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1、学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences5 5Sociology MattersCultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, an
2、d artistic achievements. Unit 5Sociology Matters Unit ContentsText AText BListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inText CLead-inTask Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China. 1 _2 _Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and t
3、hinkingDifficult sentencesGroup discussionEnglish language for academic purpose Collocations Signpost language Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisAnalyzing the text by explaining key terms1 Culturethe totality of learned, socially transmitt
4、ed customs, knowledge, material objects, and behaviorUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis2 Cultural universalsadaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothinge.g. athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies,
5、 medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysisthe process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture:1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of realitye.g. t
6、he finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5)2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5)3 InnovationUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical
7、reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of idease.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text A
8、Text Analysis5 Diffusion the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7)Unit 5Sociology M
9、attersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis6 McDonaldization the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the worldUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and
10、 thinking of Text AMcDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples:In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9)In Austria: the McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, c
11、ake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AIn some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries.Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio
12、programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10)In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis7 Technologycultural information a
13、bout how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desirese.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis8 M
14、aterial culturethe physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materialsUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis9 Nonmaterial cultureways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies,
15、governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis10 Cultural lagthe period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material condi
16、tionse.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesThe cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3) These c
17、ultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesEach generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the
18、 processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4) For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesToday, more and more cultural expressions and practices are
19、crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7) Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence . Unit 5Sociolo
20、gy MattersText ADifficult sentencesSociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8) Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new terms is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory. Her wardrobe includes(Para.
21、10) The clothes that the Brazilian doll hasUnit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesTodays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11)
22、Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesthe ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy
23、and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12) The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology. Unit 5
24、Sociology MattersText AGroup DiscussionIt is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward diffusion? Use examples to illustrate your point. Unit 5Sociology MattersCollocationText AEnglish language for academic
25、purpose1.人们对衣食住的需求人们对衣食住的需求2.推出新概念推出新概念3.解除现有的工作关系解除现有的工作关系4.改变社会传统和习俗改变社会传统和习俗 Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions an
26、d customs of the societyUnit 5Sociology Matters1Text AEnglish language for academic purpose dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship5.削弱社会文化中的特殊方面削弱社会文化中的特殊方面6.来自于其他国家的文化侵略
27、来自于其他国家的文化侵略7.满足人类的需求和欲望满足人类的需求和欲望8.关于隐私和审查的问题关于隐私和审查的问题CollocationTask 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96)Unit 5Sociology Matters1Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Un
28、it 5Sociology Mattershuman needs and desires level of privacymaterial culture social consequencesworking relationship worldwide integration2Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters1.Internet u
29、sers may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. 2.This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan.3.Sociologists use the term “globalization” to refer to the resulting _ of government policies, cultures, social movem
30、ents and financial markets.level of privacysocial consequencesworldwide integration2Text ATask 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters4.A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to
31、forge a closer _ between the board and staff members.5.In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. 6.Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.human needs and desiresmater
32、ial cultureworking relationship2Signpost language may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classifiedText AEnglish language for academic purposeTask 2 Classification Read the p
33、aragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.Unit 5Sociology MattersText AIn academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging. English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishModal auxiliary verbs:can, could, may, might, should, w
34、ould Other modal verbs:appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives:likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Frequency adverbs:generally, occasionally, often, seldom, usually Unit 5Sociology MattersText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with h
35、edging expressions. (P98)English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters1.The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society _ let its members choose their own marriag
36、e partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.maymaymayText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98)Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters2.Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financ
37、ial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.3.One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”maycouldEnglish language for academic purposeText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expression
38、s. (P98)Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters4.When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost.5.Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data the world happens
39、to give them.6.Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.likelyusuallyperhapsEnglish language for academic purposeText BCritical reading and thinkingDifficult sentencesEnglish language for academic purposeResearchingUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Soci
40、ologists view on globalization “Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.” (Charles Tilly) tourist gazethe expectation on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroadCritical reading and thinkin
41、g Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Effects of globalization on international tourismGlobalization has greatly expanded the possibilities for international travel. (Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it)High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the numbe
42、r of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B exotic experiencesexperiences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are s
43、upposed to proceed e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic. e.g. the
44、 popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists (Para. 4)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BWhat can sociologists study about the tourist increases with the march of globalization? e.g. dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between
45、 tourists and locals; whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentencesAmericans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America i
46、tself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1)Americans, of course, have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation. Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentences“globalization means an increase
47、in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1) Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentencesHigh levels of international
48、 tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3) High levels of international tourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.Unit 5Sociology Matter
49、sCollocation witness the effects of globalizationsocial interaction a proportion ofdelight inbe disconcerting totake pleasure input strains onwith the march of globalizationText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 5Sociology MattersTeam work: Form groups of 4-5 and conduct a research about Ch
50、inese tourists traveling abroad. The following prompts may be helpful:the number of Chinese tourists abroad every yearthe countries they visit and the length they stay therethe aspects or things they are interested intheir shopping behaviorshow the tourists interact with locals Researching Unit 5Soc
51、iology MattersText BTask 1 (P103)1.The “tourist gaze” refers to the expectation of a tourist when he or she travels abroad to have experiences different from that he or she enjoys back at home.2.The tourist gaze may put strains on face-to-face interactions between tourists and locals, especially tho
52、se who do not benefit from tourism because some tourists may require too much and become too judging. Suggested answersUnit 5Sociology MattersText BText CCritical readingUnit 5Sociology MattersUnit 5Sociology MattersText CSuggested answers Translate Paragraph 5 of Text C into Chinese 要了解你与人沟通的风格不是件容
53、易的事。随意拉住别人问他们觉得你是哪种人，随意的？好辩的？友好的？活泼的？这样做颇为尴尬，也不太妥当。所以要进行自我观察和分析，你必须对别人给你的反馈保持敏感，并诚实地解读收到的反馈。这样的观察和分析通常称为“自我监控”，其好处在于能够帮助你发现各种状况下恰当、得体的行为，控制你的情绪反应，给别人留下良好印象，还能在你从一种状况转换到另一种状况时帮助你修正行为。Listening Note-taking symbolsUnit 5Sociology MattersListening: Note-taking symbols (See Page 106)ListeningAcademic act
54、ivitiesUnit 5Sociology MattersTask 1 (P106) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology Matters1 Four concepts the speaker explains in the lecture:1) culture identity2) ethnic identity3) cultural group4) ethnic group2 Definitions of the four concepts:1) Culture identity embodies standards of behavior
55、and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.Task 1 (P106) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology Matters2) Ethnic identity refers to the
56、geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture.3) Cultural group refers to a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation.4) Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or s
57、ociety and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.Task 2 (P107) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology MattersDictationOnes cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs,
58、values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. Ex
59、amples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American, and Asian American to name just a few.SpeakingTurning to a new pointUnit 5Sociology MattersTurning to a new pointSpeakingIn a seminar, you can take the initiative to move
60、on to the next point by using the following expressions: All right, I think weve finished that item. If we can now turn to.Can we move on to the next point now? Id like now to move on to Turning now to Moving on now to Having looked at, Id now like to consider. I now want to turn to. Another interes
61、ting point is. The next aspect Id like to consider is. Id now like to turn to. Unit 5Sociology MattersWriting Writing methodologyUnit 5Sociology MattersWriting Writing methodology Task 1 Read the Methodology part in Sample 2 and complete the table about the main components of the methodology part. T
62、ype of researchSampling method / techniqueRespondents (e.g. location, procedures)Questionnaire (e.g. questions, materials)Unit 5Sociology Matterscombination of qualitative and quantitative researchrandom samplingmothers at the healthcare facilities and institutions in Las Pinas Citybackground inform
63、ation;previous infant feeding practices;birth of the youngest infant and the babys general health and age;factors influencing mothers infant feeding decisions;the type of infant formulaGetting ready for the next unitUnit 5Sociology Matters After class tasksDo the following tasks after classGetting ready for the next unit1.Find out main points of Text A.2.Define the key terms with examples.3.Mark the specialized vocabulary and explain them.4.Underline the collocations you think important.Unit 5Sociology Matters
