersenseintheAmericanculturethanintheChineseculture.Thetermmaybeusedforbothcasualacquaintancesandclosecomp

109、anions.AmericanfriendsmaynotsharewithoneanotherasmuchasChinesefriendsusuallydo.Americanswouldstillprefertoconsiderthemselvesfirstasindependentindividuals.Whattheyvaluemoreareindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,andtheydonotliketoputthemselvesinothersdebt.Ofcourse,

110、Americansarewillingtohelptheirfriends,butmostlyontrivialthings,suchasdrivingafriendtoanimportanteventwhenhisorherownarrangementsfortransportationfail.2021/6/1678ReadingIDifferencesinFriendshipItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamil

111、y.ItmaybesimilartoGermanyfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfromotherWesternfriendships.InWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromother,morecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticularizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericatheword“friend”canbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelat

112、ionshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.2021/6/1679ReadingICommonElementsaboutFriendship:Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,incontrastwithkinship,isamatteroffreechoice.Afriendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspeci

113、alindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyequalityofgiveandtake.2021/6/1680IdentifyingDifferenceReadthearticleof“FamilyStructure”(p8384),thenidentifythedifferentrolesoffamilyincultures.Manyculturaldifferencesexistinfamilystructuresandvalues.1)Insomecultur

114、es,suchasFilipinos,Vietnamese,Japanese,LatinAmericansandChinese,thefamilyisthecenteroflifeandthemainframeofreferencefordecisions;whileinothers,likeAmericans,theindividual,notthefamily,isprimary.2)Insomecultures,thefamilysreputationandhonordependoneachpersonsactions;inothercultures,individualscanactw

115、ithoutpermanentlyaffectingthefamilylife.3)Someculturesvalueoldpeople,whileothercultureslookdownonthem.2021/6/1681IdentifyingDifferenceManyChinesefamiliesarestillquitetraditional.Theyareoftenextendedfamilies,withthreeorevenfourgenerationslivingunderthesameroof.Insuchfamilies,peoplemaycarealotaboutfam

116、ilieswelfare,reputationandhonor.Nomatterwhattheydo,theytendtoputtheinterestofthewholefamilyasthetoppriority.Forthem,thefamilyasawholealwayscomesfirst,anditsindividualmembersaresecond.However,therearealsomanyChinesefamiliesnowinwhichindividualneedsaregivenmorestressthaneverbeforeandtherelationshipbet

117、weenparentsandchildrenaremoreegalitarianthanhierarchical.2021/6/1682QuestionsfordiscussionInwhataspectsdoyouthinkourcultureisdifferentfromothercultures?Doyousometimescompareoneculturewithanother?Ifyoudo,howdoyouusuallydothat?2021/6/1683ReadingIIReadthearticleof“ComparingandContrastingCultures”(p8589

118、),andanswerthecomprehensionquestions.1)WhatisKluckhohnandStrodtbecksvalueorientation?2)TrytodescribethevaluesystemofAmericansfromthefiveorientations.3)HowisthemainstreamAmericanculturedifferentfromtheorientalculture,likeJapanesecultureandChineseculture?2021/6/1684KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientat

119、ionTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck,afterexamininghundredsofcultures,reachedtheconclusionthatpeopleturntotheircultureforanswerstothefollowingquestions.(1)Whatisthecharacterofhumannature?(2)Whatistherelationofhumankindtonature?(3)Whatistheorientationtowardtime?(4)Whatisthevalueplacedonactivity?And(5)Whatis

120、therelationshipofpeopletoeachother?Theanswerstothesecrucialquestionsserveasthebasesforthefivevalueorientationsthatareattheheartoftheirapproach.Thesefiveorientationsmightbestbevisualizedaspointsonacontinuum.Itistalkingaboutmeaningfulvaluesfoundinallcultures.2021/6/1685KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrie

121、ntation1.HumanNatureOrientation:1)evil,BasicallyEvil:findevilandfightagainstit;punishbadbehavior;savepeoplefromtheirevilnature.Stresstheabilityofpeopletochangeforthebetter.2)evilandgood,Mixture:Separategoodfromevil;identifystrengthsandweaknesses;rewardthegoodandpunishthebad.3)good.BasicallyGood:prot

122、ectpeoplesvirtue;rewardgoodbehavior;findthemostvirtuouspeopleasmodels.Thedirectionofmoralchangeismorelikelytobefromgoodtobad.2021/6/1686KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientation2.MannatureOrientation:1)humanbeingsaresubjecttonature,NatureControls:Acceptfate;lifeisoutsideonescontrolbehumble.2)cooperati

123、onview,Harmony:Liveaccordingtotherhythmsofnature;everythinghasitsowncharacter;bebalanced.3)conqueranddirecttheforcesofnature.HumanControls:Makelifecomfortableandconvenient;problemscanbesolved;beobjective.2021/6/1687KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientation3.TimeOrientation:1)pastorientated,Past:Tradit

124、ionbestteacher;eventsinthepastisimportanttoday;theoldarewise;breakwiththepasttochangesociety.2)presentorientated,Present:Payattentiontowhatisgoingonhereandnow;everythingwillhappeninitstime;eventsoccurincycles;lookforcausesinthepresentsituation.3)futureorientated.Future:Controlthefuturebyplanningfori

125、t;whatispastispastandnotimportant;theyoungknowwhatishappening;studyhistorytoshapethefuture.2021/6/1688KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientation4.ActivityOrientation:1)beingorientation,Being:Protectdignityofbothyoursandothers;fulfillonesrole;showwhoyouare.Actionsshouldbesuitabletostatus,socialrolesandc

126、haracter.Payattentiontopeople.e.g.jobtitlesandwhatdoyouactuallydo?2)Beinginbecomingorientation,Growing:Developonespotentialasawholeperson;followvaluesandlifestylesappropriatetoonesstageinlife;peoplechange;payattentiontopossibilities.Moretolerantofhowthingsarethanistrue.3)doingorientation.Doing:Achie

127、vespecificgoals;developproceduresandmeasureresults;qualitativeoutcomesmeasuredquantitativelyshowwhatyoucando;attentiontoactions.2021/6/1689KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientation5.Relational(social)Orientation:1)authoritarianculture,Hierarchy:Obeyauthority;knowonesplace;treatothers;accordingtotheirp

128、osition;looktoleadersto;knowwhattothinkanddo.2)collectiveculture,Group:Respondtowhatothersthinkandfeel;interdependent;beloyal;looktoothersinthegrouptoknowwhattothinkanddo.3)individualculture.Individual:Expressonesownfeelingsandideas;Beasindependentandselfreliantaspossible;makeonesowndecisionsandchoi

129、ces.Personalinitiative/professionalismhighlyvalued.2021/6/1690theValueSystemofAverageAmericansHumanNature:basicallygood(changeable)Mannature:ManthemasterofnatureTime:futureorientedActivity:actionorientedSocial:individualistic2021/6/1691ConfucianCulturalPatterns(p91)KeyprinciplesofConfucianteachingin

130、cludes:1.Socialorderandstabilityarebasedonunequalrelationshipsbetweenpeople.2.Thefamilyistheprototypeforallsocialrelationships.3.Propersocialbehaviorconsistsofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyourself.4.Peopleshouldbeskilled,educated,hardworking,thrifty,modest,patient,andpersevering.2021

131、/6/1692ConfucianCulturalPatterns(p91)ConfuciusprimaryconcernwithsocialrelationshipshasstronglyinfluencedcommunicationinChinaandEastAsiaatlarge.ThemainfunctionofcommunicationunderConfucianphilosophyistoinitiate,develop,andmaintainsocialrelationships.Thus,thereisastrongemphasisonthekindofcommunication

132、thatpromotessuchrelationships.CommunicationinChinaandotherEastAsiancountriesmaybeverycomplexanddifferentiatedaccordingtosocialstatus,thedegreeofintimacy,age,sex,andthelevelofformality.TheConfucianlegacyofconsiderationforothersandconcernforproperhumanrelationshipshasledtothedevelopmentofcommunication

133、patternsthatpreserveoneanothersface.2021/6/1693ChinesevsAmericanCultureChineseAmericanHumanNaturegoodbasicallygood/MixtureMannatureNatureControls/HumanControlsHarmonyActivitybeingdoingTimepastfutureSocialcollectiveindividual2021/6/1694JapaneseCultureTheJapanesebelievethathumannatureisamixtureofgooda

134、ndevil.Manisinharmonywithnature.Theyarebothpastorientedandfutureoriented.Andtheyarebothgrowinganddoingoriented.Theygiveemphasistoauthoritiesandthegroup.2021/6/1695CaseStudyCase9(Page96)HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,social

135、roles,andgender.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwitheldersopinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersverymuchinsuchsituations,andyoungp

136、eopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.2021/6/1696CaseStudyCase10(Page97)InJapan,acompanyisoftenverymuchlikeabigfamilyandtheemployeesareexpectedtodevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirownindividualinterestsfortheinterestsofthec

137、ompany.ButfortheFrench,acompanyisjustalooselyknitsocialorganization.Moreover,thewaytheFrenchmakedecisionsinthefamilymightalsobedifferentfromthetypicalJapaneseone,whichmaynotofteninvolvefemalesandthepowertodecideusuallylieswiththedominatingmale.2021/6/1697CaseStudyCase11(Page97-98)Incidentssuchasthes

138、ecanpointtopossibleculturaldifferencesinsocalled“polite”behavior,andatthesametimehighlightthetendencyforpeopletoreactemotionallytounexpectedbehavior.Theremaybedifferingopinionsastowhenweshouldapologize(whatsituationscallforanapology)andhowweshouldapologize.Inthiscase,forinstance,theattitudeoftheAust

139、ralianstudentsparentsisshockingtotheJapanesebutwillbeacceptableinanEnglishspeakingsociety,forthestudentisalreadyanadultandcanberesponsibleforherowndeeds.2021/6/1698CaseStudyCase12(Page98)First,havingtwopeoplesharinghostresponsibilitiescouldbesomewhatconfusingtothehierarchicallymindedChinese.Second,b

140、ecauseageisoftenviewedasanindicationofseniority,theChinesemighthaveconsideredtheyouthoftheirCanadianhostsasslighttotheirownstatus.Third,inChina,itistraditionalforthehosttoofferawelcometoastatthebeginningofthemeal,whichisthereciprocatedbytheguests.2021/6/1699HomeworkRead“CulturalDimensions(p99105)”,t

141、henanswerthefollowingtwoquestions:1)WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheHofstedemodelofculturalpatternanalysisandtheKluckhohnStrodtbeckmodel?2)Whichmodeldoyouthinkismorepowerfulindescribingandexplainingculturaldifferences?Read“HighcontextandLowcontextCultures”(p110114).Whatarethemajordiffe

142、rencesbetweenahighcontextcultureandalowcontextculture?2021/6/16100ReviewofUnit3Explainthefollowingterms:1.theKluckhohn-Strodtbeckmodelofculturalpatternanalysis,2.theHofstedemodelofculturalpatternanalysis,3.high-contextandlow-contextculture.2021/6/16101theHofstedemodelofculturalpatternanalysisGeertHo

143、fstedesimpressivestudiesofculturaldifferencesinvalueorientationofferanotherapproachtounderstandingtherangeofculturaldifferences.Heoncesaidthat,“Cultureismoreoftenasourceofconflictthanofsynergy.Culturaldifferencesareanuisanceatbestandoftenadisaster.”Toidentifytheprincipalvaluesofdifferentcultures,Hof

144、stedesurveyedover100,000IBMemployeesinseventyonecountries.Throughtheoreticalreasoningandstatisticalanalyses,Hofstedeidentifyfivedimensionsalongwhichdominantpatternsofaculturecanbeordered:individualismversuscollectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,powerdistance,masculinityversusfemininity,andlongtermversuss

145、horttermorientationtotime.Itprovidesanexcellentsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandsocialbehaviors.2021/6/16102high-contextandlow-contextcultureEdward.T.Hall,whosewritingsabouttherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationarewellknown,classifiesculturesbytheamountofinformationimpliedbythe

146、settingorcontextofthecommunicationitself,regardlessofthespecificwordsthatarespoken.Heclaimsthathumaninteraction,onthebroadlevel,canbedividedintolowcontextandhighcontextcommunicationsystems.Ahighcontextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson

147、,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.Alowcontextcommunicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode,andthecontextorsituationplaysaminimalrole.2021/6/16103high-contextandlow-contextcultureInverbalcommunication,LCinteractionemphasizesdirect

148、talk,personorientedfocus,selfenhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”.HCinteraction,incomparison,stressesindirecttalk,statusorientedfocus,selfeffacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.Innonverbalcommunication,peopleinHCareveryhomogeneous.Informationisoftenprovidedthroughgesture

149、s,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsinformalfriendsandassociates.PeopleinLCtendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Theverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleisembeddedint

150、hecontextortheparticipants.2021/6/16104WarmUpPleasereadthehumorousdialoguesonpage118,thentrytotranslatethemintoChinese.CantheyberenderedinChineseashumorousastheoriginal?HereitseemstobealmostimpossibleforustotranslatethedialoguesintoChineseandrenderthemashumorousastheoriginal.Thingslikepuns(amusingus

151、eofawordorphrasethathastwomeanings,orofawordwiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings)defytranslationacrosslanguages.Unit4LanguageandCulture2021/6/16105Warm UpAnother example,恋爱“三草”原则女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我呢？男：好马不吃回头草！女：你们班上也有女孩呀！我们俩相隔这么远，你却来追我呢？男：兔子不吃窝边草！女：那你现在为什么又要抛弃我呢？男：天涯何处无芳草！Anotherexample,某人一日上

152、街不慎与一老外相撞.某人：Iamsorry.老外：Iamsorry,too.某人：Iamsorrythree.老外：Whatareyousorryfor?某人：Iamsorryfive.2021/6/16106Reading IReadthearticleof“HowIsLanguageRelatedtoCulture”(p119123).Whatdoyouthinkistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:Cultureandlanguageareintertwine

153、dandshapeeachother.Itisimpossibletoseparatethetwo.Languageisnotamatterofneutralcodesandgrammaticalrules.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Thus,wehavetobeawareoftheculturalimplicationsofthephraseifwewanttoavoidattributingaverydifferentme

154、aningtoitorinterpretitliterally.2021/6/16107ReadingIFunctionsoflanguage:e.g.questions:informationquestions:askingforinformation;socialquestions:alubricanttomovetheconversationforward;Examples:Howareyou?吃了吗?Themeaningofthewordscomesoutofthecontext,theculturalusage.FLanguagereflectstheenvironmentinwhi

155、chwelive.Weuselanguagetolabelthethingsthatarearoundus.Example:selfintroductionofGermansandAmericans2021/6/16108ReadingIFLanguagereflectsculturalvalues.TheNavajodonothaveawordfor“late”,fortimedoesnotplayaroleinNavajolife.TheNavajodonothavethedifferentiatedvocabularyconnectedwithtimeandclocksthatAmeri

156、canshave.Timeandthepassingoftimearethingsonecantcontrol;therefore,oneshouldnotworryaboutwastingtimeandsettingschedules.Problems:FTherearenosuchequivalentsbetweenlanguages,andwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturewithwordsthatfitourpriorities.Thereforetocommunicateconceptseffectively,cultu

157、ralknowledgeisasimportantaslinguisticknowledge.Examples:manana/tomorrowkinshipterms(E&C)p1251262021/6/16109ReadingISometimesdifferentculturesuseidenticalwordsthathaveratherdifferentmeanings.Examples:administration(American&French),manager&director(Japanese&American),forcemajeure(American&French).Lan

158、guagechangesovertime.Wordsandphrasesthatareusedcommonlyatonetimemaybediscontinuedortheirmeaningmaychangeovertime.Examples:gayAlanguage,ifspokenindifferentpartsoftheglobe,ultimatelywilldevelopdifferently.Examples:pidginEnglishes2021/6/16113ReadingIIReadthearticleof“LanguageandCulture,TwoSidesoftheSam

159、eCoin”(p128132).Howdoeslanguagereflecttheculture?Languageandcultureareclearlyfused;onereflectstheother.LanguageandCulture:ItiscoinedbyByramandMorganin1994inordertoreflecttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturebothunificationandseparation.Languageembodiestheproducts,perspectives,communities,andperso

160、nsofaculture.2021/6/16114ReadingIIMembersoftheculturehavecreatedthelanguagetocarryoutalltheirculturalpractices,toidentifyandorganizealltheirculturalproducts,andtonametheunderlyingculturalperspectivesinallthevariouscommunitiesthatcomprisetheirculture.1)Languageandculturalproducts:Manyculturalproducts

161、literature,taxcodes,telephonedirectories,operatinginstructions,passportsconsistentirelyoflanguage.Languageisaculturalproductinandofitself.2)Languageandculturalpractices:Culturalpracticesalmostalwaysrequirelanguage,thelanguageofparticipation,suchasspeaking,listening,readingandwriting.Thesocialcircums

162、tances,thepeopleinvolved,thetopic,andanumberofotherfactorsinfluencethenatureofthelanguageused.2021/6/16115ReadingII3)Languageandculturalperspectives:Weuselanguagetonameandunderstandtheperceptions,values,attitudes,andbeliefsthatgovernourwayoflife.Throughlanguage,wemaketacitperspectivesexplicit.4)Lang

163、uageandculturalcommunities:Communitiesdevelopdistinctlanguagetodescribeandcarryouttheparticularpracticesandproductsassociatedwiththeirgroupanditsactivities.5)Languageandpersons:Language,likeculture,isnotonlycollectivebutalsopersonal.Eachofususeslanguageinanidiosyncraticmanner,baseduponourbackground,

164、experiences,socialgroups,ourpersonaloutlook,andouridentity.2021/6/16116ReadingIIConclusion:(i)LanguageandEnvironment1)Languageisaninstrument.Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary.Forexample,inChinese,weliveina房子.InEnglish,weliveinahouse.2)Language

165、isevenmoreanenvironment.Ithasasmuchtodowiththephilosophicalandpoliticalconditioningofasocietyasgeographyorclimate.So,wecanseethatabsolutecolordesignationswhite,black,red,yellowarenotmerelyinaccurate;theyhavebecomesymbolicratherthandescriptive.*Finishtheexercisesonpage124,trytoanalysethedifferentperc

166、eptionsofcolourterms.Fromthisarticlewecanseethatlanguagecategorizestheinformationitdoesfindsignificant.Sowecanregardlanguageasareflectionoftheenvironment.Theenvironmentinfluencestheappropriatevocabulary;languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.2021/6/16117ReadingIIConclusion:(ii)LanguageandCultur

167、eHomework:Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(p146-149)abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.linguisticdeterministinterpretationLanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.linguisticrelativityinterpretationCultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.20

168、21/6/16118Supplement: Word MeaningsWeknowthatwordsrepresentmeaning.Theproblemisthattheymayrepresentseveraltypesofmeaningssimultaneously.(i)DenotationandConnotationWhatisdenotation?Whatisconnotation?Giveexamplestoshowtheirdifference?(p126127)Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheob

169、jectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional“things”thataresymbolized.Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.Thesemeaningsshowpeoplesattitudesorfeelingstowardwhatthewordorphraserefersto.Connotativemeaningsreflectthevaluingprocessofinterpretation.2021/6/

170、16127Supplement: Word Meanings(ii)SevencategoriesoflexicalmeaningsThestudyofwordmeaningislexicalsemantics.Thelexicalmeaningscouldbeclassifiedintosevencategories:conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaningandthematicmeaning.1.ConceptualMe

171、aningWordsmayrefertoobjectsintherealworld(e.g.dog,book,river,etc.)orabstractconcepts(e.g.life,friendship,hatred,etc.)inourmind.Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichtheworldrefersistheconceptualmeaningoftheword.2021/6/16128Supplement: Word Meanings2.Connotativ

172、eMeaningItisthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Theword“woman”canbedefinedconceptuallyasanadultfemalewhoisbipedandhasawomb,whichisthephysicalfeaturesofawoman.Butseveralotherpsychologicalandsocialfeaturescanbeattributedtoher,suchas“capableofspeech”,“experiencedi

173、ncookery”and“skirtordresswearing”.Theseadditionalfeaturesareitsconnotativemeaning,whichmayincludesuchfeaturesas“frail”,“pronetotears”,“emotional”,etc.andsuchgoodqualitiesas“gentle”,“compassionate”,“sensitive”,“hardworking”,andsoon.Ahighgovernmentofficial:(1)politician:engaginginpolitiesforpersonalga

174、in;(2)statesman2021/6/16129Supplement: Word Meanings3.SocialMeaningItiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,whichincludesatleastlanguageusers(whoareusinglanguage),settings(whereislanguageused),andtopics(whatarethelanguageuserstalkingorwritingabout).家:(1)domicile:usedinoffic

175、ialorlegaldocumentsorbetweenpeoplewhoareinvolvedinofficialorlegalaffairs.(2)residence:usedinformaloradministrativecircumstances.(3)abode:apoeticword,usedincreationandappreciationofpoems.(4)home:usedineverydayspeechbetweenclassmates,colleagues,friendsorfamilymembers.2021/6/16130Supplement: Word Meani

176、ngs4.AffectiveMeaningItiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage.Suchinterjectionsas“aha”,“myGod”,“oh”,and“dear”arechieflyusedtoconveyaffectivemeaning.5.ReflectedMeaningItarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Forexample,

177、“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”bothrefertoGodinreligiousEnglish,buttheformersoundswarmandcomforting,whilethelattersoundsawesomebecausethesearethereflectedmeaningsofthesetwoterms.2021/6/16131Supplement: Word Meanings6.CollocativeMeaningItconsistsofassociationawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtog

178、etherwithit.Nicelooking:(1)pretty:girl,woman,flower,garden,color,village(2)handsome:boy,man,car,overcoat,airliner7.ThematicMeaningItiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizationamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.e.g.thesameconceptualcontent:(1)Mr.Smithdonatedthefirstprize.

179、(2)ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMr.Smith.2021/6/16132Language and Translation(i)ProblemsintranslationtoachieveequivalencebetweenlanguagesPleasereadoverthearticleonpages138142,andanswerthefollowingquestion:Howmanytypesofequivalenceintranslationarementioned?1.Lexicalequivalence:Sometimesthereisnoequivalen

180、tsintargetlanguagetothewordsofthesourcelanguage(e.g.kinshipterms,风水,饺子,豆腐,cowboy),orthereisnuancesbetweentheequivalentwordsorexpressionsinsourceandtargetlanguage.Forexample,磕头&kowtow;锅&wok.2021/6/16133Language and Translation2.Idiomaticequivalence:likeidiomsIdiomaticexpressionsareculturebound.Exampl

181、e(p138)look outpullsbsleg拉后腿(hinder)moveheavenandearth翻天覆地（earthshaking）eatoneswords食言（breakoneswords）Childsplay儿戏（treatasatrifle）2021/6/16134Idiomatic ExpressionsThecatsgotyourtongue.(Yourequiet.)Tohavetwoleftfeet.(Tobeclumsy.)Toputonesfootinonesmouth.(Tosaysomethingembarrassing.)Tokeeponesnosetoth

182、egrindstone.(Tocontinueworkinghard.)Torideoneshighhorse趾高气扬Tomakeonesfleshcreep让人直起鸡皮疙瘩Tomakeaface作鬼脸Abigfishinasmallpond鹤立鸡群2021/6/16135Idiomatic ExpressionsMindonespsandqs(pleaseandthankyou)注意言行举止Tokeeponesnoseclean保持一身清白NotforalltheteainChina给我一座金山我也不干Amarriageofconvenience功利婚姻Nottominceoneswords

183、直言不讳Tomisstheboat坐失良机Aninedayswonder昙花一现Toknowsomethinglikethepalmofoneshand了如指掌2021/6/16136Language and Translation3.Grammaticalsyntacticalequivalence:1)TherearenoequivalentsinChineseforthegrammaticalorsyntacticalfeatureslikerelativepronounssuchas“which”,“whom”,etc.andthedefinitearticle“the”inEngli

184、sh.AndtherearenoequivalentsinEnglishfortheauxiliarywordsperformingthegrammaticalfunctionofmoodsuchas“也”、”乎”、”哉”inClassicalChinese.2）quantifier量词:onebook一本本书E.g.就出生而言,他是个英国人;就职业而言,他是个水手;就性格而言,他是个叛逆者.Bybirth,heisanEnglishman;byoccupation,asailor;bynature,arebellion.2021/6/16137Language and Translation

185、4.Experientialequivalence:Iftherearenosimilarobjectsorsharedexperiencebetweentwocultures,welackthewordsinourvocabularytorepresentthem.Translationfrequentlyproducesmisunderstandingorincomprehensionbecauseofdifferencesinorientations.梅雨，清明，三伏，三九，民办教师，臭老九，AMidsummerNightsDreamOdetotheWestWindShallIcompa

186、retheetoasummersday(Shakespeare)1)四面楚歌:bebesiegedonallsides,beutterlyisolated2)asAmericanasapplepie:toemphasizesth.isgenuinelyAmerican2021/6/16138Language and Translation5.ConceptualequivalenceAbstractconceptsmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.Someconceptsareculturespecificandotherscult

187、uregeneral.Chinese:炕(aheatablebrickbed);冰糖葫芦(candiedhawsonastick);秤(asteelyard);春分(SpringEquinox);夏至(SummerSolstice).English:brunch早午餐,motel汽车旅馆,cowboy牛仔.Doyouthinkthefollowingtwotermsareexactlyequivalentwitheachother?Intellectuals&知识分子,socialsciences&社会科学,yard&院子,drugstore&药店2021/6/16139Language an

188、d TranslationWordswithPartialEquivalence:1)intellectuals:includeonlypeoplewithhighacademicstatussuchascollegeprofessors.知识分子:generallyincludespeoplewhohaveacollegeeducation,andinsomeruralareasevenhighschoolstudentsareconsidered“知识分子”.2)socialsciences:politicalscience,economics,sociology,etc.,branche

189、soflearningthatareconcernedwithhumansociety,esp.itsorganizationandtherelationshipofindividualmemberstoit.社会科学:alltheacademicfieldsnotincludedinthenaturalandappliedsciences.2021/6/16140Language and TranslationWordswithPartialEquivalence:3)yard:asmallopenspacecompletelyorpartiallyenclosedandadjoininga

190、building院子:房屋前后用墙或栅栏围起来的空地.4)drugstore/achemistsshop:wheremedicines,toiletries,andvariousothersmallarticlesincludingfood,aresold,butwhereonecanbuyonlyafewkindsofmedicinewithoutaprescription.药店:wheremedicinesandsomekindsofmedicalapparatusaresold,mostofwhicharesoldwithoutadoctorsprescription.2021/6/16

191、141AnimalTerms壮如牛asstrongasahorse犟牛asstubbornasamule蠢猪asstupidasagoose拦路虎alioninthepath河东狮oldgraymare母马母夜叉anabsolutedragon落汤鸡adrownedrat胆小如鼠chickenhearted一丘之貉birdsofthesamefeather2021/6/16142Words Often Mistakengreenhouse(温室)绿色的房屋busywork(耗时又无价值的工作)忙碌的工作busmansholiday(消磨于与日常工作类似之活动的假日)公共汽车驾驶员/乘务员的假日

192、busybody(爱管闲事的人)大忙人housewarming(乔迁喜宴)房屋供暖donkeywork(苦役；单调的日常工作)驴活儿policeaction(未经正式宣战，对破坏国际和平与秩序的叛乱者采取的镇压行动)警察行动lowbody(矮脚抽屉柜)矮个子男孩freelove(公开同居)自由恋爱equalitarianism(favorableterm)平均主义disinterested(公正的)无兴趣wester(西风)西方人2021/6/16143CaseStudyCase13(Page142)Thisexamplevividlyillustratesthatfailuresininte

193、rculturaltranslationmayprobablyleadtoveryseriousconsequence,orevendisasterstohumanbeings.Theseemingequivalentsbetweenlanguagesmayhaveverydifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures.2021/6/16144CaseStudyCase14(Page142-143)Adoptingtheliteraltranslationstrategy,version1appearstobefaithfultotheoriginalbutm

194、ayeasilyconfusethereadersinthetargetlanguage.Version2employstheliberaltranslationstrategywithanattempttoconveytheoriginalmeaningaspreciselyaspossible.However,theoriginalpoeticflavorislostastherhetoricdevicepunisnotreproduced.2021/6/16145CaseStudyCase15(Page143)Thetranslationseemstobefaithfultotheori

195、ginal,butitmaynotbereallygoodforthepurposeofinterculturalcommunication.Foreignreadersofthetranslationmayfinditstrangeandinappropriate.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragonBoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant.Thebrochurealsosuffersfroml

196、ackofbackgroundmaterial.Itdoesnttellthereaderswheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenandclosed,howmuchtheycost,andsoforth.Allthesearethingspeoplevisitinganareawanttoknow.Lessexaggerationwouldactuallybemoreconvincing.2021/6/16146CaseStudyCase16(Page144-145)ComparingthetwoEnglishversions,wecanseetha

197、tinYangsversionmoreculturallyloadedmeaningsareconveyedfromtheoriginalwhileHawkesversionmaybeeasierforEnglishspeakingreaderstocomprehend.Bycomparingdifferenttranslationsofthesametext,wecanachieveabetterunderstandingofculturalgapsanddifferencesandthenlearntoemployproperstrategiestobridgethosegapsintra

198、nslatingacrosslanguagesforinterculturalcommunication.2021/6/16147HomeworkRead“TheSapirWhorfHypothesis(p146149)”.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapirWhorfHypothesis?2021/6/16148ReviewofUnit41.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir-WhorfHypothesi

199、s?2.Translatethefollowingterms:housewarmingdisinterestedMindonespsandqsAninedayswonder红糖红糖红茶红茶眼红眼红青天青天2021/6/16149WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage156.Whatmayhavebeenthefactorscontributingtothefailureofthepresentation?Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?ItisoftencustomaryforAmericanstostarttheirtalkwithsomejoke

200、sorhumorousanecdotes,butGermanshavedifferentideasandtheytendtoconsidertellingjokesinappropriateintalksonseriousmatters.AndinGermanculture,executiveswhooccupyimportantpositionsareusuallyseniorinage,andtheyhadnotexpectedtheAmericanmanufacturertosendayoungmanastheirrepresentativetostartbusinesswiththem

201、,areputableGermandistributor.Theymayhavefounditdifficulttotrustsuchayoungperson.Unit5CultureandVerbalCommunication2021/6/16150Supplement:VerbalCommunicationVerbalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Ininterculturalcommunication,weusewo

202、rdstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld,sharethepast,exercisesomecontroloverthepresent,formimagesofthefuture.2021/6/16151Supplement:VerbalCommunicationVerbalCommunicationStyles(p179-183):Direct/IndirectSelf-enhancement/Self-effacementElaborate/Exacting/SuccinctPersonal/ContextualInstrumental/Affective20

203、21/6/16152Supplement:VerbalCommunication1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesInthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeakersintentions.Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeakersactualintentions.E

204、g.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway.2021/6/16153Supplement:VerbalCommunication2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheselfenhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutonesaccomplishmentsandabilities.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahan

205、dsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafunlovingpartner”Theselfeffacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitationsandmodesttalk.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygoodlooking,Imwillingtotrymybest.”2021/6/16154Co

206、mparethefollowingwaystoservetea:Japanese:Thisisnotverydelicious,butAmerican:ThisisthebestIcanoffer.3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab,MiddleEastern,andAfroAmericancultures.Anexactingstyle,whereperson

207、ssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericancultures2021/6/161554.PersonalandContextualStyleThepersonalcommunicationstyleemphasizestheindividualidenti

208、tyofthespeaker.Eg.Englishhasonlyoneformforthesecondperson,thatis,you.Thecontextualstylehighlightsonesroleidentityandstatus.Eg.Chinese,GermanandFrench,forexample,haveinformalandformalformsofthepronounyou(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesComparethefollowings:Arab:#%&$%$*&%#.Ame

209、rican:Justthefacts!Chinese:SilenceisGolden.2021/6/16156Supplement:VerbalCommunication5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAninstrumentalverbalstyleissenderbasedandgoaloutcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker.Anaffective

210、communicationstyleisreceiverandprocessoriented.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswithboththespeakerandthelistener.2021/6/16157Supplement:VerbalCommunicationInverbalcommunication,LCinteractionemphasizesdirect

211、talk,personorientedfocus,selfenhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”.HCinteraction,incomparison,stressesindirecttalk,statusorientedfocus,selfeffacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.2021/6/16158Reading IReadthearticleof“UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation”(p157160).Whataret

212、hedifferentculturesofconversationamongpeoplefromdifferentcountries?Conversationisarichpoint(arichpointissomethinginoneculturethatmakesitdifficulttobeconnectedwithanotherculture).Itisntanyparticularwordorgrammaticalconstructionthatproducestherichpoint;itissomethingaboutthewaythingsaregoing,somethinga

213、boutpeoplesideasabouthowtodoaconversation.Tohandletherichpoints,oldunconsciouswaysofdoingthingsaredustedoff,newwaysarebuiltup.Toconverseinthenewways,youhavetoexperiencecultureandmanufacturesomeframes.Ifyoudontfigureouttheframes,youmightspeakgrammaticallycorrectEnglish,butwhatyoucommunicatewilldiffer

214、fromwhatyouintended.2021/6/16159ReadingIConversationculturesofdifferentcountries:Mexican:Theconversationmaystartwithonetopic,andifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinyourideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.American:Theconversationusuallyhasatopic,

215、andthespeakerwantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfromthebeginningtoend.TheAmericansexpectananswertotheorientingquestion,thatistolancetheirconversationwithselfpromotionhereswhoIam,hereswhyImgoodatit,hereswhyyoushouldpayattentiontome.2021/6/16160ReadingIConversationculturesofdifferentcountries:Swedish:Th

216、eSwedishconversationalidealistorespondinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,esp.thoseforselfpromotion.Thus,whatcausesmiscommunicationisoftenthewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument,thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis,orthewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented.FinishExer

217、cisesonpage161.WhataredifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans?2021/6/16161Fill-in Task (161)Whats confusing to American English Speakers about Athabaskans?Theydonotspeakandavoidsituationsoftalking.They7.keepsilent.Theyonlywanttotalkto6.closeacquaintances.Theyplaydow

218、ntheirownabilities.Theyavoiddirectquestions.Theynever9.startaconversation.Theyneversayanything1.aboutthemselves.Theyare8.slowtotakeaturnintalking_.TheytalkwithaflattoneofvoiceTheyare11.tooindirectandinexplicit.2021/6/16162Fill-in Task (161)Whats confusing to Athabaskans about American English speake

219、rs?Theytalk12.toomuch.Theyalwaystalkfirst.Theyoftentalkto10.strangersorpeopletheydontknow.They5.bragaboutthemselves.They4.asktoomanyquestions_.Theyalwaysinterrupt.Theyonlytalk2.aboutwhattheyareinterestedin.TheydontgiveothersachancetotalkTheyare3.alwaysgettingexcitedwhentheytalk.Theyarenotcarefulwhen

220、theytalkaboutthingsorpeople.2021/6/16163Fill-in Task (161)DifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans:Whospeaksfirst(whoopenstheconversation);Whocontrolsthetalk;Whenitstimeforanewpersontotakeaturn,suchasthelengthofapause;(whotalksnext)Howlongoneshouldtalk;Howaconversati

221、onshouldclose;(whoclosestheconversation)Thus,ifAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskanstendtojudgetheotherswayoftalkaccordingtotheirownideasaboutwhatistheappropriatewayfortalking,theywouldhavemostlynegativeimpressionsofeachotherconcerningthewaytheytalk.2021/6/16164ReadingIIApartfromdifferencesingrammar

222、,vocabulary,andpronunciation,whatotherdifferencescanyoufindbetweenChineseandEnglish?Readthearticleof“TheWayPeopleSpeak”(p165169).FromtheexampleoftheconversationbetweenanItalianandanAmerican,wecanseethedifferentconversationpatternsinthesetwocultures.TheAmericansdonotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsor

223、anythingelsewhiletheItalianswelcomethem.2021/6/16165ReadingIIHighinvolvementconversationpatternsandhighconsideratenesspatterns(DeborahTannen)(p165):Highinvolvementpatterns:talkmore;interruptmore;expecttobeinterrupted;talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequickly.Manyenjoyarguments.e.g.Italian,Russian,Gree

224、k,Spanish,SouthAmerican,Arab,andAfrican.Highconsideratenesspatterns:speakoneatatime;usepolitelisteningsounds;refrainfrominterruptingandgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.e.g.AsianCultureslikeChineseandJapanese,mainstreamAmericans.2021/6/16166ReadingIITherearealsosi

225、gnificantdifferencesbetweenthevariousculturesofthesameconversationpattern.EvenwithintheUnitedStatesthereareimportantregionalandethnicdifferencesinconversationstyles.Theimportantdifferencesincommunicationcreateproblemsofstereotypingandincorrectjudgmentsamongmembersofdiversegroups.Culturalbeliefsdiffe

226、rastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive.InthemainstreamAmericanculture,theidealformofcommunicationincludesbeingdirectratherthanindirect.LatinAmericansandmanyAsiansvalueindirectness.2021/6/16167ReadingIIPingPongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyleInanAmerican“PingPong”conversation,onep

227、ersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell.However,inaJapanese“Bowling”conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandkn

228、owsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.2021/6/16168ConclusionSofar,wecanseethattherearetheCulturalRelativityofCommunicationwhentotalk,whattosayandhowtosaydif

229、ferfromculturetoculture.(i)Whentotalk(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers.TheyhavenegativestereotypesofnonAthabaskansasridiculouslygarrulous(talkativeinanunfavorablesense)andalsohypocritical.Angloswouldconsideritawkwardtoha

230、vealongperiodofsilencewhenhavingaconversation.TheyconcludethatIndiansareuncooperative,evenstupid.2021/6/16169Conclusion(ii)Howtotalk(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)PacingandpausingMeaning:Howfastdoyouspeak?Howlongdoyouwaitfollowinganotherspeakersutterance,beforeconcludingtheo

231、therhasnomoretosay?Listenership(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)Mostlyitisconnectedwithnonverbalbehaviorssuchaseyecontact.IndirectnessMeaning:Onlyapartofmeaningresidesinthewordsspoken;thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints,assumptions,andlistenersfillinginfromcontextandpriorexper

232、ience.2021/6/16170Conclusione.g.AGreekwife(ordaughter):Can I go to the marketplace? Husbandorfather:(neversayno)If you want, you can go.meaningNo.Yes, of course, go.meaningYes.(iii)Whattosaytopics(Seetheexercisesonp164)Conversationisusedasanicebreakerandtocreatewarmmemoriesforeveryoneattendingasocia

233、lorbusinessfunction.Therearetopicsyoucan,andwilldiscuss,withyourdearestfriends.However,whenyoureamongagroupofacquaintancesorbusinessassociateskeepyourconversationaltopicsneutral.2021/6/16171(p164)Whichtopicsareregardedastheappropriateonesinconversations?Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,P

234、roperty,Maritalstatus,Politics,Religiousbelief,Disease,Death,DisabilitytopicsInEnglishspeakingculturesInChinesecultureAcceptabletopicsofconversationWeatherPetWorkHobbySexFamilyAgeIncomePropertyMaritalstatusUnacceptabletopicsofconversationAge,especiallyaladysageMaritalstatusPropertyPoliticsReligiousb

235、eliefDiseaseDeathSexPregnancyDisability2021/6/16172Dialogue1Itmeansthat“IagreethatthereisneedforkeepingtheproductionlinerunningonSaturday”.TheChineseemployeeshouldsay:“Idloveto,butIvepromisedmysontocelebratehisbirthdaywithhimonthisSaturday.ImsorryImaynotbeabletocomein.”TheAmericaniscultivatedinalowc

236、ontextculturewhiletheChineseemployeecomesfromahighcontextculture.Ingeneral,theChinesemodeofcommunicationisoftenindirectandimplicitwhiletheWesternmodeofcommunicationtendstobedirectandexplicit.Readthethreedialoguesonpage170172,thentrytofindouttheproblemsandwaystoavoidsuchproblemsininterculturalcommuni

237、cation.GroupWork(p170-172)2021/6/16173GroupWork(p170-172)ChineseandwesternshavedifferentapproachestorefusingrequestsChineseEnglishInordertoavoiddirectconflictsandlosingfacewhenconfrontedwithaproblemorwhenrefusingarequest,Chineseusuallyuseindirectrefusalways,soastolettheotherpeoplewithdrawgracefully.

238、Britishpeoplemayrespondwithanexcuse,andthoseexcusesareoftencalled“whitelies”,liestoldwithgoodintentions.Thesamepurpose:bothwanttoavoidlosingonesfaceorhurtingotherpeoplebyusingpoliteexpressionswhengivingrefusals.2021/6/16174GroupWork(p170-172)Dialogue2Thebossrefusestotelltheemployeedirectlywhatheactu

239、allyfeelsabouthisworkbecausehethinksthatthatmaymaketheAmericanemployeeloseface.ItisnaturalfortheemployeetopressfordefiniteanswerstohisquestionsbecauseheisAmericanand,inhisculture,itisusuallyrighttodosoevenwhenoneiscommunicatingwithonesboss.Dialogue3TheAmericansupervisorusesa“straighttalk”lowcontexta

240、pproachindealingwiththeworkproblem,whereastheGreeksubordinateusesa“facetalk”highcontextapproachindealingwiththeissue.2021/6/16175Compliments(p162-163)DifferentWaysofRespondingtoComplimentsChineseEnglishAtypicalChinesereactionistoshowmodestyandhumilitybysayingsuchwordsas:buhao(notgood)orchadeyuan(far

241、frombeinggood)Britishpeoplerespondbysaying“thankyou”.Tips:Incross-culturalcommutation,weneedntbetooworriedaboutculturaldifferences.Rememberthererealsosimilarities,mutualadjustment,andtolerancebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.2021/6/16176Making Good IntroductionSupposeanimportantclientisvisitingyou

242、rcorporateheadquarters.Yourehavingaconversationwhenthepresidentofyourcompanywalksintotheroom.Itsuptoyoutomaketheintroductions.Butwhomdoyouintroducetowhom?Whichpersonsnamedoyoustatefirst?Yourclientisimportanttoyouandyourcompany,butcertainlythecompanypresidentisalsoimportant.Doyouhaveadilemma?Notifyou

243、understandthebackgroundofmakingintroductions,whichisbasically,“Thepersonwithgreaterimportancetakesprecedence.”2021/6/16177Making Good IntroductionSequenceofintroductionausefulformat:Alwaysstatethenameofthemostimportantpersonfirst;Usewordslike“MayI”or“Iwouldliketo”or“Itisapleasureto”;Followwithwordsl

244、ike“Introduce”or“Present”(“Present”ismoreformal);ThenstatethenameoftheLowerrankingperson;Alwaysaddabriefsentenceaboutthelowerrankingperson,suchasajobtitleorprojectheorsheisworkingon,arecentsuccess,oracommoninterestwiththesenior.Thisprovidestheseniorwithinformationtobeginacomfortableconversation.2021

245、/6/16178Making Good IntroductionExamples:“Ms.GoldCrown,mayIintroduceMr.NoCrown.Mr.NoCrownjustcompletedatriptoourAsianfacilities.”“Mr.GoldCrown,IwouldliketointroduceMs.NoCrown.Ms.NoCrownistheCEOofourcompany.”“Ms.GoldCrown,mayIpresentMr.NoCrown,whoisanavidsailor.”(ThepresenterknowsthatMs.GoldCrownisal

246、soasailor,sothisinformsthembothofacommoninterest)Ifthesituationismorecasual,youcanusefirstnames,“Goldie,IdlikeyoutomeetSilvery.SilveryplayspercussionintheWindSymphony.”Oraverycasualintroductionofarelative,suchas“Goldie,thisismysisterSherrie.”2021/6/16179CaseStudyCase17(Page176)MrRichardsonisveryplea

247、sedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMrChuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Incontrast,MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson.Heisparticularlybotheredthat,insteadofcallinghimDavidorMrChu,MrRichardsonusedhisgivenname,Honfai,thenamerarelyusedbyanyone,infact.Itwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimt

248、osmile.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMrChuandMrRichardson.Nevertheless,whenhelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMrforanyextendedperiodoftime,hedecidestoadoptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.2021/6/16180CaseStudyCase18(Page176-177)Inthiscase,hehadtosay“N

249、o”atleastthreetimes.Indeed,Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingimpolitelybyforcingthemintoabind.Case19(Page177)PeopleinhighcontextcountrieslikeChinaputhighpriorityonkeepingharmony,preventinganyonefromlosingface,andnurturingtherelationship.AthomeinCanadahewouldhavego

250、nedirectlytothepoint.ButinChina,goingdirectlytotheproblemwithsomeonemaysuggestthatheorshehasfailedtoliveuptohisorherresponsibilityandthehonorofhisorherorganizationisinquestion.2021/6/16181Case20(Page178)IntheviewoftheEnglishspeakingpeople,theopeninglinesofChineserequestsandsomeotherspeechactsdonotus

251、uallyprovideathesisortopicstatementwhichwillorientthelistenertotheoveralldirectionofthecommunication.Worstofall,thelackofprecisionandthefailuretoaddressthepointdirectlymayleadtosuspicionsthattheChinesespeakersarebeatingaroundthebush.Tothem,thepresenceofaclearandconcisestatementofwhatistobetalkedabou

252、twillmakethespeechmoreprecise,moredramatic,andmoreeloquent.Insuchasituation,itisusuallyconsideredasmartstrategyifyoucarefullydelineatethejustificationsthatwillnaturallyleadtoyourrequestorargument.Therefore,insteadofstatingtheirpropositionsomewhereinthebeginningandthenproceedingtobuildtheircase,Chine

253、sepeopleoftenfirstestablishasharedcontextwithwhichtojudgetheirrequestsorarguments.Onlyaftercarefullyprefacingthemwithanavalancheofrelevantdetails,asiftonullifyanyopposition,willtheypresenttherequestsorarguments.2021/6/16182HomeworkRead“PreferencesintheOrganizationofVerbalCodes(p184187)”.Whatcultural

254、implicationsarethereunderlyingthedifferencebetweenspeakerresponsibilityandlistenerresponsibilityinorganizationalstructure?ReviewofUnit51.ComparetheverbalcommunicationstylesofChineseandAmericans.2.ExplainthePingPongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyle.2021/6/16183WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage190,thend

255、iscussthefollowingquestions:Whatisnonverbalcommunication?Isitpossibletocommunicatewithoutnonverbalmeans?Whyorwhynot?Whatfunctionsdoesournonverbalbehaviorserveincommunication?Unit6CultureandNonverbalCommunication2021/6/16184Reading IReadthearticle“AnOverviewofNonverbalCommunication”(p191199).Whatisno

256、nverbalcommunicationinclusiveofaccordingtoit?Thearticleillustratesseveraldifferentkindsofnonverbalbehaviorsinfiveparts:paralanguage(voice&intonationp191192),kinesics(gesturep192193,facialexpressionsmilesandlaughp196197),oculesics(eyecontactp194196),haptics(handshaking&kissingp198199).2021/6/16185Par

257、alanguage(p191-192, p223-224)Wecommunicatewithmorethanthewordswespeak.Effectivespeakersusevocalqualitiestosuggestdifferentmeaningsfromexactlythesamewords,likethemannerofspeech,intonation.Paralanguage/Metacommunicationaretheaccompanyingfeaturesofthevoice.voiceset:thecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking

258、:thesituation,gender,mood,age,personsculture;voicequalities:volume,pitch,tempo,rhythm,articulation,resonance,nasality,accent;vocalization:characterizers,qualifiers,segregates.2021/6/16186Kinesics or Body LanguageKinesics,thatiscommonlycalledasbodylanguage,isthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioust

259、ypesofbodymovementsincludinggestures,posture,touching,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.2021/6/16187Gestures: (p192-193)Gesturesareanimportantcomponentofnonverbalcommunication.Thisismainlyamatterofhowweuseourhandstoconveyamessage.Thelanguageofthehandsdiffersfromcountrytocountry

260、andagesturewhichmeansonethinginonecountrymaywellmeansomethingquitedifferenttothoselivinginanother.Gesturescanbeemblemsorsymbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficershandhelduptostoptraffic),orregulators(onesfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.202

261、1/6/16188Gestures: (p192-193)Similarities:RubbingonesthumbagainstonesforefingerandmiddlefingermoneyinChineseandEnglish.Shakingonesheaddisagreementordisappointment.Movements of Head*Nodding:yesinChineseandEnglishcultures;theoppositemeaninginIndiaandGreek.2021/6/16189Gestures: (p192-193)Differences:It

262、smeorImtheonetouchorpointtoonesnosebyraisedthumb.Comehereextendingaclosedhand,palmup,withonlytheforefingermovingbackandforth.Shameonyouextendingbothhands,palmsdown,withforefingersstretchingoutandoneforefingermakesseveralbrushingmovementsoverthebackoftheotherforefinger.Hitchhikingmovingseveraltimeacl

263、osedhandwithanoutstretchedthumbopiniontotheintendeddirection.(Americanmethod)walkingonthesamesideoftheroadandinthesamedirectionasthecartraffic,andextendthethumbofyourroadsidearmtowardthefront.(Europeanmethod)2021/6/16190Gestures: (p192-193)Differences:Killoneselfraisingonesclosedhandtoonesheadwithth

264、eforefingerandthethumbstretchingoutandtheforefingerpointingtothetemple.Imfullanopenhand,palmdown,raisedtoonesthroatGoodluckcrossingonesforefingerandmiddlefinger.Stampingonesfootimpatience.Thumbingonesnose(onethumbonthetipofonesownnosewithotherfingerscurledandmovingtogether)defianceandcontempt.Waggin

265、gonesforefinger(theforefingerofonehandisraisedandwaggedfromsidetosidewhileotherfingersarelasped)warning.2021/6/16191MatchingTask(p200)1)Howtobeckonsomebodytocomeover(1)intheU.S.A.b.justwavingtheindexfinger(2)intheMiddleEastd.wavingthehandwiththepalmup(3)inPortugala.wavingthehandwiththepalmdown(4)inT

266、ongac.downwardwavingofthearm2）Howtopointsomethingorsomebodyout(1)intheU.S.A.c.extendingtheindexfinger(2)inMongoliaa.pointingwiththelips(3)inIndiad.pointingwiththechins(4)inGuineaBissaub.pointingwiththetongue2021/6/16192MatchingTask(p200)3）Howtoshowapproval(1)inFrancec.havingonethumbup(2)inGreeced.ti

267、ltingoneshead(3)inTongaa.raisingoneseyebrows(4)inKenyab.havingtwothumbsup4）WhattheO.K.signmaymean(1)inBrazilc.somethingvulgar(2)inRussiaa.rudeness(3)inFranced.somethingworthless(4)inJapanb.money2021/6/16193MatchingTask(p200)5）Whatthefoldedarmsmaysuggest(1)intheU.S.A.b.impatience(2)inRussiac.beingrud

268、e(3)inFinlandd.arrogance(4)inWalesa.nospecialmeaning6)Whatistheappropriatetypeofhandshake(1)intheU.S.A.c.firmhandshake(2)inFrancea.softhandshake(3)inJapand.handshakewiththearmfirmlyextended(4)inMiddleEastb.handshakeandfreehandplacedonforearmoftheother2021/6/16194MatchingTask(p200)7)Whatawideningofey

269、esmaymean(1)intheU.S.AandU.K.b.surprise,wonder(Really!)(2)inLatinAmericad.callforhelp(Idontunderstand)(3)inFrancec.challenge(Idontbelieveyou)(4)inAfricaa.persuasion(Iminnocent)8)Whatthetugononesearlobemaysuggest(1)inGreecec.awarning(2)inSpaina.youareasponger(3)inPortugalb.somethingwonderful(4)inScot

270、landd.doubtsaboutwhatyouaresaying2021/6/16195Facial expressionsReadoverthearticle(p196197)andexplainthedifferentunderstandingofsmilesatastrangerinthesecountries.Japan:eitherasexualmaniacoranimpoliteperson.Korea:nevertalkorsmileatstrangers.Arab:somethingwrongwiththestrangersclothesorothers.Vietnam:Am

271、ericansaresuperficialfortheysmiletoomuch.Nonverballanguage,likeasilence,asmile,aglance,hasitsownmeaning.2021/6/16196Facial expressions:Smiling:BothChineseandEnglishspeakerswouldsmilewhentheymeetfriends,colleagues,classmatesoracquaintances.ButAmericanstendtosmileeventostrangerstoshowfriendliness.Even

272、agirlmaysmiletoamalestrangerfornoreasonotherthanshowingfriendliness.PleaseturntoCase23(p217).Whatdoeslaughingserveinthementionedsituation?ForIndonesians,peoplelaughtoreleasethetension,embarrassmentordifficultsituations.Theylaughtoexpresstheirconcernaboutyou,theirintentiontoputyouateaseortohelpyoucom

273、eoutoftheembarrassment.2021/6/16197Facial expressions:AmericaJapanfullandopenemotionalexpressionfullandopenexpressionofanumberofdifferentemotionsislikelytobeheldincheckwillingnesstodisclosepersonalthoughtsandfeelingsopenlyimposingonesfeelingonothersthreatensthemaintenanceofsocialharmony;displayingan

274、gerismuchlessacceptableamongtheJapanesedefinethemselvesaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoothersemphasizeonconsistingwithotherorientalcultures,opendisplaysofjoyorsadnessisfrownedupon2021/6/16198Oculesics or Eye Movements (p194-196)Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.Eyecontactisa

275、nimportantaspectofbodylanguage.Onecoulddrawupquiterulesabouteyecontact:tolookornottolook,whentolookandhowlongtolook,andwhonottolookat,etc.Andtheserulesvaryfromculturetoculture.PleaseturntoCase22(p216).Whatcanwelearnfromit?2021/6/16199Case22BritainAmericaPuerto Ricotherulefordealingwithstrangersistha

276、tyoumustavoidstaringatthembutatthesametimeavoidignoringthem.thosewhoarecommunicatingwithoneanotherdemandseyecontact.Notlookingatthepersoncouldimplyanumberofthings(fear,guilt)lookingsomeonestraightintheeyeiswellthought;someonetofailtomeettheeyeofsomeoneaccusingthemofsomethingistakenasasignofguiltines

277、sitisconsidereddisrespectfulforachildtomeettheeyeofanadult.eyemovementsinconversationmeansoforderingturntakingStaringatpeopleisconsideredrude;youngchildrenwillbereprimandedbytheirparentsiftheylooktoolongandtoointenselyatanotherperson2021/6/16200Oculesics or Eye MovementsWhenconversingwithEnglishspea

278、kers,wehadbetterprolongeyecontactwiththem.Lookatthespeakerdirectlyintheeyewhilelistening,andlookawayintermittentlywhilespeaking.StaringorgapingshowsonescuriosityorsurpriseinChinesebutimpolitenessorembarrassmentinEnglish.AprolongedgazeorstareintheUnitedStatesisconsideredrude.InotherculturessuchasJapa

279、n,Korea,andThailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.Inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.InFranceandItaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.IntheUnitedStates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.2021/6/16201Haptics or Touch: (p198-199)Hapticsortouchrefer

280、stocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.Differencesintouchingbehaviorarehighlycorrelatedwithculture.Peopleinhighcontactculturesevaluate“close”aspositiveandgood,andevaluate“far”asnegativeandbad.Peopleinlowcontactculturesevaluate“close”asnegativeandbad,andevaluate“far”aspositiveandgood.Handshakin

281、g:Shakinghandswhenintroducedormeetingtogetherafteralongtime.Embrace&Kiss:2021/6/16202Haptics or Touch: (p198-199)Touchingisnotalwayspartofagreetinginourcultureasinsomeothercultures.WeChinesegenerallydonotoftentouchotherswhiletalkingwiththemunlesstheyareourintimatefriendsoryoungerchildren.Manypeoplew

282、illapologizeiftheyaccidentallytouchotherpeopleinpublicplacessinceinourculturepeoplewhoarestrangerstoeachothershouldnottouch.However,whetherpeoplewillapologizeornotdependsonthesituations.Ifapersonaccidentallytouchesastrangerinaverycrowdedplace,heorshemaynotapologizeforit.2021/6/16203Factors That Infl

283、uence Touch (p202-203)Touchisusednotonlytoconveycaringandnurturancebutalsotosignifythefollowingevents:1)aprofessionalrelationship;2)asocialrelationship;3)friendship;4)intimacy;5)sexualarousal.Themeaningofatouchisinfluencedbythefollowingfactors:1)ourmoodatthetimeoftouch;2)ourpasthistoryorexperience;3

284、)theperceivedrelationshipbetweenthepersons;4)thelocationofthetouch;5)therelativepressureoftouch;6)thedurationoftouch;7)thetouchispurposefuloraccidental;8)thesettingfortouch.2021/6/16204Supplement: Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbalcommunicationistheprocessbywhichnonverbalbehaviorsareused,eithersinglyo

285、rincombinationwithverbalbehaviors,intheexchangeandinterpretationofmessageswithinagivensituationorcontext.(L.A.Malandro,1983)Narrowlyspeaking,nonverbalcommunicationreferstointentionaluseofnonspokensymboltocommunicateaspecificmessage.Broadlyspeaking,thetermcanbedefinedtorefertoelementsoftheenvironment

286、thatcommunicatebyvirtueofpeoplesuseofthem.2021/6/16205Classifications of Nonverbal Communication (Knapp, 1972)paralanguage:sound,pitch,tempoofspeech,turntaking,silence.kinesicsorbodylanguage:gestures,posture,touchandfeeling(handshaking),artifacts,olfaction,etc.oculesicsoreyemovements:facialexpressio

287、ns:proxemics:intimatespace(0.5m),personalspace(0.51.25m),socialspace(1.253.5m),andpublicspace(over3.5m).(Wrightsmanetl.1988:284)2021/6/16206Featuresof Nonverbal Communication Itscommunicationinwhichwordsorspeechsoundsarenotused.Itconveysmeaning.Itinvolvessuchnonverbaldimensionsasfacialexpressions,to

288、uch,time,gestures,smile,eyebehaviors,smell,intonation,etc.Itsadisciplinestudyingnonverbalbehaviorincommunication.Itsfirstofallusedtoconveymessagestoandreceivemessagesfromothers.Itsaprocessofcommunicationbymeansofnonverbalbehaviors.Itmayconveymessagesaloneorincombinationwithverbalbehaviors.Itoccursin

289、agivencontextorsituationandisinterpretedinrelationtothatsituationorcontext.(e.g.blush:nervousorshy;bitingonesnails)2021/6/16207Its SignificanceNonverbalbehaviorisasignificantareaofcommunicationstudyforatleastthreereasons.Nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.Nonverbalbeh

290、aviorspontaneouslyreflectsthesubconsciousness.Theyarerelativelyfreeofdistortionsanddeception.Wecannotavoidcommunicatingthroughnonverbalsignals.Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.2021/6/16208Its Functions(p218-221)Repeating:Peopleusenonve

291、rbalcommunicationtorepeat,clarify,andemphasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassayingyes.(Thegesturesandwordshaveasimilarmeaningandreinforceoneanother.)Complementing:Nonverbalcommunicationcuescanaddtoorcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead,patoneontheshoulderwhilesayingtohim/her.(modifyver

292、balcommunicationbyloudnessandtoneofvoice).Substituting:Nonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.(gesturesreplaceverbalcommunication)2021/6/16209Its Funct

293、ions(p218-221)Regulating:Nonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractionsbyregulatingthem,suchasturntakingsignals(handraised)inconversations,nodonesheadinagreementtoindicatethespeakertocontinuetalking.Contradicting:Certainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.E.g.Sayingyouarerelaxedandateasew

294、ithquaveringvoicesorshakinghands.Accenting:theactofgivingspecialimportanceorsignificancetosomething.2021/6/16210ReadingIIReadthearticle“GenderandNonverbalCommunication(p204209)”.Aremenandwomenexpectedtobehaveexactlyinthesamemannereveninthesameculture?Wehavetosaythattherearethesocalledgenderscriptine

295、veryculture.Thenonverbalbehaviorsthatresultfromthissocializationarelearnedratherthaninnate,andtheybecomepartofanindividualsexperienceasa“genderedself”.Forinstance,tositlikealady,nottocrytobeaman,etc.2021/6/16211ReadingIITouch,likephysicalcloseness,maybeconsideredanexpressionofaffection,support,orsex

296、ualattraction.Forinstance,insomecultures,itmaybeallrightforwomenfriendsandrelativestowalkarminarm,dancetogether,andhugoneanother,butifmendoso,theymaybefrownedupon,fortheywouldbeconsideredhomosexual.Ontheotherhand,touchmaybeusedtoexpressandmaintainanasymmetricalrelationshipaswellasareciprocalone.Fore

297、xample,thedoctorandthepatient;thedepartmentheadandthesecretary.Inthiscase,theformerareusuallymaleoriented.2021/6/16212ReadingIITheheightandpowerdifferentialbetweenthesexes:Inaworldinwhichheightequalspowerandwomenarenotsupposedtobemorepowerfulthanmen,tallerwomenmayattempttodiminishthemselves,toslouch

298、androundtheirshoulderssoastoretreatortooccupyaslittlespaceaspossible.Menandwomenarenotusuallyrequiredtohavethesamefacialexpressions.Smilemaymeandifferentthingstomenandwomen.Forfemalessmilefunctionsasanexpressionofpleasure,pleasantness,oradesireforapproval,whilemalesmayresistanynonverbaldisplayofexpr

299、essiontoothersinordertoappearmoremasculine,becausebeingfaciallyexpressiveisoftenseenasamarkerof“femininity”.2021/6/16213ReadingIIThroughclothingandmakeup,thebodyismoreorlessmarked,constitutedasanappropriate,or,asthecasemaybe,inappropriatebodyforitsculturalrequirements.Malesandfemaleshavetodressthems

300、elvesappropriatelyaccordingtotheirculturaldefinitionsofmasculinityandfemininity.Itisimportanttorememberthatthenotionof“appropriate”nonverbalbehaviorislargelyculturallydetermined.White,middleclasswomenintheUSareexpectedtobehighlyexpressiveemotionally.However,AfricanAmericanwomenarenotexpectedinexactl

301、ythesamemanner.Dominantmembersofahierarchyarelesslikelytosmileordisclosetheirfeelingsnonverbally.2021/6/16214Posture (p211-212)Posture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.Posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.Appropriatepostureisrelatedtoapersonsstatusinsoci

302、ety.Forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.Englishspeakers,especiallyAmericansposturesaremorecasualthanChinesespeakers:sittingonadeskwithbothfeetonanotherdesk.Puttingonesfeetonthewritingtableinacrowdedofficewhilesitt

303、inginanarmchair.Makingbigstrideswhilewalking.Sittingonthegrassoronthecarpet(butneversquattinginpublic).2021/6/16215Posture (p211-212)Inwesternconversation,thespeakerwhoisstandingissuperiortotheotherwhoissittinginranksorstatusorages.ItistheoppositeinChineseconversation.Thejuniororinferioroneshouldsta

304、ndandshowhis/herrespectandsubordinatetotheseniororsuperior.Shruggingyourshoulders:messageofhelplessness“Idontknowwhattosay”or“Icouldnthelpit”.IntheUnitedStates,wherebeingcasualandfriendlyisvalued,peopleoftenfallintochairsorslouchwhentheystand;anditisalsocommontoseeanAmericanwomansitwithherlegscrosse

305、devenduringpublicmeeting.”WhereasinChina,thelifestyletendstobemoreformal,suchpostureareoffensiveandareoftenconsideredsignsofrudenessorpoormanners.2021/6/162162021/6/16217Who should stand and who sit?AccordingtoChinesetradition,peoplewhoaresittinghaverighttotakechargeofothers:Monarchsitsandofficersta

306、nds;fathersitsandsonstands;leadersitsandemployeestandsandsoon.Sotheyoungergivetheoldaseattoshowrespect.ButinAmericaandBritain,peoplewhoareinchargeofothershavetendencytostand.Theywillmakeuseoftheheightofspacetoindicatethehighstatus.Peoplewhohavehighstatuschoosetositwhentheyareconversingwithyou,whichm

307、eanstheywanttocreateharmoniousandequalatmosphereandlessenspace.Soadultswillbenddownwhentheyaretalkingtochildren.2021/6/16218Who should stand and who sit?Inclass:Traditionally,Chineseteachers,ratedasConfucianscholars,arethesoulsofbelief,knowledgeandauthority.Theirimageofpowercertainlyoughtnottobedama

308、gedbytheunseriousposture.ThatiswhysomeChinesestudentsoftencomplainthattheirAmericanteacherissoinformalinclassthatheneverseemstocareaboutstudentsreaction.Onthecontrary,sittingontheedgeofdesktogivealectureorevenputtinghisfeetonchairsinclassiswelcomedinmanyEnglishcountries.Consequently,inAmericaneyes,C

309、hineseteachersappeartobetimidandsluggishortooboringinclassroom.“InAmericanculture,teachersresponsibilityistohelpstudentsrealizeselves.Teachersarestudentsfacilitators.TeachersimageofpowerinAmericaisfarweakerthanthatinChina.”2021/6/16219Artifacts or Attire and OlfacticsTheuseofclothingandphysicalappea

310、rancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.AlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropriatebusinessattire.WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.

311、ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.Apersonssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.2021/6/16220CaseStudyCase21(Page215)Amongmiddle-classNorthAmericanmen,itiscustomarytoshakehandsasagestureoffriendship.Whenwantingtocommunicateextrafriendliness,amaleintheUnitedStatesmay,whi

312、leshakinghands,graspwithhislefthandhisfriendsrightarm.However,topeopleofMiddleEasterncountries,thelefthandisprofaneandtouchingsomeonewithitishighlyoffensive.Therefore,inVernonseyes,Kennethwasactuallyanextremelyoffensivemessagetohim.2021/6/16221CaseStudyCase22(Page216)InPuertoRicanculture,asinsomeoth

313、erLatinAmericanandEasterncultures,itisnotrightforachildtokeepaneye-contactwithanadultwhoisaccusinghimorher,whileintheUnitedStates,failingofmeetingotherpersonseyeaccusinghimorherwouldbetakenasasignofguiltiness.Astheprincipalknewlittleaboutthisculturaldifferenceinusingeye-contact,hedecidedthatthegirlm

314、ustbeguilty.Generallyspeaking,avoidingeye-contactwiththeother(s)isoftenconsideredasaninsultinsomecultures,butmaysignifyrespectforauthorityandobedienceinothercultures.2021/6/16222CaseStudyCase23(Page217)Inthiscase,thepeopletherewereactuallywishingtolaughwiththeAmericanratherthanlaughather.Theirlaughi

315、ngseemedtoconveyanumberofmessages:donttakeitsoseriously;laughitoff,itsnothing;suchthingscanhappentoanyofus,etc.UnfortunatelytheAmericanwasunawareofthis.Shethoughttheywerelaughingather,whichmadeherfeelmorebadlyandangry,forinherculturelaughingonsuchanoccasionwouldbeinterpretedasaninsultingresponse,hum

316、iliatingandnegative.2021/6/16223CaseStudyCase24(Page217-218)ItisobviousthatthereexistssomedifferencebetweentheBritishandGermansintheiruseoftouch.ThelackoftouchthatseemstobenaturalinBritainmaybeconsideredstrangebyGermans.Whatisrequired(inthiscase,shakinghandswitheachother)inonecountrycouldbetakenasun

317、necessaryinanother.Theappropriatenessofcontactbetweenpeoplevariesfromcountrytocountry.2021/6/16224HomeworkRead“SoundsandSilence(p222226)”.Whatdoyouthinkofthesaying“speakingissilver;silenceisgold”?Isitstilltrueincontemporarysociety?Whyorwhynot?ReviewofUnit61.Whatisnonverbalcommunication?2.Whyisnonver

318、balbehaviorsignificantininterculturalcommunication?3.Illustratesomeculturaldifferencesinnonverbalcommunication.2021/6/16225WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage228.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?TheAmericanandhissonhavediscoveredthatLatinAmericanuseoftimeandspaceisverydifferentfromtheirsbackintheUnitedStates.T

319、heyfeltastoundedatfirstbecausetheyhadnotexpectedthattherewouldbesuchgreatdifferencesintheseaspectsoflifebetweenLatinAmericansandNorthAmericans.WhattheyhavelearnedthereisnotjusttheSpanishlanguage,butalsohowtimeandspaceistobeusedwhenyouinteractwithpeopleinthenewculturalenvironment.Unit7TimeandSpaceAcr

320、ossCultures2021/6/16226Warm UpWhatisyoursenseoftime?GotoanswerthequestionsonGroupWork(p235236).Peoplewhochooseverydifferentanswerstothesequestionsmayfinditdifficulttocommunicateandgetalongwithoneanother,fortheyareverylikelytodifferinsenseoftimeandhowtimeshouldbeused.Sometimeswemaymakeunfairjudgments

321、onotherpeopleandtheircharacterssimplybecausetheirunderstandinganduseoftimearedifferentfromours.2021/6/16227ChronemicsChronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Thesenseoftime:1)Timeislinear.Westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.2)Timeiscyclical.Lifeonearthevo

322、lvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.MonochronicandPolychronicTime(p256-257)1.WhatisMTimeandPTime?Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture?1)Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatimeeventsscheduledasseparateitems.2)Polychronictimemeansbe

323、inginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.2021/6/162282.Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem?1)Ptimestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresentschedules.Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand,asaconsequence,arefrequentlybroken.PtimeistreatedaslesstangiblethanM

324、time.Weakness:Mattersinapolychromiccultureseeminaconstantstateofflux.Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken.2)InMtimesystem,socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyscheduledominated.Byscheduling,wecompartmentalize;thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateononethingatatime,butitalsoreducesthecontext.Mtimeisalsotangible.Mtime

325、schedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife.Weakness:Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable.Mtimereducesthecontextandalienatepeoplefromthemselvesandfromothers.2021/6/16229Reading IReadthearticle“TheHeartbeatofCulture”(p229-232).1.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandtheque

326、stionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno?InBrazil,peopleseemtobeveryflexibleintheirconceptsoftimeandpunctuality.Braziliansarelikelytoattributelatenessforappointmentstounforeseencircumstancesthatthepersoncouldntcontrol.Theyseemlessinclinedtofeelpersonallyresponsibleforbeinglate.Sotheyexpres

327、slessregretfortheirownlatenessandblameotherslesswhenothersarelate.TheBrazilianstudentsbelievedthatapersonwhoisconsistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime.Theyseemedtoaccepttheideathatsomeoneofstatusisexpectedtoarrivelate.Lackofpunctualityisabadgeofsuccess.2021/6/16230Readi

328、ng IReadthearticle“TheHeartbeatofCulture”(p229-232).2.Therearentunanimousperceptionsoftimeamongculturallydifferentpeople.Evenwithinonecountry,ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace.Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinctrhythmsandrules.3.Appreciatingculturaldifferencesin

329、timesensebecomesincreasinglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact.Ifwearetoavoidmisreadingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions,weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiasesandthoseofothers.2021/6/16231Identifying Difference: Whats the Rush? (p233-235)PeoplefromSouthAmericadoma

330、nythingssimultaneously,aremoreconcernedwithpeopleandthepresentmomentthanwithschedules,believethattheyareincommandoftimeratherthanarebeingcontrolledbyitsotheydontrushtodothingsandtendto“belate”often.However,peopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules,thesegmentationoftime,andpromptness.Theyprefertodoon

331、lyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney.So,peoplefromSouthAmericamaythinkthatpeopleintheUnitedStatesdontunderstandthetruemeaningoflifeandhavenoideaofenjoyingitwhilepeopleintheUnitedStatesmayregardpeoplefromSouthAmericaaslazyorirresponsible.2021/6/16232American Concept of TimePeopleintheUnitedStat

332、esemphasizeschedules,thesegmentationoftime,andpromptness.Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney.Americansseetimeasavaluableresource.MaybethatsProfessionalscarryaroundpocketplannerssomeinelectronicformtokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutofth

333、eirtime.ToAmericans,punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeoplestime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapology,andmaybeanexplanation.Whenpeopleplananevent,theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance.Also,peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightbeinbed.2021/6/1623

334、3Reading IIReadthearticle“TheLanguageofSpace”(p239243).WhatarethedifferencesamongAmericans,theIndia,theJapaneseandtheArabtowardsspace?IntheUnitedStates,HallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.Thestu

335、dyofspatialterritoryforthepurposeofcommunicationusesfourcategoriesforinformalspace:theintimatedistanceforembracingorwhispering(618inches),thepersonaldistanceforconversationsamonggoodfriends(1.54feet),socialdistanceforconversationsamongacquaintances(412feet),andpublicdistanceusedforpublicspeaking(12f

336、eetormore).2021/6/16234Reading IIInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes.InJapan,theprivatebubbleandthepersonalspacearemoreacreationofthemindthananactualexistence.TheJapaneseconnectprivacywithmentalspace.IncrowdseachJapanesebecomesanislandandheisaloneasl

337、ongashedoesnotacknowledgeanyoftheotherpeople.InArab,ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.2021/6/16235Supplement: ProxemicsAfascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodylanguageisthatofs

338、patialrelationships,orproxemics,thestudyofmansappreciationanduseofspace.Asaspecies,manishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareofitunlessourspaceissomehowviolated.Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinfluenceourdailyencounters.Maintainingcontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfa

339、ction;observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness.2021/6/16236Supplement: Proxemics(i)Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspace(a)fixedfeaturesofspaceForexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahig

340、hwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.2021/6/16237Supplement: Proxemics(c)personalspaceorprivat

341、espace(p239241)Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessages;theyalsoestablishacomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace.Researchsupportsthehypothesisthattheviolationofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousad

342、verseeffectsoncommunication.Thus,ifanindividualistobemutuallysatisfiedinacommunicationencounterhis/herpersonalspacemustberespected.Shouldanintruderinvadethispersonalspacewhilealsotrespassingwithinterritorialboundariesheplacedhimselfindoublejeopardyandmustcompensatefortheothersincreasedanxiety.2021/6

343、/16238Supplement: TerritorialityTerritorialityreferstohowspacecanbeusedtocommunicatemessages.Territorialclaimsdifferfrompersonalspaceinthatthepersonalzoneaccompaniestheindividualwhileterritorialityisrelativelystationary.Semifixedfeaturespaceisoftenthecriteriausedtoestablishaterritorywithinanyenviron

344、ment;itbecomesamanssafetyzonewhereherestsfromtherigorsofdefendingpersonalspacefrominvasion,thedramaticorsuddenentryintoanotherspersonalzone.Humans,likeanimals,indicatetheirownershipofthisestablishedterritoryandwillconsequentlydefenditagainstallinvasions.2021/6/16239Supplement: TerritorialityComparet

345、hedifferencesamongtheculturesofthecountriesmentionedin“HomeinVariousCultures”(p244247).America:showingvisitorsaroundhome;peoplearenotallowedtolockdoorsexceptthebathroomdoor;kitchenistheplacefornegotiationbetweenthemotherandthechildren;theparentsbedroomismostlyofflimits.Germany:requiresawideareaofpri

346、vacy,formalandregimented;doorsarefirmlyshutbetweenrooms;anentrancehalltoleadvisitorsintothehousewithoutshowingspecificroomsandspoilingthefamilysprivacy.NorthernEuropeancountries:rudeifnotcallinadvance;nottoexpectthetourofthehostshome.2021/6/16240Supplement: TerritorialityFrance:neverdropinunannounce

347、d;notourofthehouse;guestsareusuallyreceivedinthelivingroom,withthedoorstotheotherroomsclosed.Italy:youcandropinanytimewithoutcallingfirst,exceptfortherestinghoursof2:00to4:00pm.Spain:callahead;normalvisitinghoursare4:00to6:00pm.LatinAmericancountries:guests,evendroppinginwithoutwarning,aregreetedwar

348、mly,oftenwithhugsandkisses;tocommunicateinthediningroom.TheMiddleEasterncountries:thelayoutofthesalon;2021/6/16241CaseStudyCase25(Page250-251)Inthiscase,totheChinesedirectoraswellasmanyotherChinesepeople,itisnaturaltohandletheotherthingswhichneededtobedealtwithimmediately.Hemayhavethoughtthat,inthis

349、way,heutilizedthetimebest.ButtoKatherineandmostWesterners,itsquitedifferent.Theytendtodothingsstrictlyaccordingtotheirscheduleandappointmentswithothers,whichistheirconceptofusingtimebest.2021/6/16242CaseStudyCase26(Page251)JackfelthisprivacyviolatedandJackimmediatelyshowedhisemotionasaconditionedref

350、lex,whichwroteonthelook,saying“Iamcompletelynothappytoseeyou”.Afewsecondslater,hesmiledandsaid,“Hi,Magid,comeonin.”ThisobviouschangeonhisfacewascertainlynoticedbyMagid.JackhadtopretendhewasveryhappytoseeMagid,buthewassodispleasedwiththisdearoldfriendfornothavingphonedtosayhewascomingthathemighthavee

351、xpressedhisunhappinessfromtimetotimethroughnonverbalmessages,suchasfacialexpressions,handmovementsandbodypostures.Thesemessagesmightcontradicthiswords.Magidcouldmoreorlessperceivethissubtleawkwardnessthathemightbeperplexedabout.2021/6/16243CaseStudyCase27(Page252)WeChinesepeopleusuallyattachgreatimp

352、ortancetotakinggoodcareofourguests.Weoftengooutofourwaytomakeaguestfeelcomfortable,andourkindnessoftenknowsnoboundwhenitcomestoaforeignvisitor.ButwesternersincludingNorthAmericansaretrainedtospendtimealoneandtodothingsforthemselvesfromthetimetheyarestillveryyoung.Therefore,theymayfeeluncomfortablewh

353、entheyarealwayssurroundedbypeopleattemptingtobekindtothem.Hospitalityitselfmaybesomethinguniversal,buttheformandamountofhospitalitydiffergreatlyfromculturetoculture.2021/6/16244CaseStudyCase28(Page253)ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheJapanesehousewaslackofprivacy:thelackofindividual,inviolablespace.Itisim

354、possibletoliveundersuchconditionsforverylongwithoutacommonhouseholdidentityemergingwhichnaturallytakesprecedenceoverindividualwishes.AlthoughithasbecomeastandardpracticeinmodernJapanforchildrentohavetheirownrooms,manymiddleagedandnearlyallolderJapanesestillliveinthisway.Theyregardthemselvesas“onefle

355、sh”,theirpropertyascommontoall;the householdisconstitutedaccordingtoaprincipleofindivisibility.Thesystemofmoveablescreenmeansthattheroomscouldbeusedbyallthefamilyandforallpurposes.2021/6/16245HomeworkRead“CulturalConceptionsofTime(p253257)”.Somesaythattimeismoneywhileotherssaythattimeislife.Whatdoyo

356、uthinkofthetwosayings?Aretheyverydifferentfromeachother?1.WhatisMTimeandPTime?Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture?2.Whatistherightwayofdealingwithissuesofspaceandprivacyinaninterculturalenvironment?ReviewofUnit72021/6/16246WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage264andfillintheblanks.Whatdoyo

357、uthinkofthestory?“ItoldtheEnglishmanitwasthe1sportingthingtodo,andhejumped.ItoldtheFrenchmanitwas2chic;theGermanthatitwasa3command;theItalianthatitwas4forbidden;theRussianthatitwas5revolutionary;sotheyalljumpedoverboard.”“AndhowdidyougettheAmericantojump?”“Noproblem,”saidthecaptain,“Itoldhimhewas6in

358、sured!”Ofcourse,whatthestorytellsusaboutpeopleofthosedifferentnationscanonlybepartiallytrueatbestandwemustbeawareofsuchovergeneralizationandoversimplificationinourperceptionofpeopleofothercultures.Unit8Cross-CulturalPerception2021/6/16247French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267)Doyouknowsometermsand

359、expressionsinEnglishthatareformedwithnamesofothernationalities?Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Portuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit;Belgian hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek

360、gifts and Swedish drill.AmongtheEnglishidiomsmentionedinReadingI,someareemotionally“neutral”inthattheyonlydealwith“floraandfaunaandproducts”thatarenotnativetoEngland.However,someotheridiomsmaycarrytheBritishculturalvaluesandattitudestoothernations.2021/6/16248French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267

361、)DoyouknowsometermsandexpressionsinEnglishthatareformedwithnamesofothernationalities?Forinstance,idiomswhichareculturallyneutralinclude:Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Portuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Wels

362、h rarebit.Idiomswhichareculturallyloadedinclude:Belgian hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek gifts and Swedish drill.2021/6/16249French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267)ManyidiomsconcerningothernationssuggestthattheBritishsusedtoholdothersinderisionandcontempt.Butallthoserelatedto

363、theBritishthemselvesindicatethattheBritishusedtoviewthemselvesinpositiveways.Homework:FinishtheFillinTaskexercise(p268).Whatdotheymeaninthesentence?2021/6/16250FillinTask(p268)1.ExcusemyFrench,buthesabloodynuisance!2.TheheadmasteralwaystalkstothepupilslikeaDutchuncle.3.Idontunderstandthisbookatall,i

364、tsallGreektome!4.Ifyouwantedmetogo,whydidntyousaysoinplainEnglishinsteadofmakingvaguehints?5.ScratchaRussian,andyoullfindaTartar.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?6.Keepawayfrom;hisIrishisup.7.IllhaveacoupleofdrinkstogivemeDutchcourage.8.Itsgoodtoseethatoldfilmstarenjoyinga(n)Indiansummerwithhersecondhighlya

365、cclaimedfilmthisyear.9.Beforesheleft,shesaidafinalgoodbyeandgivehimalongFrenchkiss.10.ThecompaniesdonotwishtoWelshontheirdebtstobankerifthoughtheirbusinessseemstobenotgoodatthemoment.2021/6/16251Reading IIReadthearticle“EthnocentrismandEthnorelativism”(p272-276).1.Whatisethnocentrism?Mostothercultur

366、esarebackwardcomparedwithmyculture.Mycultureshouldbetherolemodelforothercultures.Otherculturesshouldtrytobemorelikemyculture.Mostpeoplefromotherculturesjustdontknowwhatsgoodorthem.Mostpeoplewouldbehappieriftheylivedlikepeopleinmyculture.Peopleinmyculturehavejustaboutthebestlifestylesofanywhere.Lifes

367、tylesinotherculturesarenotasvalidasthoseinmyculture.Idonotcooperatewithpeoplewhoaredifferent.Idonottrustpeoplewhoaredifferent.Idislikeinteractingwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Ihavelittlerespectforthevaluesandcustomsofothercultures.Otherculturesaresmarttolookuptomyculture.Otherpeoplearemuchthesamea

368、smypeople.Ourwayofdoingthingsistheonlyrightway.2021/6/16252Reading IIEthnocentrismisnegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.Itisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichonesowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.Itoccurswhenourna

369、tionisseenasthecenteroftheworld.Inotherwords,itreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithouringroupandtoevaluateoutgroupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.2021/6/16253Reading IIItisnotsuggestedthatethnocentrismisalwaysdeliberate.Oftentheexpressionofethnocentrismisafunctionofhowwearesocialized.(seeexample

370、sonp273)Ethnocentrismoftenisexpressedinthewaypeopledrawtheirmaps.Peopletendtodrawmapsoftheworldwiththeirowncountryatthecenterandwithotherpartsoftheworlddepictedasperipheral.Ethnocentrismcanalltooeasilyleadto“us”versus“them”thoughtandlanguage.Thecollectivepronouns“us”and“them”becomepowerfulinfluences

371、onperception.Thenamesgivento“them”canbeusedtojustifytheirsuppressionandeventheirextermination.(seethepoem“WeandThey”onp280281)2021/6/16254Reading IIItseemstobereallyimpossibletoeradicateethnocentrismthrougheducationandinterculturalexchange;however,theydohelpreducethedegreeofethnocentrism,asortofnatu

372、raltendency,forpeopleliveinthecontextoftheirculturesotheycanhardlygetridoftheirculturesinfluencesontheirthinking,behavingandwayofliving.Whatoneneedstodoistodeveloptheattitudeofethnorelativism.Whatisethnorelativism?Itisjustoppositetotheattitudeofethnocentrism;itisculturalrelativism.Itinvolvestheviewt

373、hatallculturesareofequalvalueandthevaluesandbehaviorsofaculturecanonlybejudgedusingthatcultureasaframeofreference.2021/6/16255Discovering ProblemsthestereotypedimagesofdifferentculturesintheUS(p276278)andthestereotypesofAmericans(p278279)Sincemostofinformationwegetaboutpeopleofothernationscomesfromt

374、hemassmediatoday,itisverydifficultforustoavoidbeinggreatlyinfluencedbythemediainourformationofimpressionsofotherpeoples,andourimpressionstendtobecomestereotypesthatmayhinderusfromtrulyunderstandingthosepeoplesininterculturalcommunication.Besides,whatimpressionswehaveformedaboutpeopleofothernationsma

375、yalsobedifferentfromwhattheyviewthemselves.Forinstance,ithasbeennotedthatthereoftenexistsadisparitybetweenthewayU.Speoplethinkofthemselvesandthewaytheyareviewedbyforeigners.Pleaselookattheresultsofasurveyinthefollowing:2021/6/16256Discovering ProblemsU.SPersonsViewsofThemselvesInformal,friendly,casu

376、alEgalitarianDirect,aggressiveEfficientGoal/achievementorientedProfitorientedIndividualisticProgressiveEnthusiasticOpenForeignersViewsofU.SPersonsUndisciplined,toopersonal&familiarInsensitivetostatusBlunt,rude,oppressiveObsessedwithtime,opportunisticPromisemorethentheydeliverMaterialisticSelfabsorbe

377、dTendtoequate“new”with“best”DeceptiveUntrustworthy2021/6/16257Culture and Perception (p281-284)ABasicModelofHumanPerception:(1)Sensation,(2)Perception,(3)Selection,(4)Organization,(5)Interpretation.Sensation:Itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.Itreferstotheinitialdet

378、ectionofenergyfromthephysicalworld.Perception:Itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigherordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation.Selection:Itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandi

379、nformationaroundus.Organization:Itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway.Interpretation:Itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding.2021/6/16258BarrierstoAccuratePerceptioninInterculturalCommunication(1)IgnoringDetails,(2)Overgen

380、eralizing,(3)HoldingontoPreconceptionsandStereotypes,(4)ImposingConsistency,(5)PreconnectingCausesandEffects,(6)PreferringSimpleExplanations,(7)IgnoringCircumstances,(8)CreditingIrrelevantInformation,(9)FocusingontheNegative,(10)SeeingGoodorBad.2021/6/16259Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295)Stereoty

381、peAstereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusedtocategorizeagroupofpeople.PrejudiceTrueprejudicesarethosenegativeattitudesdirectedtowardgroups,especiallyracialandreligiousgroups,thatarefo

382、rmedbyhighlypersonalandunreasonedgeneralizationsaboutallormostmembersofthegroup.2021/6/16260Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295)Directresultsofprejudice:theformationofingroupsandoutgroups.Maincausesofracialprejudice:ignorance:itleadstoindifferenceandhostility.insecurity:itleadstofear.Classificationso

383、fprejudice:Redneckracism:basedonsomeimaginedstandard;formaleducation.Symbolicracism:expressedintermsofthreatstopeoplesbasicvaluesandtothestatusquo.Tokenism:certainpeopleharbornegativefeelingsaboutagivengroupbutdonotwanttoadmitthisfacttothemselves;theyengageinunimportant,butpositiveintergroupbehavior

384、s,thustheycaneffusetoperformmoreimportantintergroupbehaviors.2021/6/16261Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295)Classificationsofprejudice:Armslengthprejudice:certainpeopleengageinfriendly,positivebehaviortowardoutgroupmembersincertainsituationsbutholdthosesameoutgroupmembersatan“armslength”inothersitua

385、tions.Reallikesanddislikes:membersofthegroupengagedinbehaviorsthatpeopledislike;shouldbegivenmoreattention.Thefamiliarandunfamiliar:toexperiencebehaviorsorideasthatareunfamiliarandhencefeeluncomfortable;alackofunderstandingandaninsensitivityregardingotherculturalgroups.2021/6/16262Stereotype and Pre

386、judice (p292-295)Relationamongstereotypes,prejudiceanddiscrimination:Whencognitions(stereotypes)areassignedvalues(prejudice),wemayenactbiasedaction(eg.discrimination).Prejudicevariesprincipallyalongthedimensionofintensity.Fivecommonformsofprejudicecanbeidentifiedintermsofintensity:verbalabuse,physic

387、alavoidance,discrimination,physicalattack,andmassacre.Howtoovercomestereotypesandprejudice:Empathyisthemaincommunicationskillweshouldlearntosolvetheproblemthroughthefacetofaceinteraction.Empathicpersonsknowhowtoshowunderstandingbyprojectingthemselvesintotheirpartnersposition.Thismeansthattobeempathi

388、cininterculturalinteractionsweneedtobeopenmindedintermsofinformationsharings,tobeimaginativeincorrectlydrawingthepictureofotherssituation,andtoshowacommitmentorstrongwillingnesstounderstandourculturallydifferentpartnersinanykindofsituation.2021/6/16263CaseStudyCase29(Page285)Inthiscase,boththewhitep

389、eople(theVirginiaGovernment)andtheIndianswereethnocentric.ThewhitepeopleseemedtobelievethattheirlearningandscienceswerewithoutdoubtsuperiortotheIndianslearning.TheydidntexpectthatwhattheyconsideredasgoodfortheIndianyouthwouldbetakenas“totallygoodfornothing”bytheIndians,towhom,thewhitepeopleslearning

390、andsciencescouldbeinapplicableintheirlivingenvironmentandirrelevanttothewaytheypreferredtolive.Ontheotherhand,theIndianswerealsosomewhatethnocentricwhentheyimpliedthattheireducationwasbetterbyaskingthewhitepeopletosendtheirsonstobeeducatedbytheIndiansandpromisingthattheywouldbeableto“makemenofthem”t

391、hroughinstructingtheminalltheIndiansknew.2021/6/16264CaseStudyCase30(Page286-287)ItissaidthattheeventwhichreallymarkedadividingpointinWesternimagesofChinawasthevisitofU.S.PresidentRichardNixontoChinainFebruary1972.“AweekthatchangedtheWorld”wasNixonscharacterizationofhisowntripandhisviewwassharedbyma

392、nyAmericans,becauseitsymbolizedthattheU.S.nolongerregardedChinaasamajorenemy,perhapsevennotasanenemyatall.ImagesofcontemporaryChinawerechangeddrasticallyintheprocess.2021/6/16265CaseStudyCase31(Page287)ItseemsthatIanandPeterhavethesameproblem,thatis,theyarebothstronglystereotypedbyotherpeopleandares

393、eldomseenastheyactuallyare.Thepinningofqualitiesandabilitiesontoindividualsandstereotypingthemaseither“artisticandexpressive”or“practicalandsensible”mayrundeepwithinsomesocieties.Inthisway,peoplearereducedintheirpotentialsaccordingtosuchcrudelabelsthatareusedtoexplainthem.2021/6/16266CaseStudyCase32

394、(Page288)Thiscaseclearlyshowstwoverydifferentperceptionsofwhatisgoingon.Jeremybelievesheisbeingsupportive,inclusiveandunderstanding,whereasJabufeelssheisbeingtreatedbadlyandindeedthevictimofracism.JeremydoesnotbasehisunderstandingofJabuonwhatheobservesofher,butonimpressionshehimselfhashadfromhisowne

395、xperienceinhercountry,SouthAfrica,andthebasisofhisimpressionsislikelytohavebeenstereotypical.ThewayJeremytreatsJabuoftenimpliesthatJabuandhercultureareinferiorandbackward.2021/6/16267HomeworkRead“BehaviorsThatSeparateUs(p289291)”.Whatdoyouthinkwillbethepossiblesolutionstotheproblemsinterracilaorinte

396、rnationalrelationships?1.Whatisethnocentrism?2.Howisethnocentrismdemonstratedinthewaypeoplecommunicatewithotherswhoaredifferent?ReviewofUnit82021/6/16268WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage298.WhatcanwelearnfromthiscaseabouttheJapaneseculture?TheJapanesehostsrepeatedlyaskedtheAmericanwomantotakeherbathbec

397、ausetheguestshouldtakeherbathfirstsothatthefamilymemberscouldtaketheirsandthenretire.InmostJapanesefamilies,andthesocietyatlarge,hierarchyishighlyvalued.Iftherewerenoguestsatall,thefirstpersontotakebathwouldbetheoldestmalememberofthefamily,usuallythefather.Asthechildren,girlstakebathafterboys,theyou

398、ngeronesaftertheelderones.Andthemotherwouldoftenbethelastone.FromthiscasewecanseewhattheJapanesevalueandhowtheyadheretoitevenwhentakingbath.Unit9InterculturalAdaptation2021/6/16269Culture ShockReadthearticle“AdaptingtoaNewCulture”(p299-304).Whatiscultureshock?Howtoadapttoanewculture?Cultureshockcanb

399、edescribedasthefeelingofconfusionanddisorientationthatoneexperienceswhenfacedwithalargenumberofnewandunfamiliarpeopleandsituations.(fromCollege English, 2005,14th,10)当人们去到一个与自己原来的文化迥异的地方时，当人们去到一个与自己原来的文化迥异的地方时，绝大多数人都会经历一种心理上的迷惑，这就是绝大多数人都会经历一种心理上的迷惑，这就是文化冲击。文化冲击。RobertKohls（SurvivalKitforOverseasLivi

400、ng)2021/6/16270Culture ShockCultureshock,ortheearlyadaptationphaseoftransitioningintoanewculture,referstothetransitionperiodandtheaccompanyingfeelingsofstressandanxietyapersonexperiencesduringtheearlyperioduponenteringanewculture.Symptomsofcultureshock:physiological,emotional,communication.(p299)Cau

401、sestocultureshock:Cultureshockiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsorsocialcontact.2021/6/16271Culture ShockWillcultureshockaffecteveryonewhoentersanewcountry?Isthereanyindividualdifferences?Why?Individualsdiffergreatlyinthedegreeinwhichcultureshockaffectsthem.Thesev

402、erityofcultureshockdependsonpeoplespersonalities,languageability,emotionalsupport,anddurationofstay.Itisalsoinfluencedbytheextentofdifferencesbetweenthetwocultures.Formsofcultureshock1)Languageshock2)Roleshock3)Transitionshock4)CulturalFatigue5)EducationShock6)AdjustmentStress7)CultureDistance2021/6

403、/16272Culture ShockKeep in mind :First, most people experience some degree of culture shockwhen they go to a new country. Second, culture shockpasseswithtime.Fourstagesingettingusedtolifeinanewcountry:1)Euphoria:thefirststagewheneverythingseemswonderfulwithgreathappiness,asortofhoneymoonperiod.2)Dep

404、ression,orcultureshock:thestagedespairwhenpeopletendtobeverycriticalofthecountrytheyvemovedto,blamingitfortheirproblems.3)Adjustment:thestagewhenpeoplebecomebetteratcopingwiththeirnewsituationandfeelhappierandmoreconfident.4)Acceptance:thestagewhenpeoplefinallygetusedtothenewwayoflife.2021/6/16273Ca

405、se 33 (p317-319)ReadCase33onp317-319andidentifythedifferentstagesrevealedineachletter.U-curvepattern2021/6/16274howtocopewithcultureshockandadapttoanewculture:(p303-304)Whenoneisexperiencingcultureshock,thebestthingtodoistoadmitthathe/sheisexperiencingcultureshock,trytoidentifyyourstageofcultureshoc

406、k,andworktowardbecomingmorefamiliarwiththenewculture.1.Donotbecomeoverreactionary.2.Meetnewpeople.3.Trynewthings.4.Giveyourselfperiodsofrestandthought.5.Workonyourselfconcept.6.Write.7.Observebodylanguage.8.Learntheverballanguage2021/6/16275Twoviewsofcultureshock(p306-308)1.thediseaseview:Theculture

407、shockedpersonexperiencesabreakdownincommunication,isunabletocope,andfeelsisolatedandlost,thusdevelopsanumberofdefensiveattitudesandbehaviorstoprotectthemindfromtheconfusionofanentirelynewsituation.Inthisdiseaseview,thecultureshockedpersonisahelplessvictim;theonlythingstodoaretoadjusttothenewcultures

408、omehowortoleavetheculturequickly.Inthisview,peoplecanexperiencemanydifferentemotionalandmentaldifficulties.Thecultureshockedpersonmaystarttoglorifythehomecountry;peoplecanbecomephysicallyillfromthestressofcultureshock.2021/6/16276Twoviewsofcultureshock(p306-308)2.theselfawarenessview:Cultureshockcan

409、bepartofapositivelearningexperience.Cultureshock,ifhandledwell,canleadtoprofoundselfawarenessandgrowth.Learnasecondlanguage,observedifferentcustoms,andencounternewvalues.Enablepeopletogaininsightintotheirownsociety;developadeeperunderstandingofthemselvesandofthesocietythathelpedtoshapetheircharacter

410、s;provideamirrorinwhichonesowncultureisreflected.The major difference of these two views is in the attitude of a person towards culture shock.2021/6/16277Intercultural AdaptationInterculturaladaptationrefersbroadlytotheprocessofincreasingourleveloffitnesstomeetthedemandsofanewculturalenvironment.psy

411、chologicaladaptation,socioculturaladaptationandacculturationWard C, Kennedy A. Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1994, 18(3): 3293432021/6/16278Reading IIReadthearticle“

412、OvercomingEthnocentrisminCommunication”(p309-313).Ininterculturalcommunicationwetendtousethecategoriesofourownculturetojudgeandinterpretthebehaviorsoftheotherswhoareculturallydifferentfromus.Theseethnocentricimpressionspredisposesustoevaluateothersnegatively.Whencommunicatorsengageinmutualnegativeev

413、aluation,thecommunicationeventmaydeteriorateevenfurther.Witheachturnofthisregressivespiral,negativeevaluationsareintensified.Examples:AmericanJapanese;AmericanNigerian;AmericanThai;American-British;2021/6/16279Reading IIReadthearticle“OvercomingEthnocentrisminCommunication”(p309-313).Howtoovercomeet

414、hnocentrism:Wecanovercomeethnocentrismbyapproachingeverycrossculturalsituationasakindofexperiment.Usingavailablegeneralizationsabouttheotherculture,wecanformulateahypothesisandthentestitforaccuracy.Asmoreknowledgeofrelevantculturaldifferencesisacquired,generalizationscanbecomemorespecific,hypotheses

415、moreparticular,andcommunicationdifficultiesmorepredictable.2021/6/16280CaseStudyCase33(Page317-319)ThereareobviouslydistinctstagesthatLiLihasgonethroughintheprocessofheradaptationtotheAmericanculturalenvironment:honeymoonperiod(Letter1),whenshewasfascinatedandexcitedbyalmosteverythingintheUnitedStat

416、esandfeltelatedtobeinthenewculture;cultureshock.(Letter2),whenshewasimmersedinmanyproblemsthatshehadnotbeenpreparedforandbecameextremelyhomesick;initialadjustment(Letter3),whenshelearnedmoreaboutAmericancultureandculturaladaptationandbegantofeelmuchbetterthen;mentalisolation(Letter4),whenshefeltfrus

417、tratedandbecameevensomewhathostiletowardsAmericans;andacceptanceperiod(Letter5),whenshebegantorealizethepositiveandnegativeaspectsofthecountryandhaveamorebalancedperspectiveaboutherexperiencesthere.2021/6/16281CaseStudyCase34(Page320)Inthiscase,itseemsthatKevinfailedtounderstandthatcustomsforsuchaso

418、cialgatheringwouldbeculturallydifferentandBlancawerenotproperlypreparedforexperiencingacultureshocklikethiswhenshecametoworkandliveinanewculturalenvironment.InDominicanculture,itisusuallyconsideredinappropriateforayoungunmarriedfemaletogotoasocialgatheringalonewithoutanyoneelseaccompanyingher.Achape

419、roneisoftenrequired,andgettingonesparentspermissionisalsonecessary.However,allthismaybeverystrangetoNorthAmericansnowadays.KevincouldnotquiteunderstandwhyBlanca,alreadyanadultsupposedtobeindependent,hadtobringherlittlesisteralongtothegatheringsoastogetherparentspermission.2021/6/16282CaseStudyCase34

420、(Page320)AnotherthingatwhichtheydifferisthatinDominicanculture,somewhatlikeourChineseculture,peoplegoingouttogethertoeatseldompayseparately.Theelderone(s)wouldpayfortheyoungerone(s),andthemale(s)wouldpayforthefemale(s).BecauseofhavingexpectedthatKevinwouldpayfortheirmeals,Blancadidntbringmuchmoneywi

421、thherwhenshewasgoingto The Blue Hat.Therefore,whenKevinsaid“separatechecks,please”tothewaiter,asNorthAmericanpeopleusuallydowhilegoingouttogethertoeat,hedidntrealizethathehadputBlancainaveryembarrassingsituation.ThatswhyBlancawhisperedtohersister,tellingherthatshedidnthavemuchmoneywithherthenandjust

422、orderedsomethingtodrinkwhenshesaidtheywerenothungryatall.2021/6/16283CaseStudyCase35(Page321)TheAmericanspersonalexperienceinRussiahastaughtusnottojumptoaconclusionaboutanyotherculture.Wemaymisinterpretthebehaviorandintentionofpeopleinothercultures,forweareeasilyinfluencedbysomepopularovergeneraliza

423、tionsaboutothercultures.Wehavetobeawarethatthingsinotherculturesmaynotbewhattheyappeartousforeigners.Oneofthedifficultieswewillexperienceinadjustingtoanewcultureisthatwemayhavetakentoomuchofourown“culturalbaggage”:misleadingstereotypesandpreconceptionsaboutmembersofthatculture.Ininterculturalcommuni

424、cationitissometimestruethatalittlelearningaboutotherculturescanbeadangerousthing.Distortedorbiasedknowledgemaybeworsethannoknowledgeatall.Evenifwhatweknowaboutothercultureshasbeenprovedtoberightandwellgrounded,westillhavetorememberthattherewilloftenbevariationwithinanyculture.Weshouldalwaysbeprepare

425、dforexceptionswheninteractingwithindividualsfromanotherculture.2021/6/16284CaseStudyCase36(Page321-322)Weallknowthatwearemembersofaparticularcultureandwesharethesameculturalidentitywithothermembersoftheculture.However,muchofourculturalidentitymaysimplybeoutsideofourawareness.Notuntilwefindourselvesi

426、nsituationswhereoursenseofselfourvalues,beliefs,practicesiscalledintoquestiondoweperceivethetacitdimensionsofourculturalidentity.Inthisincident,theGermanwomanhasfoundoutthatAmericanstreattheirneighborsinawaythatisdifferentfromthewayGermansdo.Asherexpectationswerethwarted,shebecameawareofherowncultur

427、alidentity,herculturalwayofthinking,ofinterpretingtheworld.Thiscouldbeapainfulprocess,whichmanyofus,astheGermanwomaninthiscase,maynotbepreparedfor.Therefore,itisimportanttoraisepeoplesawarenessoftheirculturallyshapedidentityandacknowledgethelikelihoodofsomeemotionaldisturbanceduringtheculturaladjust

428、ment.2021/6/16285HomeworkRead“SojournerAdaptation(p322326)”.Whatarechallengestointerculturaladaptation?Read“DevelopingMindfulness(p327331)”.Howcanwebemindfulininterculturalcommunication?ReviewofUnit91.Whatiscultureshock?2.Howtoadapttoanewculture?2021/6/16286WarmUpPleasereadthestoryonpage334.Canyougu

429、esshowthehusbandtranslatedforhismotherandhiswife?Susan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband:妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看.Mother:不去了，给你们添麻烦。Husband:Oh,itdependsonthephysicalcondition.Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband:谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多的好吃的.Mother:自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后可不要再瘦身了，身体健康才最重要哪！Husband:I

430、tsmypleasure.Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband:谢谢妈妈，我祝你身体健康.Mother:啊，谢谢，谢谢！Unit10AcquiringInterculturalCompetence2021/6/16287Reading IReadthearticle“ACultureLearningStory”(p335-340).Whatcanyoulearnfromthestory?CulturalIdentityCulturalidentityreferstoonessenseo

431、fbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.2021/6/16288Reading IReadthearticle“ACultureLearningStory”(p335-340).Whatcanyoulearnfromthestory?Betweennessofidentity:(p339)Betweennessofidentityi

432、sastateofmindthatisdistinctfromthatofatypical,traditionalstandardineithernativelanguage/cultureorsecondlanguage/culture.Itisaresultofthewholerecreationprocessofapersonsownidentityaftertakingdifferentcharacteristicsfromthesecondlanguageorcultureintothepersonsoriginalidentity.However,thisshouldnotbeco

433、nsideredasanincompleteorinferioridentity,eithertonativelanguage/culture,ortosecondlanguage/culture,butasanother,originallycreated,independentone.2021/6/16289Reading IIReadthearticle“ImprovingInterculturalCommunication”(p346350).Howcanweimproveourcommunicationwithpeopleofothercultures?1)knowyourself(

434、1)Weareproductsofourculture;anawarenessofourculturealongwithexamplesofcontrastingculturescontributesgreatlytoourunderstandingofourselvesasculturalbeing.(2)Identitythoseattitudes,prejudices,andopinionsthatweallcarryaroundandthatbiasthewaytheworldappearstous;detectthewaysinwhichtheseattitudesinfluence

435、communication.(3)Learntorecognizeyourcommunicationstylethemannerinwhichyoupresentyourselftoothers;itinvolvesdiscoveringthekindofimageweportraytotherestoftheworld.2)seektounderstanddifferentlanguages(1)Seekacommonlanguageandattempttounderstandculturaldifferencesinusingthelanguage.(2)Keepinmindthatthe

436、reismoretolanguagethanvocabulary,syntax,anddialects.2021/6/16290(3)Languageismorethanavehicleofcommunication;itteachesoneacultureslifestyle,waysofthinking,anddifferentpatternsofinteraction.(4)Therearedifferentstylesof“talk”.3)developempathy(1)Developempathybeabletoseethingsfromthepointofviewofothers

437、sothatwecanbetterknowandadjusttotheotherpeople.(2)Barriertoempathyaconstantselffocus;alackofmotivation;(3)Wemustrealizethatweliveinaninterconnectedworldandtrytounderstandeveryoneregardlessofhowmuchweseemseparatedfromthembyeitherdistanceorculture.(4)Tocultivateempathytobecomesensitivetothevaluesandcu

438、stomsoftheculturewithwhichyouareinteracting.(5)Thisdoesnotmeanthatyouhavetoagreewiththem,butyoucanavoidconflict,arebetterabletounderstandthesituation,andarebetterequippedtoprovideamutuallyagreeablesolutiontotheproblem.4)tobeflexible2021/6/16291Intercultural Communication CompetenceInterculturalcommu

439、nicationcompetencereferstotheabilitytoaccomplisheffectiveandappropriateinterculturalcommunicationbetweencommunicatorsofdifferentcultures.FinishtheMatchingTask(p353)2021/6/16292MatchingTask(p353)Attributes1.Toleranceforambiguity2.Openmindedness3.Flexibility4.Respectfulness5.Adaptability6.Sensitivity7

440、.CreativityAbilitiesb.Abilitytomeetnewsituationswithmindfulnessf.Abilitytorespondtoothersinnonevaluativewaysa.Abilitytoshiftframeofreferencee.Abilitytoshowpositiveregardfortheother(s)g.Abilitytobehaveappropriatelytoparticularsituationsd.Abilitytoconveyempathyverballyandnonverballyc.Abilitytoengagein

441、differentmodesofthinking2021/6/16293Intercultural Communication CompetenceReadthearticle“Description,Interpretation,andEvaluation”(p354355).Howtocommunicateeffectivelywithpeople,especiallythosefromdifferentcultures?1)Threecognitiveprocessesinperception:Description:anactualreportofwhatwehaveobservedw

442、iththeminimumofdistortionandwithoutattributingsocialsignificancetothebehavior.Interpretation:whatwethinkaboutwhatweseeandhear.Evaluation:positiveornegativejudgmentsconcerningthesocialsignificanceweattributetobehavior.2021/6/16294Intercultural Communication Competence2)Theimportantthingtokeepinmindis

443、thatmultipleinterpretationscanbemadeforanyparticulardescriptionofbehavior.3)Thereasonwhywefailtocommunicateeffectivelyoftenliesinthefactthatwetendtoskiptheessentialcognitiveprocessofdescriptionandjumpimmediatelytotheprocessofinterpretationorevaluationwithoutrealizingthatourinterpretationsorevaluatio

444、nsarebasedonourownculturalbeliefsandtheymightbeverydifferentfromwhatismeantbythespeaker.2021/6/16295CaseStudyCase37(Page356-357)Peterwasbroughtupinacultureinwhichthedemandsofpolitenessandfacerequireeitherthatonegoesagainstonesrealwishesandacceptsinvitationsthatonewouldreallyprefernottoaccept,orthato

445、nefindselaborateexcuses(anillchildisaveryusefulone)toavoidcommitment.However,inMoroccanculture,thingsarequitedifferent.Peterseemstohavegraduallyadaptedverywelltothenewculturalenvironmentinwhichhefoundhimself.Thelessonwecanlearnfromthisisthatoneshouldnotjudgethebehaviorofthoseofanotherculturebyonesow

446、nculturalstandardsandshouldlearntodoastheRomansdowheninRome.2021/6/16296CaseStudyCase38(Page357)ThisisjustacaseoftheconflictbetweenthefirstgenerationandthesecondgenerationofChineseimmigrantsintheUnitedStates.Thesetwogenerationshavegrownupintotallydifferentsocialenvironmentsinwhichtheirvaluesarediffe

447、rentlyshapedandtheirviewsoftheworlddifferentlyformed.Thedaughter,bornandbroughtupinAmerica,hasalreadybeentotallyAmericanizedeventhoughshehashereyesandskinofthesamecolorasherparents.LivinginAmericansociety,shefindsitnaturaltoidentifyherselfwiththemainstreamAmericanculture,inwhichparentsandchildren(es

448、peciallythegrownupchildren)aresupposedtotreateachotherasequals,whilehermother,thoughhavinglivedinAmericaformanyyears,isstillculturallymoreChinesethanAmerican.Therefore,themother,oftenwithgoodintentions,islikelytomisunderstandwhatherdaughtersaysanddoes.Todealwithconflictsofthiskind,sincereexchangeofo

449、pinionandwillingnesstolearnfromeachotherareamongthebestmeasures.2021/6/16297CaseStudyCase39(Page358)AnniefeltunhappyaboutRosascousinbecauseshethoughtRosascousinhadstayedwiththemfortoolongandseemedtohavedependedonRosatoomuch,which,inAnnieseye,wasactuallyaninterferencetoRosasstudies.Rosadidnotchangeaf

450、terhercousincame.ShewasstillthesamegoodstudentasAnnieremembered.However,toher,familycomesfirst,soshewentoutofherwaytolookafterhercousin,eventhoughthatmeansshewouldbeleftwithlittletimeforherselfandherclasses.ThemisunderstandingbetweenAnnieandRosacomesfromthedifferenceinwhattheyvalue.Annieseemedtovalu

451、eprivacy,independence,personalneedsandinterestsmorethanRosa,towhomfamilyrelationshipsandobligationtofamilymembersmeantverymuch.InMexicanculture,familyisthecoreofaffiliationwhileinthemainstreamAmericanculture,individualresponsibilityisemphasizedandselfrelianceispreferred.2021/6/16298CaseStudyCase40(P

452、age358-359)Inthiscase,AmericanstudentswereseenhowtheywouldbehaveinthecultureinwhichtheywerecommunicatingwiththeFrenchstudents,applyingwhattheyhadlearnedinclassroombutwerenotyetquiteaccustomedto.Theyfinallybehavedintheculturallyappropriatemannersbecausetheywerepulledbytheforceofrelationships,byrealpe

453、opleinarealsituation.Thisistheultimategoaloflearningaboutcultureandcommunication,whenlearnersmovefromtheclassroomoutthedoorintothenewwayoflife.2021/6/16299HomeworkRead“InterculturalCommunication:AMatterofOurSurvival(p363366)”.Whyisthestudyofinterculturalcommunicationveryimportantintodaysworld?2021/6/16300 结束语结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！