躯干骨及其连结

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1、Locomotor System运动系统运动系统Department of anatomyLuzhou medical college椎骨：椎骨：2424块块骶骨：骶骨：1 1块块尾骨：尾骨：1 1块块胸骨：胸骨：1 1块块肋：肋：1212对对躯干骨躯干骨一、椎骨一、椎骨 颈椎：颈椎：7 7块块 胸椎：胸椎：1212块块腰椎：腰椎：5 5块块骶骨骶骨1 1块块（骶椎（骶椎5 5）尾骨尾骨1 1（尾椎尾椎3 34 4）1 1椎骨的一般形态椎骨的一般形态 椎体椎体Vertebral body 椎弓：突起椎弓：突起Vertebral arch 棘突棘突Spinous process 横突横突Tran

2、sverse process 关节突关节突Articular process 椎孔椎孔椎管椎管 椎间孔椎间孔 Vertebral foramen/canal, Intervertebral foramen椎体椎体椎弓根椎弓根上关节突上关节突椎孔椎孔横突横突椎弓板椎弓板棘突棘突棘突棘突横突横突椎体椎体上关节突上关节突下关节突下关节突Vertebrae2 2各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征 上关节突上关节突横突横突棘突棘突棘突棘突横突横突上肋凹上肋凹下肋凹下肋凹上关节突上关节突横突肋凹横突肋凹下关节突下关节突 （1 1）胸椎）胸椎T Thoracic vertebrae 肋凹肋凹costal

3、foveae (facets) 椎体肋凹椎体肋凹与肋头相关节。与肋头相关节。 横突肋凹横突肋凹与肋结节相关节。与肋结节相关节。棘突较长，向后下方倾斜，呈棘突较长，向后下方倾斜，呈叠瓦状排列。叠瓦状排列。横突孔横突孔椎体椎体上关节突上关节突椎弓椎弓椎孔椎孔棘突棘突（2 2）颈椎）颈椎Cervical vertebraeCervical vertebrae 颈椎有横突孔颈椎有横突孔Transverse foramen 椎体较小椎体较小第第2 26 6颈椎棘突短而分叉颈椎棘突短而分叉前结节前结节横突孔横突孔上关节凹上关节凹后弓后弓前弓前弓后结节后结节椎孔椎孔第第1 1颈椎颈椎寰椎寰椎Atlas 椎动

4、脉沟椎动脉沟前弓前弓后弓后弓侧块侧块齿突凹齿突凹椎动脉沟椎动脉沟 齿突凹齿突凹棘突棘突齿突齿突上关节面上关节面横突孔横突孔椎弓椎弓椎孔椎孔第第2 2颈椎颈椎枢椎枢椎AxisAxis齿突齿突DensDens第第7 7颈椎颈椎隆椎隆椎 下关节突下关节突椎体椎体椎弓根椎弓根上关节突上关节突横突横突椎体钩椎体钩棘突棘突Cervical Vertebrae上关节突上关节突 椎体椎体 横突横突 椎弓根椎弓根 椎弓板椎弓板 棘突棘突 椎孔椎孔 椎体椎体 棘突棘突 下关节突下关节突 上关节突上关节突 横突横突 （3 3）腰椎）腰椎Lumbar vertebraeLumbar vertebrae椎椎体大体大棘突

5、短，呈宽板状，水棘突短，呈宽板状，水平方向后伸。平方向后伸。棘突间隙较宽，可作腰棘突间隙较宽，可作腰椎穿刺术。椎穿刺术。无横突孔、无肋凹无横突孔、无肋凹骶前孔骶前孔岬岬横线横线尾骨尾骨骶后孔骶后孔尾骨尾骨骶骶管管骶角骶角耳状面耳状面骶管裂孔骶管裂孔上关节突上关节突(4)(4)骶骨骶骨Sacrum 岬岬 骶前孔骶前孔骶后孔骶后孔骶管骶管骶角骶角 骶管裂孔骶管裂孔 （5 5）尾骨）尾骨Coccyx 由由3 34 4块退化的尾椎长合而成。块退化的尾椎长合而成。上接骶骨，下端游离为尾骨尖。上接骶骨，下端游离为尾骨尖。 Sacral cornu胸骨柄胸骨柄胸骨体胸骨体 剑突剑突 二二 胸骨胸骨Stern

6、um 胸骨角：胸骨角：是胸骨柄与胸骨是胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处形成的微向前突体连接处形成的微向前突的横行隆起，其的横行隆起，其两侧平对两侧平对第二肋，是计数肋骨序数第二肋，是计数肋骨序数的重要标志。它还平对第的重要标志。它还平对第4胸椎体下缘。胸椎体下缘。胸骨柄胸骨柄颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹胸骨角胸骨角第二肋切迹第二肋切迹胸骨角胸骨角胸骨体胸骨体剑突剑突锁切迹锁切迹The manubrium posteriorly-angled joints with the body and forms the sternal angle, which is a major surface landmark use

7、d by clinicians in performing physical examinations of the thorax. Sternum consists of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. 三三 肋肋rib数目：共数目：共12对对17对对 真肋真肋 810对对 假肋假肋 1112对对 浮肋浮肋构成构成: 肋骨肋骨+肋软肋软骨骨第一肋：第一肋：上面有斜角上面有斜角肌结节和锁骨下动、肌结节和锁骨下动、静脉沟静脉沟。肋骨的形态特点肋骨的形态特点肋头、肋颈和肋结节肋头、肋颈和肋结节内、外侧面和肋沟内、外侧面和肋沟Anteriorly,

8、the costal cartilages of ribs I to VII articulate with the sternum.The costal cartilages of ribs VIII to X articulate with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages above them. Ribs XI and XII are called floating ribs because they do not articulate with other ribs, costal cartilages, or with ste

9、rnum. Their costal cartilages are small, only covering their tips. 躯干骨的连结躯干骨的连结脊脊 柱柱胸胸 廓廓椎间盘椎间盘棘上韧带棘上韧带棘间韧带棘间韧带前纵韧带前纵韧带椎弓根椎弓根后纵韧带后纵韧带棘突棘突椎间孔椎间孔1.1.椎骨间的连结椎骨间的连结2.2.脊柱的脊柱的整体观整体观（一）脊柱（一）脊柱vertebral columnThe articulation of the The articulation of the bones of the trunkbones of the trunkVertebral colum

10、nVertebral column1.1.椎骨间的连结椎骨间的连结 (1)(1)椎体间的连结椎体间的连结 1)1)椎间盘椎间盘Intervertebral disc 纤维环纤维环 髓核髓核椎间盘椎间盘髓核髓核纤维环纤维环椎弓根椎弓根椎间孔椎间孔髓核髓核纤维环纤维环Intervertebral discs椎间盘突出椎间盘椎间盘前纵韧带前纵韧带后纵韧带后纵韧带前纵韧带前纵韧带后纵韧带后纵韧带2)2)韧带韧带前纵韧带前纵韧带防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出后纵韧带后纵韧带限制脊柱过度前屈限制脊柱过度前屈棘上韧带棘上韧带棘间韧带棘间韧带椎弓根椎弓根棘突棘突关节突关节关节

11、突关节韧带韧带关节关节(2)(2)椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结 椎弓根椎弓根黄韧带黄韧带黄韧带黄韧带LigamentaLigamenta FlavaFlava 黄韧带黄韧带Ligmentum of flava 围成椎管，限脊柱过屈围成椎管，限脊柱过屈棘间韧带棘间韧带 棘上韧带：棘上韧带：颈部称项韧颈部称项韧带带横突间韧带横突间韧带 关节突关节关节突关节黄韧带黄韧带项韧带项韧带横突横突关节突关节关节突关节The joint of The joint of articulararticular process processInterspinousInterspinous ligament ligam

12、entIntertransverseIntertransverse ligament ligamentAnterior longit. lig.InterspinousInterspinous ligament ligamentPosterior longit. lig.SupraspinousSupraspinous ligament ligament(3)(3)寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节1)1)寰枕关节寰枕关节Atlantooccipital joint 2)2)寰枢关节：寰枢关节：Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢外侧关节寰枢外侧关节 寰枢正中关节寰枢正中关节

13、寰枢关节韧带：寰枢关节韧带：齿突尖韧带齿突尖韧带 翼状韧带翼状韧带寰椎横韧带寰椎横韧带覆膜覆膜 2.2.脊柱整体观及其功能脊柱整体观及其功能(1)(1)脊柱的整体观脊柱的整体观 1)脊柱前面观 2)脊柱后面观 3)3)脊柱侧面观：有脊柱侧面观：有4 4个个生理性弯曲（生理性弯曲（颈曲、胸颈曲、胸曲、腰曲和曲、腰曲和骶曲）。骶曲）。(2)(2)脊柱的功能脊柱的功能1)1)支持、保护功能 2)2)运动功能：可作屈、伸、可作屈、伸、侧屈、旋转和环转运动侧屈、旋转和环转运动。 Vertebral column as a wholeVertebral column as a whole Four cur

14、vesThe movements of the vertebral columnFlexion & extension; Lateral flexions; Rotation; Circumduction（二）（二） 胸廓胸廓 Thoracic cage 胸椎胸椎12 12 、肋、肋1212对、胸骨对、胸骨1 11.1.肋椎关节肋椎关节Costovertebral joint (1)(1)肋头关节肋头关节(2)(2)肋横突关节肋横突关节 肋头关节肋头关节肋横突关节肋横突关节肋骨肋骨Synchondrosisby hyaline2.2.胸肋关节胸肋关节 胸廓上口胸廓上口Inlet 3.3.胸廓的

15、整体观及其运动胸廓的整体观及其运动胸廓上口胸廓上口较小较小 胸骨柄上缘胸骨柄上缘 第第1 1对肋对肋 第第1 1胸椎椎体胸椎椎体Superior thoracic aperture (Inlet)It consists of the body of vertebra TI posteriorly, the medial margin of rib I on each side, and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly. The posterior margin of the superior thoracic aperture i

16、s superior to the anterior margin. Consequently, the plane of the superior thoracic aperture is at an oblique angle, facing somewhat anteriorly. 胸廓下口胸廓下口宽而不整宽而不整 第第1212胸椎胸椎 第第1212及第及第1111对肋前端对肋前端 左、右肋弓左、右肋弓 剑突剑突 胸廓下口胸廓下口Outlet 胸肋关节胸肋关节The inferior thoracic aperture (Outlet)The body of T. vertebra XI

17、I The body of T. vertebra XII posteriorlyposteriorly; ; The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI posterolaterallyposterolaterally; ; The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X, which unite to The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X, which unite to

18、form the costal arches bi-form the costal arches bi-anterolaterallyanterolaterally; ; The The xiphoidxiphoid process process anteriorlyanteriorly. . The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is inferior The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is inferior to the anterior margin. to the anterior margin. Next time: 实习课实习课 Contents: 上肢骨及其连结上肢骨及其连结Thank U