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1、 2008 Trane 2008 TraneAn Inside Look at ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNAAn Inside Look at ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNAStandard 90.1-2007Standard 90.1-2007Mick Schwedler, PEManagerTrane Applications EngineeringChair, SSPC 90.1Energy Standard for Buildings ExceptLow-Rise Residential Buildings 2008 TraneHelp you gain aworking k
2、nowledge ofASHRAE Standard 90.1 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007Topics for Todays DiscussionsBrief historysImplementationuCodesuU.S. military requirementsuLEED green building rating programsContentsuTitle, purpose, scopeuAspects of building addressed by provisions 2008 Trane 2008 TraneASHRAE Stan
3、dard 90.1-ASHRAE Standard 90.1-20072007Brief history Milestones Plan for reprints Scope of 2007 revision 2008 TraneHistorical Timeline90.1-2001minorrevisions90.1-2004updates,reorganization90.1-1999major rewrite90.1-1989updated90.1-1975first issued90.1-1980updated1990200020101970198090.1-2007Updates
4、2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.12007 Changes from 2004sIncorporates 42 addenda published since 90.1-2004 was released 2008 Trane 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-ASHRAE Standard 90.1-20072007Implementation Model codes U.S. government Outside U.S. LEED program 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1 andModel Code
5、sASHRAE Standard 90.1 is adopted by:uAmerican National Standards Institute(90.1-2007)uNational Fire Protection AssociationuInternational Code Council(International Energy Conservation Code) 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1 andEnergy CodessIECCChapter 8 adopts 90.1-2007 by referencesIECCChapter 7 descr
6、ibes an alternate path for complianceuIncludes many provisions of 90.1-2007uASHRAE is proposing code changes to increase stringencyInternational Energy Conservation Code(IECC) 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1 adoption byU.S. Department of Defense“2-1 MANDATORY ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION CRITERIA. F
7、amily housing (residential) shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the latest Energy Star standards, per other appropriate service-specific criteria and guidance. Other facilities shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the latest edition of ASHRAE Standard 90.1.”Excerpt f
8、rom Unified Facilities Criteriahttp:/www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/ufc/081602_UFC3-400-01.pdf 2008 TraneLEED NC 2009 : EAp2Minimum energy performancesOption 1: performance compliance pathuMandatory provision (5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, and 10.4)uBaseline building complies with Appendix G Building PR
9、Mu10% better than 90.1-2007 for new construction, 5% better for existing buildingsOption 2: prescriptive compliance pathuASHRAE AEDG lsmall office buildings 2004lsmall retail buildings 2006lsmall warehouses and self-storage buildings 2008 sOption 3: prescriptive compliance pathuAdvanced Buildings Co
10、re Performance Guide 2008 TraneEAC1 ModelingUp to 19 pointsNew BuildingsExisting Building RenovationsPoints12%8%114%10%216%12%318%14%420%16%522%18%624%20%726%22%828%24%930%26%1032%28%1134%30%1236%32%1338%34%1440%36%1542%38%1644%40%1746%42%1848%44%19 2005 American Standard All rights reservedASHRAE S
11、tandard 90.1-2007Contents Purpose Scope Aspects of building addressed by provisions 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007Purpose“ Provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential buildings” 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007ScopesNew buildings and
12、their systemssNew portions of buildingsand their systemssNew systems and equipment in existing buildings 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007ExclusionssLow-rise residential buildingsuASHRAE Standard 90.2 covers low-rise(3 stories or less), one-family, and two-family residential buildingssBuildings th
13、at do not use electricity or fossil fuelsEquipment and portions of building systems that use energy to support industrial, manufacturing, or commercial processes 2005 American Standard All rights reservedASHRAE Standard 90.1SectionsnSection 1: PurposenSection 2: ScopenSection 3: Definitions, Abbrevi
14、ations, and AcronymsnSection 4: Administration and EnforcementnSection 5: Building EnvelopenSection 6: HVACnSection 7: Service Water HeatingnSection 8: PowernSection 9: LightingnSection 10: Electric MotorsnSection 11: Energy Cost Budget (ECB) MethodnSection 12: Normative ReferencesnAppendices 2005 A
15、merican Standard All rights reservedASHRAE Standard 90.1Section 5:Building Envelope 2008 Tranesection 5: building envelopeBasis of RequirementssClimate zone sSpace conditioning categoryuNonresidential conditioneduResidential conditioneduSemiheatedsConstruction class 2005 American Standard All rights
16、 reserved 2008 TraneLook up climatezones by location Miami, San Juan= 1ASeattle= 4CReykjavik= 7AmoistCmarineBdrysGroups climates into 8 zonessSubcategorizes zonesby humidity levelappendix B: building envelopeClimate Criteria1veryhot8subartic7verycold6cold5cool4mixed3warm2hot 2008 TraneU.S. Climate C
17、lassifications(Briggs et al., 2002) 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1Compliance Paths: Envelopeproposedbuilding design90.1-compliantbuildinggeneral &mandatoryprovisionsPrescriptiveBuilding EnvelopeOption (5.5)Building EnvelopeTrade-Off Option(5.6, performance)Energy CostBudget Method(ECB, 11) 2008 Tran
18、eEnvelope Addendasas: Modifies opaque envelope requirementssat: Modifies fenestration (glass) requirements90.190.120072007ChangeChangeexample*Excerpt from Table 5.5-5, Building Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 5 of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007Example of 5.5s compliance criteria for roofs, based o
19、n climate zone and construction typeBuilding Envelope Requirements* 2007 American Standard All rights reserved 2008 Tranesection 5: building envelopeDemonstrating CompliancesIn lieu of prescriptive options.uBuilding Envelope Trade-Off Option, oruEnergy Cost Budget methodsStill in conjunction with ma
20、ndatory requirementsBuilding Envelope Trade-Off OptionEnvStd 5.0 softwareautomates EnvelopePerformance Factorcalculations 2008 Tranesection 5: building envelopeSummarysCriteria based on space typesOne table summarizes enveloperequirements per climate zonesPrecalculated U-factors forcommon constructi
21、on typessComputerized “buildingenvelope trade-off” procedure 2007 American Standard All rights reserved 2005 American Standard All rights reservedASHRAE Standard 90.1Section 6:HVACSection 7:Service Water Heating 2008 TraneSimplifiedApproach Option (6.3)ASHRAE Standard 90.1Compliance Paths: HVACpropo
22、sedHVAC design90.1-compliantHVAC systemprescriptiverequirements(6.5)SimplifiedApproach Option (6.3)Energy CostBudget Method(ECB, 11)(small buildings only)mandatoryprovisions(6.4) 2008 TraneHVAC compliance with Std 90.1Simplified ApproachsMinimal effort sEqually stringent requirementssFits on two pag
23、essLimited to uBuildings with 1 or 2 storiesuBuildings less than 25,000 square feetuSingle-zone systemsuAir-cooled or evaporatively cooled 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACMandatory ProvisionsSimplifiedApproach Option (6.3)proposedHVAC design90.1-compliantHVAC systemprescriptiverequirements(6.5)SimplifiedAp
24、proach Option (6.3)Energy CostBudget Method(ECB, 11)(small buildings only)mandatoryprovisions(6.4) 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACMandatory ProvisionssEquipment efficienciessLoad calculationssControlssConstruction and insulationsCompletion requirementsDrawings, manuals, balancing, and commissioning 2008 T
25、ranesAir conditioners andcondensing unitssHeat pumpssChillerssPTACssFurnacessBoilerssHeat-rejection equipmentmandatory HVAC provisionsEquipment Efficiencies 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACEquipment Efficiencies raisedsan: Boiler efficiencies18 trillion Btu of gas or oil annually as stock turnssF: Three-ph
26、ase air-cooled AC and heat pumps2.3 quads by 2035sg: Air-cooled AC and heat pumps1.05 quads by 203590.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 Traneexamples ofEquipment Efficiencies6.4.1.1: “ Where multiple rating conditionsor performance requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all stated requi
27、rements ”Equipment typeMinimum efficiencySelf-contained, water-cooled11.0 EERw/electric resistance heat10.3 IPLV(20100 tons)Water-source heat pump12.0 EER (cooling)(1.55.25 tons) 4.2 COP (heating)Centrifugal chiller, 6.10 COP0.576 kW/ton water-cooled ( 300 tons) 6.40 IPLV0.549 IPLV (at ARI rating co
28、nditions) 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsLoad CalculationssMust calculate heating and cooling system design loadssMust base calculations on generally accepted engineering standards and handbooks 2005 American Standard All rights reserved 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsZone Thermostatic Contr
29、olssRequired for each zonePerimeter can be treated differentlys5 F deadbandDual setpoint or deadband(can be software for DDC) 2008 Tranezone thermostatic controlsPerimeter Zones60 ftbuilding plan view: thermal zoning example 10,000 cfmsZone isolation:u25,000 ft maximum zone size on one flooruIsolati
30、on devices to shut off outdoor and exhaust airflowuCentral systems capable of stable operationZone IsolationExamplecentral VAV fan systemroof“normally-closed”VAV boxesVAV boxes withDDC controlsreturn air (typical)motorized dampercombination fire/smoke dampersupply duct to zones (typical) 2005 Americ
31、an Standard All rights reserved 2008 TraneASHRAE 62.1 ReferencesChanged from 62.1-1999 to 62.1-2004uVentilation rates changeduNow based on summation of rates per person and per area90.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsDamper Leakage Rate*Dampers 500 ft2 and design occupanc
32、y 40 people/1000 ft:90.190.120072007ChangeChange(was 3000 cfm and 100 people/1000 ft2) 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsVentilation: High OccupancyIf outdoor air 3,000 cfm and design occupancy 100 people/1000 ft:Automatically reduce outdoor air intake below design requirements when spaces are part
33、ially occupiedsExceptions:uSystems with exhaust-air energy recovery complying with Section 6.5.6.1uSystems with 3 in. wg 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsCompletion RequirementsDocumentation within 90 days of system acceptance:uDrawings of actual installationuSubmittal datauOperation and maintenan
34、ce manualsuService agency informationuControl sequences and schematics 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsCompletion RequirementsSystem balancinguWritten report conditioned spaces 5000 ftuFor airside system fan power 1 hp and hydronic pumps 10 hp:1.Minimize throttling losses2.Trim impeller or adjust
35、 design speedcontinued 2008 Tranemandatory HVAC provisionsCompletion RequirementsCommissioning (Appendix E)uControl elements calibrated, adjusted, andin working orderuDesigner must provide detailed instructions (per Appendix E) for projects 50,000 ftExceptions:Warehouses, semi-heated spacesconcluded
36、 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACMandatory Provisions RecapsMust be met whether using prescriptive or performance (ECB method) pathsMandates include:uEquipment efficiencyuControlsuConstruction and insulationuCompletion requirements (drawings, manuals)uBalancing and commissioning 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACPr
37、escriptive RequirementsSimplifiedApproach Option (6.3)proposedHVAC design90.1-compliantHVAC systemprescriptiverequirements(6.5)SimplifiedApproach Option (6.3)Energy CostBudget Method(ECB, 11)(small buildings only)mandatoryprovisions(6.4) 2008 Tranesection 6: HVACPrescriptive RequirementssEconomizers
38、sSimultaneous heating and coolingsAir system designand controlsHydronic systemdesign and controlsHeat rejection equipmentsEnergy recoverysExhaust hoodssRadiant heatingsHot gas bypass limitation 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsEconomizerssClimate and system size determine need for an economiz
39、ersMay be either airside or watersidesNumerous (9) exceptions, including an efficiency tradeoffsControl must be integrated with mechanical coolingsOperation must not increase heating energy consumption 2008 TraneCooling capacity for whichan economizer is requiredclimate and system size determinantsE
40、conomizersClimate zone1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a Economizer unnecessary(Puerto Rico, Miami, St. Louis, Charlotte)2b, 5a, 6a, 7, 8 135,000 Btu/h(Yuma, Chicago, Edmonton)3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b 65,000 Btu/h(Denver, Lubbock, Vancouver) 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsSimultaneous HeatingCoolingZone
41、controlsuNo reheatinguNo recoolinguNo mixing or simultaneously supplying mechanically (or economizer) cooled and mechanically heated airuExceptions based on zone airflow 2008 Tranesimultaneous heatingcoolingZone-Control ExceptionsZone airflow does not exceed whicheveris largest:uASHRAE Standard 62s
42、zonerequirements for outdoor airu0.4 cfm/ftu30% of supply airu300 cfmuASHRAE Standard 62smultiple-space requirements 2008 Tranesimultaneous heatingcoolingZone-Control ExceptionssZones with special pressurization requirementssZones with code-required minimum circulation ratessSite-recovered or site-s
43、olar energy provides 75% of reheat energyconcluded 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsSimultaneous HeatingCoolingHydronic (water loop) heat pump systemsuDeadband 20F(Exception: Optimized loop control)uClimate zones 3-8:lBypass for closed-circuit fluid coolerlIsolate open towers from heat-pump l
44、oop 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsSimultaneous HeatingCoolingDehumidificationPrevent:uReheatinguMixing of hot and cold air streamsuHeating and cooling the same air stream 2008 Tranesimultaneous heatingcoolingDehumidification Exceptions sReducing supply airflow to 50%, or minimum ventilatio
45、n ratesSystems 5 hpOptionConstant volumeVariable volume1) Nameplate hphp CFMs x 0.0011 hp CFMs x 0.00152) System bhpbhp CFMs x 0.00094 + A bhp CFMs x 0.0013 + A 90.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 TraneFan Power Limitation Pressure Drop AdjustmentsA = (PD x CFMdesign / 4131) sPD specified foruDuctsuFi
46、ltersuGas-phase air cleanersuHeat recovery devicesuSound attenuation sectionsuOther devices90.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsAir System Design & ControlVAV fan controluMotors 10 hp require one ofthe following:lVariable-speed drivelVaneaxial fan with variable-pitch
47、bladeslDesign wattage 30% at 50% air volumeuDDC systems must include setpoint reset (fan-pressure optimization)(was 15 hp)90.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 TraneFan-Pressure Optimizationcommunicating BASductpressureVAV damperposition 2008 TraneDamper position(% open) ofcritical VAV box75%65%Increase
48、 static pressure setpointReduce static pressure setpointNo actionfan-pressure optimizationControl LogicapplicationapplicationTIPTIP 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsHydronic System Design & ControlThese provisions apply if pump system power 10 hp:uMust be variable flow unless lPump power 75 h
49、pl 3 Control valvesuLimit demand of individual variable-flow pumps to 30% of design wattage at 50% flow (e.g., use VSD)lPump head 100 ftlMotor 50 hp 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsHydronic System Design & ControlsPump isolation(Series chillers “1 chiller”)sChilled and hot water reset 300,00
50、0 Btu/h unless:uImproper operation resultsuSystem is variable flowsTwo-position shutoff valve for heat pump system 10 hpbypass line (decoupler)primarypumpssecondarypumpsChilled water system design:Primarysecondary 2007 American Standard All rights reservedapplicationapplicationTIPTIPD DP(typical)Chi
51、lled water system design:Variable primary flow 2007 American Standard All rights reservedbypass linevariable-flowpumpsapplicationapplicationTIPTIP 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsHeat-Rejection EquipmentFan speed controluMotors 7.5 hp must be able to operateat 2/3 of full speed or lessuExcep
52、tions:lCondenser fans serving multiple circuits or flooded condenserslInstallations in climate zones 1 and 2lUp to 1/3 of the fans on a multiple-fan application (if lead fans meet speed control requirement) 2008 Tranechillertower optimizationUse of Fan Speedscondenser water setpoint, Fchiller plant
53、power, kW02004006008001000120060657075808590730 tons:54F WB1160 tons:59F WB 1550 tons:65F WB Shaded areas = Optimal setpointapplicationapplicationTIPTIP 2008 Traneprescriptive HVAC requirementsAirside Energy RecoverysRequired if:uSupply air capacity 5,000 cfmuMinimum outdoor air 70%sRecovery system
54、effectiveness 50%sExceptions (9)uLabs, toxic exhaust, etc.uLargest exhaust 6,000,000 Btu/h anduSWH load 1,000,000 Btu/hsWhere required, meet the smaller of:uRecover 60% of rejected condenser heat oruPreheat water to 85F 2008 Tranewaterside energy recoveryPreferential Loadingproduction(supply)distrib
55、ution(demand)heat-recovery chillerin a sidestream pipingarrangementbypass lineapplicationapplicationTIPTIP 2008 Tranesection 7:Service Water HeatingsMandatory provisions:uEquipment efficiencyuPiping insulationuSWH system controls (temperature, pump operation)uPool heaters and coverssPrescriptive req
56、uirements:uSpace and water heatinguService water heating 2008 Trane 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1ASHRAE Standard 90.1Section 9:Lighting 2008 Tranesection 9: lightingScopesLighting controluInterior spacesuExterior building features and grounds lightingsLighting poweruInterior spacesuExterior buildin
57、g features and grounds lightinguBuilding type and use 2008 Tranemandatory provisionsInterior Lighting ControlsAt least one control in each spacesAutomatic shutoff for buildings 5,000 ftuTime-of-day scheduleuOccupancy sensoruSignal from anothersystem to indicate whenspace is unoccupied 2008 Traneinte
58、rior lighting power allowanceBuilding Area Methodlighting powerallowance (W) = LPD area (ft)whereLPD = lighting power density (W/ft) 2008 Tranebuilding area method for interiorLighting Power DensitiesInterior LPD, W/ftHospital1.61.2Library1.51.3Manufacturing2.21.3Museum1.61.1Office1.31.0Retail1.91.5
59、School1.51.2Space type90.1-200190.1-2007 2008 Tranespace-by-space method for interiorLighting Power DensitiesSpace type90.1-200190.1-2007Interior LPD, W/ftOffice, enclosed1.51.1Office, open plan1.31.1Conference1.51.3Training1.61.4Lobby1.81.3Lounge1.41.2Dining1.40.9Food prep2.21.2May trade powerbetwe
60、en spaces 2008 Tranespace-by-space methodAdditional Lighting PowerMay increase interior lighting power allowance for:uDecorative luminaires, 1.0 W/ft in space where useduLuminaires designed for visual display terminals, 0.35 W/ftuRetail accent lighting for specific display, 1.6 W/ft or 3.9 W/ft for
61、fine merchandise 2008 TraneLighting Addendasai: retail display lighting. Gives lighting designers flexibility90.190.120072007ChangeChange 2008 Tranemandatory provisionsExterior Lighting ControlMust have some meansof automatic shutoff during daylight hours 2008 Trane 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1ASH
62、RAE Standard 90.1Section 11:Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method 2008 Tranesection 11Energy Cost Budget Methodproposedbuilding design90.1-compliantbuildinggeneral &mandatoryprovisionsPrescriptiveBuilding EnvelopeOption (5.5)Building EnvelopeTrade-Off Option(5.6, performance)Energy CostBudget Method(ECB,
63、11)(new buildings only) 2008 Tranesection 11:Energy Cost Budget MethodsUsed for code or standard compliancesSets maximum annual energy cost allowable for proposed designuDesign Energy Cost Energy Cost BudgetuECB represents an equivalent90.1-compliant buildingsMust still satisfy mandatoryprovisionsCo
64、mputer simulationaids tradeoffs between building functions 2008 Tranesection 11: energy cost budget methodSimulation Requirementss1,400 hours per yearsHourly variations (occupancy, lighting, thermostat setpoints, etc.)sThermal mass effectssTen or more thermal zonessEquipment (part-load performance,
65、capacity and efficiency correction curves)sEconomizerssBudget building design characteristics 2008 Traneperformance rating methodAppendix GsModification of ECB Method (11)s“Provided to quantify performance that substantially exceeds the requirements of Standard 90.1”sUsed for Energy & Atmosphere Cre
66、dit 1 calculation in LEED-NC version 2.2sDoes NOT offer an alternative compliance path for minimum standard compliance 2008 Traneappendix G: performance rating methodSimulation Requirementss8,760 hours per yearsHourly variations (occupancy, lighting, thermostat setpoints, etc.)sThermal mass effectss
67、Ten or more thermal zonessEquipment (part-load performance, capacity and efficiency correction curves)sEconomizerssBudget building design characteristics 2008 TraneAppendix G Changesto 90.1-2007sImproved identification of baseline buildingssImproved identification of baseline systemssIncreased infor
68、mation for energy modelers 2008 Traneusing appendix G forLEED-NCs EA Credit 1Percent improvement:Both models include all end-use loads (receptacles, process loads, etc.)baselinebldg performanceproposedbldg performance100 baselinebldg performance 2008 TraneEAC1 ModelingUp to 19 pointsNew BuildingsExi
69、sting Building RenovationsPoints12%8%114%10%216%12%318%14%420%16%522%18%624%20%726%22%828%24%930%26%1032%28%1134%30%1236%32%1338%34%1440%36%1542%38%1644%40%1746%42%1848%44%19 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007Whos Affected?sOwnerssOccupantssConsulting engineerssArchitectssSystem designerssInstaller
70、ssOperators 2008 TraneFuture of 90.1s90.1-2007 published in late 2007s90.1-2010 uIncreased attention to energy reductionu“A 2010 standard that results in 30% total energy cost savings improvement compared to Standard 90.1-2004.” (90.1-2010 Work Plan)uPlanned for BOD approval in June 2010 2008 TraneS
71、SPC 90.1 Accomplishments06/2007 through 11/17/2009s83 Addenda processedu44 finishedu17 Awaiting BOD approvalu6 in comment resolutionu15 began public review 11/6/2009s8 more web mtgss90.1-2007 publicationslUsers ManuallSupplement (1Q-2009) incorporates 20 addendas2010 Users Manual RFPsInterpretations
72、l25 official (2 pending)l30 unofficialsEISA guidance and appealsAppealsl2 defendedl2 on addendum (z) upheld 2008 TraneMembers $74Others$93ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007Availabilitywww.ashrae.orguRead onlineuOrder from bookstore(electronic or paper)uCheck for addenda(continuous maintenance)uDownload complianceformsMembers $88Others$110http:/ 2008 Trane 2008 TraneASHRAE Standard 90.1-ASHRAE Standard 90.1-20072007Questions?
