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1、阅读理解阅读理解 第第21课时课时 长难句理解长难句理解四四 (2011全国大纲卷 A篇) The walls that were once ugly with graffiti(涂鸦)are now covered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art, thanks to the Mural Arts Program (MAP). Its work makes schools and public places attractive, and its citizens very proud. The prog
2、ram began as part of Philadelphias AntiGraffiti Network. Jane Golden is the MAPs artistic director. “When people ask me what our program is about，” she says, “I answer them with one word: hope.” Each year, the MAP offers youth art programs and workshops. Some onetime graffiti writers even help paint
3、 MAP murals. (the second pargraph) 42. What is the Mural Arts Program in Philadelphia aimed at? A. Helping the young find jobs. B. Protecting the neighborhood. C. Fighting against graffiti. D. Attracting more visitors. C考查细节理解，具体就是对复杂句子的理解，根据“The walls that were once ugly with graffiti(涂鸦)are now co
4、vered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art, thanks to the Mural Arts Program (MAP)”得知MAP这个公益组织所充当的角色。 思路点拨思路点拨 (2011全国大纲卷 E篇) As Miss Louisiana Teen, she traveled around the state speaking to teens(青少年) about the dangers of drinking and driving. In her role as Miss Teen USA, S
5、helley will continue to speak to youth about safe driving, in addition to many other things to help the youth. When AT asked Miss Teen USA if she had any advice for our readers, she said, “Dont let anyone change you. Hang out with people that make you feel good about yourself. That way, it is easy t
6、o be yourself.” 60. What suggestion does Shelley give to the teens? A. Be yourself with the support of friends. B. Meet friends whenever possible. C. Go easy on yourself and others. D. Have a good role model. A考查细节理解，其中的解题实质就是对主人公对朋友讲的那番话的理解。句中的hang out是指“四处闲逛，出来溜达”。思路点拨思路点拨 在阅读理解中，考生会经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子。
7、也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成阅读障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。 一、长难句的基本特征 (一) 含多重从句和修饰语的复合句。 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生不明白整个句子结构。考生应通过仔细分析找出主干和修饰成分，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 (二) 分隔结构和成分省略的干扰。 为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，英语中将语法关系密切的两个句子
8、成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 (三)正常语序的改变。改变语序主要指倒装句式。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。 当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。 二、长难句的理解技巧 一般说来，长难句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”，按“
9、先干后枝”的原则处理，即按“主句从句修饰语”的顺序进行。具体步骤如下： 第一步：整句结构分析。通过语法分析，迅速弄清整个句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架，确定整个句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。 “I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were selfcontrolled and do our part in managing the d
10、isease.” 整个句子是个简单句，即：she says“”。只不过，前后两个引号为两个并列的宾语从句。第一处引号“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主语为I，felt后跟了一个宾语从句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二处引号“I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were selfcontrolled and do our part in m
11、anaging the disease.”由but连接两个分句，第二个分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know， 宾语从句that things get better 及时间状语从句when were selfcontrolled and do our part in managing the disease。 第二步：主干成分确定。找出句子的核心成分，确定主句的主语和谓语。 Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reporte
12、d to be less than delighted. 本句由两个分句组成，and连接两个并列单句。句意： Germaine小姐的母亲在整个婚礼过程中看上去很焦虑，Cordell先生的父母亲据报道也不开心。 第三步：从句功能分析。找出句中从句的引导词，分析从句类型(是否为定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句等)和从句之间及从句和主句之间的关系。 Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man
13、 say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. whereas引导了一个从句，即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends m
14、arriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式 to hear a man。 省略to的不定式say作宾语补足语，say后面接了一个宾语从句he didnt know，know后面又接了一个宾语从句his friends marriage was in serious trouble和时间状语从句until he appeared one night，现在分词短语asking 作伴随状语，asking 后
15、面又接了一个宾语从句if he could sleep on the sofa。句意：一个女人最亲密的女友，很可能第一个奉劝她结束不幸的婚姻。然而，我们常听到男人说，他是在朋友突然来到自己家里并要求睡在沙发上时，才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻烦。 第四步：短语功能分析。找出非谓语动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等短语，分析其功能以及它们与谓语动词/非谓语动词/从句/主句之间的关系等。 If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get ans
16、wers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English William the Conqueror. 首先找出并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前的并列句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句，but后的并列句中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a man。句意：如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大 的 人 ， 你 可 能 会 得 到 像 “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是 与 一 个 甚 至 不 会 说 英 语 的 人 “征 服 者”William相比，这些人就毫无影响力了。
