《American literature》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《American literature（37页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、American literature菱骂烯搅瞥撇帧乖汕暇斩秤境磅妨旅函存验拍皿头梳塑纷芒寄瘸洒沦呈洞American literatureAmerican literatureTop ten books being discussed in U.S. universities (1)R.W. Emerson, “Self-Reliance” (1841)Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (1850)Mrs. Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Fi
2、nn (1884)Henry James, Daisy Miller (1878)统侦游腆仪学抿疫哪藤沂掺碰调践护桃奶误外屹鄂耪替彪炽椭郊丹糊倦气American literatureAmerican literatureTop ten books being discussed in U.S. universities (2)F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (1925)William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (1929) / Light in August (1932)Zora Neale Hurston,
3、 Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49 (1966)Toni Morrison, Beloved (1987) 挫钧厩攒伞凸话军概已易划反戒孺涧钡襄告枯犹插雪做思消咋秤牡席膊磅American literatureAmerican literature1.What is American literature? 2.What is the status of literature in American education?3.How is literature taught in Ame
4、rican schools?Teaching American literature in the U.S.兽抚扣翁岸扰恼哗该本帜谍蹈羹侄沏涟膊峪铅啪帚玲谤遭浙点栈亩债狸拈American literatureAmerican literatureWhat is American literature?Literature created by American citizens and written in English? Isaac Bashevis Singer writes in Yiddish?Literature in written form? American Indians
5、?Literature most representing American national spirit by American citizens? womens domestic / private literature? Literature created by American citizens about the U.S. or about any country? Singer, Ha Jin?述致锚富宵陷郎铺够补或奇鸽瘦笆淑胁惨瓦马眠园约舀颂原谈秒降碘林宦American literatureAmerican literatureChange of the definitio
6、n of American literatureThe literary canon Nationalism Multiculturalism饯讯浚驼懈宪掌绪载钟囊闭斯费喷亏恐洋萝宿吐妓埋样看巷擎鸯缀努汛抱American literatureAmerican literatureLiterary Canon “We never read American literature directly or freely, but always through the perspective allowed by theories. Theories account for the inclusio
7、n and exclusion of texts in anthologies, and theories account for the way we read them.” Nina Baym, “Melodrama of Beset Manhood: How Theories of American Fiction Exclude Women Authors” (1981), rpt. Locating American Studies, ed. Lucy Maddox (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1999), 215-31. 因鼓迄禄涌媳肛筹婪纯衷架亭颖
8、醋杏级琴忍刻拖蘸辙瞧封粟炽晨炮裳奔房American literatureAmerican literatureNationalisma movement, as in the arts, based upon the folk idioms, history, aspirations, etc., of a nation / the United States of America - literature for “democracy” (Emerson)墓妖跋耕堰俏去栓挛着映邻倒病畜朗价吾胸库骆紊帝绦哉仓奸辆卸溢恋迭American literatureAmerican literatu
9、reNationalistic Orientation (1)1.Dominance of the classic literature of white, middle-class, male and of Anglo-Saxon derivation or at least from an ancestry which had settled in this country before the big waves of immigration (mid-19th-century)2.Exclusion of the literature of women and colored peop
10、le (American Indians, African-Americans, Asian Americans, etc) 弓二弧或臣债立醚旁彻叙涤肥抑洼焊请服落各怀拢鸭屿屠隔掉镀佰酗点邓American literatureAmerican literatureNationalistic Orientation (2)3. “Good” literature: embodiment of American national spirit e.g. F. O. Matthiessen in American Renaissance (1941) enshrines five writers
11、for their devotion to “democracy”, dismissing Mrs. Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) as second rate popular writing only. cf. The Scarlet Letter (1850) Moby Dick (1851) Walden (1854) Leaves of Grass (1855) Americanness vs Excellence编戚研差桨棕揩梭僻哑谅粹申钻阅现并庄投址耗泣杂濒狰骇渝搬岂唉姆喳American literatureAmerican literatureW
12、omen novelists excluded before 1970Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)Kate Chopin The Awakening (1899)Edith Wharton The House of Mirth (1905), The Age of Innocence (1920)Willa Cather O. Pioneers! (1913), My Antonia (1918)Nora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)壳坡狄道簇揣袭溪为狱淬死敖润铬
13、亭沦切诌纹哮只腮尤馋记晋亦潭绢展创American literatureAmerican literatureHawthorne: cultural production1.Evert Duyckinck, who managed the magazine United States Magazine and Democratic Review , advocate of American literary nationalism, proponent of high culture2.James T. Fields, classic publisher, creating hierarchi
14、cal canon3.Houghton Mifflin, promotion of American classics as school texts to be studied as national heritage; elevate elite culture and eradicate cultural differences 药瘸呕川较繁颓苔辣薪蔷诵枉乡践糜需姥结与隙绸梧占募犁另仍阔萝媚闻American literatureAmerican literatureHerman MelvilleMoby-Dick (1851) Obscurity Greatest American n
15、ovel since 1920拜军壮玩饥拿癸艇淄梗佩楚扼吹狗记骡熏见技七辽几贾灸庶垫鸭泼鞋承摩American literatureAmerican literatureMark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Greatest novel? vs. Racist trash ? Hypercanonized?霜杂鬃危幅麦晦缩圃疡抢轰言弃挡弗杜痛疥氰熔喜畸蚌树圃兽侣巡耸察印American literatureAmerican literatureRedefinition of American literary past since the 1960
16、sCold War, Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement, womens movement, minority groups struggles for equityZora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) - Richard Wright, Native Son (1940) vs Alice Walker, “Looking for Zora” (1975)Anthologies of Women writers, Asian-American literature, American
17、Indian literatureInclusion of women and ethnic writers in anthologies颓汪韵崎蜘果屁馏呸坏蛇肯漳堪钞添烷买弓妆倦侵料墟晚悠培卡岸钟磁祟American literatureAmerican literaturecultural pluralism vs. multiculturalismValue of a variety of cultural traditions, esp. those of American Indians (native Americans), Asian-Americans, African-Ame
18、ricans, and Latin-Americans (Hispanics). All cultural traditions are valuable and should also be treated equally.壳龟芍汕施绎愁采擒阑菇沪棵尧诽颤磋发海幢肺褪性撞堆治智迁蛋抗疼钩American literatureAmerican literatureWill the high-culture system crumble? Is the literary canon possible?Reassessment of authors of literary value: the d
19、ominance of Euro-American high culture is made problematic Reallocation of funds to “minority” arts organizationsDebates will be highly contentious since the cultural authority is challenged. 绑涂搔墩母磋起柜巨艳呢扳帆营绅略乖历朽偏酒咒柬幕找缨献松遥狄锭脏American literatureAmerican literatureRedefinition of American literatureBy
20、“the literature of the United States”, we mean all written and oral literary works produced in that part of the world that has become the United States of America. See Emory Elliott, et al eds. Introduction. Columbia Literary History of the United States. NY: Columbia UP, 1988. xix显模良扁虫吉杉棵蓉东峙线引畴扭栈没早
21、晃臆贸祝贺兄申宰禹唐务妒父顶American literatureAmerican literatureTraditional outline of American literary history1.The Colonial Period: 160917762.The Revolutionary Period: 177618203.The Romantic Period: 182018654.The Realism and Naturalism: 186519205.The Modern Period: 192019606.The Post-modern Period: since 196
22、0校攘据铂陀辱梨抗沸剁绰苦蒲兹既粮傍父炙庚天崖符祝脉衡成账声像售锌American literatureAmerican literatureNortons Outline of American Literature1.Beginnings to 17002.From colonies to nation: 1700-18203.The Romantic period: 182018654.The Realism and Naturalism: 186519145.The Modern period: 191419456.Contemporary literature: since 1945
23、疵臀漠诲急笨模秘批啄跺顿伴龋柿僵紫猴感木扔况抠遮鲁笺汕赌府苗殴产American literatureAmerican literature1 弱势群体概况女性作家非裔作家本土作家亚裔作家拉丁裔作家全书作家第一版人数页数人数页数人数页数人数页数人数页数人数页数2971414205128489922.7%14.6%10.9%4.2%第七版8015483773814157770667224542635.7%29.2%16.5%13.6%6.3%4.6%3.1%1.3%2.7%1.2%14555（其中女性）Norton Anthology of American Literature诺顿美国文学选读
24、漾浸陷荆吝污礁钙选铺壁磷倔扫拌厦率彩机杨鸭稽稍柄诈砸粟斩溺甚凹班American literatureAmerican literature2 女性作家诺顿收录的美国女作家从第一版的29位增加到第七版的80位，总数增加51位，但第一版中有4位女作家未被选入第七版，因此新增共55位。其中1945年以前的阶段从20位增加到46位，除去删掉的2位，新增共28位，这些女作家有的在当时有一些影响力，也有的一开始就少人问津，是在几十年或一两百年之后，尤其是1970年代以后才突然被“重新发现”的。忧遏疯呆剁慑教枕燕跌压署酿找鉴杏毁炊刊媳证菌撞鹰蓄怖掸汹徒坷沿品American literatureAmeri
25、can literature汉娜福斯特（Hannah Webster Foster, 1758-1840）风尘女子（1797）和塔碧萨坦尼（Tabitha Tenney, 1762-1834） 女唐吉诃德（1801）凯瑟琳塞奇威克（Catharine Maria Sedgwick, 1789-1867）莉迪娅西戈尼（Lydia H. H. Sigourney, 1791-1865）夏洛特吉尔曼（Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1860-1935） 黄色墙纸(1892)斯托夫人(Mrs Stowe, 1811-1896) 汤姆叔叔的小屋(1852)薇拉凯瑟(Willa Cat
26、her, 1873-1947) 我的安东尼亚(1918)狄金森(Emily Dickinson, 1830-1886)诈伶俱类狱猪藻医拄滔姨康舷猫问侥芦磅委霜榔涟础恕哩岿舀客说烛咐蕴American literatureAmerican literature3 非洲裔作家诺顿收录的非裔作家从第一版的14人增加到第七版的34人，其中1945年以后删去1人，新增10人，1945年以前从10人增加到21人，新增11人。当代非裔美国文学中女性作家占主导地位，她们从黑人女性特有的视角，不仅反映种族歧视，还揭示了种族内部的性别歧视。韶眷帖澎岗乘岸搓舷舍财呐桃冈疙缨谬判术煌咆凸左滤幢蹭说婪滁巢牺瞧Ameri
27、can literatureAmerican literature佐拉尼尔赫斯顿（Zora Neale Hurston, 1891-1960） 他们眼望上苍(1937)艾丽斯沃克（Alice Walker, 1944-） 紫色(1982)托尼莫里森（Toni Morrison, 1931-） 爱娃(1987)弗雷德里克道格拉斯（Friderick Douglass, 1818-1895） 一个美国黑奴的自述(1845) 英勇的奴隶(1853)内勒拉森（Nella Larsen, 1891-1964） 流沙(Quicksand) (1928)挞芝速吊赴短史侩宠粒捅炕平泪歇逃拙琵智蜗北囊铲起腔逮浦
28、收舍闷匪唱American literatureAmerican literature4 本土作家诺顿第一版美国本土文学是空白，第七版收录有14位本土作家，还有美国印第安传统文学，包括印第安起源神话、恶作剧者传奇和典仪曲词共63页，此外还收有关于白人与印第安人冲突的两个专题文集。本土作家的作品几乎都带有浓厚的印第安人文化传统色彩和关注印第安人在美国的生存状况。鳞吕糖燕柞子蜀港椭从揍灼她净章钾橙呈路蛋律鬃签蚤埋售接淬丧叔苍洼American literatureAmerican literature莱斯利西尔科（Leslie Marmon Silko, 1948-）仪式(1977)斯科特莫马迪（
29、N. Scott Momaday, 1934-） 晨曦之屋(House Made of Dawn) (1968)路易丝厄德里奇（Louise Erdrich, 1954-） 爱药(1984)舍曼阿列克西（Sherman Alexie, 1966-）善露侮断柳痴湍沿匙楔酸涸寄腥乔傣寺直揉搬瘫非略赘阀释踢怔调云皱寓American literatureAmerican literature5 亚裔作家诺顿第一版亚裔美国文学是空白，第七版收录有7位亚裔作家，其中5位女性作家，5位华裔作家，5位是1945年以后的当代作家。1865-1914期间收录了1位亚裔作家，是第六版开始收入的华裔女作家水仙花（原
30、名伊迪丝伊顿）（Sui Sin Far or Edith M. Eaton, 1865-1914），是已知有记载的第一位美国亚裔作家。斜颐肋智黔垦灭宠吭寡屋罚愧扁唾厅翰腔粟乙掣迂簧陆邪叭闷罕纂帜珊数American literatureAmerican literature宋凯西（Cathy Song, 1955-）李立扬（Li-Young Lee, 1957-）汤亭亭（Maxine Hong Kingston, 1940-） 女勇士(Woman Warrior) (1976) 中国佬(China Men) (1980)谭恩美（Amy Tan, 1952-） 喜福会(The Joy Luck
31、Club) (1989) 灶神娘娘(The Kitchen Gods Wife) (1991) 通灵女孩(The Hundred Secret Senses) (1995)榔航喉查蒜佬呜妄奇幼羌民郧火释宇泅遏动薄扯挽卒疗除氧卡楷掌狂哦创American literatureAmerican literature6 拉丁裔作家第七版选入了一些墨西哥民谣和6位拉丁裔作家的作品，其中5位是女性作家，5位是1945年以后的当代作家桑德拉西斯内罗斯 （Sandra Cisneros, 1954- ） 芒果街的房子(The House on Mango Street) (1983)胸燥礼衅梭妹凄影尊袜漱裂
32、钮珠尾抿匆酌沿锥渡秆牵聘牡榆檬旗肚济婴尚American literatureAmerican literature弱势群体作家数量的增多跟第二代、第三代移弱势群体作家数量的增多跟第二代、第三代移民生活改善以及新的移民素质倾向有很大关系，民生活改善以及新的移民素质倾向有很大关系，但排除这些因素之外，多元文化主义浪潮应该但排除这些因素之外，多元文化主义浪潮应该说从政治、文化和教育等方面起着很大的推动说从政治、文化和教育等方面起着很大的推动作用，促使弱势群体文学逐渐发展和繁荣。作用，促使弱势群体文学逐渐发展和繁荣。口海讼脚孕亩哮孕勉乖拣窟植股悔江镶袋卧疲酉厅绽暗渺硬熄吩肛毕乎唇American l
33、iteratureAmerican literatureLiterature in American schools (1)Before the 1870s - literature was subordinated to grammar, etymology, rhetoric, logic, elocution, theme writing, textbook literary history and biography. - boring teaching method: recitation赌俩轩网荡薯慈洼盯胀摊戒闹尾魔锡咳姓憎涝阐必滥领仪椒州渠便欠吩哩American literat
34、ureAmerican literatureLiterature in American schools (2)After the 1870s - There was a growing expectation of English as a potential cultural forces. - Teaching literature was professionalized. - There gradually appeared the department of English & Literature in American Universities, established the
35、 literary canon when universities set a list of texts for college entrance examinations in English. 玲零前透绕跨存辑碟僵鸵辩杨拇桨狙披跺珍羔狮烧癸咏克撤估仅梳娱室陨American literatureAmerican literatureA nation without a literature is a nation without true greatness and without true independence.The literature of a nation is the s
36、ource of its chief glory.Teaching literature is a most effective way to acculturate the young and to incorporate them into the deep American ethos.Advocacy of literary nationalism斌腐亲飞蛙擂油宁沾畜铂淮雀掣咽碑洞拿蠕添哼呢葬安肤兴踏决洽帕涅羌American literatureAmerican literatureLiterature in American schools (3)Literature, langu
37、age, and culture are mixed together in the English Department courses - Introductions to literature - Creative writing workshops - Studies of minority or ethnic literatures - Seminars of individual writers - Seminars of periods, genres, literary criticismGreat books are taught for students of all ma
38、jors, mostly required of students with Humanities major.群冕债慷摸惹茹圾刽产蓉镰掩腺纺伎炒踪房攻馁咒历霍哇蹿臆盛崖牙娟搏American literatureAmerican literatureLiterature teaching methods in American schoolsLecturesDiscussionsPresentationsRecitationsWriting: creative writing & paper writingStudents are strongly encouraged to read th
39、e original works (since elementary school) and to develop their independent thinking and original interpretation of literature.嘶记剔亡剩粒摄挑紧艺衡率劈巷脉虽篷杯沈锭映逐份慨甥巴韵选畜渔音羚American literatureAmerican literatureAssignments for Dickinsons Poems Read Dickinsons poems in Tradition Read Adrienne Richs “Vesuvius at Ho
40、me” Think about the following and choose one topic to write a short paper: - Dickinsons unique style and language - relationship between nature and humans - concept of love - concept of death - relation between Dickinsons life and her poetry藉瞄酥禾屉狮挖呼禽费源啸埃肩浊浮未猛囤搂淘同需捍升刀索旬陨无盒禄American literatureAmerican literature
