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1、分句、合句法分译和合译 西文的句式一般是以主句、并列句、从句及各类起修饰作用的短语构成的,以主语和谓语为核心,从左到右,像一颗左边长满了树枝(right-branching)的树一般。而中文的句式往往以动词为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑语序的流水型的句式结构。英文句子,如果语法结构运用得好,可以很长,而翻译成中文就必须拆成多个短句。这种情况下的翻译就应采用分译和合译,以灵活处理句子的长度。如:原文:It is a truth universally acknowledged that asingle man in possession of a good fortune must be in wan
2、t of a wife.(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice)译文:凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这是一条举世公认的真理。(简奥斯丁的傲慢与偏见)一、分句(Division)英语长句较多。句子修饰语多且长，句子英语长句较多。句子修饰语多且长，句子结构复杂；而汉语中长句则相对较少，修结构复杂；而汉语中长句则相对较少，修饰语也较少且短。所以英译汉时，不能照饰语也较少且短。所以英译汉时，不能照样克隆复制，而是得根据汉语的特点，灵样克隆复制，而是得根据汉语的特点，灵活处理。分句（切分）就是一种常见的方活处理。分句（切分）就是一种常见的方法，是指把英语中的长句分译成两个或两法，是
3、指把英语中的长句分译成两个或两个以上的句子。个以上的句子。 分句分三类：单词分译、短语分译、句子分句分三类：单词分译、短语分译、句子分译分译1）单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，切不损伤原意。二是为了修辞上的需要，如加强语气、突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可以分译。1.Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.玩忽法令者形形色色，令人吃惊。/比较：。令人吃惊的多种多样。2.A
4、t present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。/ 。选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全。3。We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。/ 。可以理解和必要地
5、强调。4.The prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write censored letters.允许战俘领取红十字会的食品包裹，也允许他们写信，不过信要受到检查。/。写经过检查的信。2）短语分译）短语分译短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句子。词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句子。1）Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military insta
6、llation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a days excursion. 迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。 （名词短语分译。）2。During several hours of semiconscious sleep， Lydia dreamed of Jean-Jaques， feeling his presence.几个小时过去了，莉迪亚一直处于半清醒的睡眠状态。她做了个梦，梦见了让雅克，觉得他就在她的身边。（介词短语分译）3. Once consid
7、ered an art colony， Sansalito is now a chic enclave of boutiques and high-priced homes nestled in the hillsides.索萨利托曾被认为是艺术的聚集地，可现在山坡上却到处是时装精品店和高级住宅，豪华漂亮。 (分词短语分译)3）句子分译句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。（一）简单句的分译（根据情况，灵活处理）一）简单句的分译（根据情况，灵活处理）1。Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle。黎明时分，大雾
8、弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。2。A peasant and his family were working in a little field beneath the singing larks。有个农民一家人正在一小块地里干活，头顶上云雀在歌唱。3. A therapeutic mattress was installed for Kennedys bad back. 肯尼迪的背有毛病，所以为他准备了能起治疗作用的床垫。4. In 1921 his mothers death was closely followed by that of his three-year-old daughter Mari
9、gold.1921年他的母亲去世，紧接着他3岁的女儿玛丽戈尔德也死去。（二）并列复合句的分译：常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。1。Helen March picked up the telephone seconds after the first ring and sounded puzzled when Alan asked for Jone.电话铃响过了几秒钟之后，海伦玛奇拿起话筒。听到艾伦问起琼，她的声音流露起迷惑的语调。（在连词and处切分）2. Latin must have been very laborious , even if you were brou
10、ght up to it; but no doubt it gave the Romans, and the Greeks too, a fine and easy way of establishing their posthumous fame.即使你从小就在拉丁语语言环境中长大，学起来你也定会感到吃力。然而，毫无疑问，拉丁语给古罗马人以及古希腊人开辟了一条使他们死后留名的绝妙便捷的途径。（在分号处切分）3. I remember the cold night you brought in a pile of logs and a chipmunk jumped off as you lo
11、wered your arms.我记得那个寒冷的夜里，你从外面抱进来一捆干柴。在你放下双臂我记得那个寒冷的夜里，你从外面抱进来一捆干柴。在你放下双臂时，一只金花鼠跳了下来。（在连词时，一只金花鼠跳了下来。（在连词and处处切分切分）（三）主从复合句的分译：常在分句连接处加以切分，分译成两个三）主从复合句的分译：常在分句连接处加以切分，分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或两个以上的句子。1.White House officials have acknowledged during the past week that disclosure of the secret dealings was the
12、 latest and most serious in a number of recent issues that have raised broad questions about the administrations credibility.在过去的一周中，白宫官员们承认，秘密交易的泄露是近来发生的一系列问题中最新最严重的一个。这些问题已使许多人对政府的信誉明显地产生了怀疑。（在that引导的从句前切分。）2. In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental ma
13、laise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer.我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深谛固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这给社会改革家出了难题。（在第一个which引导的从句前切分。）3.The day of the big snow， when you had to shovel the walk and couldnt find your cap and asked me how to wind a towel so that it
14、would stay on your head- you， in the white towel turban， like a crazy king of the snow.那天下着大雪，你得去铲除道上的积雪。一时又找不到帽子，就问我怎样才能把毛巾裹在头上又不让它掉下来。那时的你，头上裹着白毛巾，简直像一个雪中古怪的国王。（在破折号处切分。）有的长句的翻译需要根据意群的分布等具体情况来进行灵活处理. 1。Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled, and bedraged,wit
15、h a nasty cut on his chin.突然，门猛然开了，时间旅行家出现。他十分肮脏，衣冠不整，满身是泥，下巴额被严重划伤。（在appear后切分）2。The day before I was to leave I went walking across the river to the red mesa， where many times before I had gone to be alone with my thoughts.临行前一天，我淌过河来到红石山下。我以前曾多次来过这里，临行前一天，我淌过河来到红石山下。我以前曾多次来过这里，独自遐想一番。（独自遐想一番。（whe
16、re 后为一意义单位，所以切分。）后为一意义单位，所以切分。）3.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人类把自己和其他动物区别开来
17、。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。Three other techniques to translate the long sentences1)Reversing(倒置法)： It means changing or adjusting the sentence structure thoroughly or partly in order to have translation arranged in harmony with the Chinese syntax. And he knew
18、how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born， and the kind of people among whom he was born. 他出生在这一类人中间,出生在这种地方,他还有这样的母亲;这些要是让他知道的话,他会多麽丢人。2)Inserting(插入法) By inserting, we mean the use of dash, bracket and comma to insert the difficult part i
19、n translation. Correct use of dash, bracket or comma to insert the difficult part will keep the original style untouched and it is convenient to do so, in the meanwhile, it can avoid careless omission. On this and succeeding days, during which our anticraft guns were doubled in numbers, very hard an
20、d continuous air fighting took place over the capital, and the Luftweffe were still confident through their overestimation of our losses.在当天和随后的几天（我们的高射炮在这几天增加了一倍），首都上空发生了连续不断的激烈空战，德国空军由于过多地估计了我们的损失，因而仍然信心十足。3）Recasting（重组） By recasting, we mean breaking the crust structure of original sentence on t
21、he basis of complete digestion, having the original reorganized and rearranged according to the original meaning.The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility for these techniques to find t
22、heir way to the commercial marketplace.采用全新的计算机体系结构，势必要求用户改写其大部分软件，因此难以付诸实现，这就排除了这种技术进入商品市场的可能性。作业 1.Its crisp climate and heartstopping views make it a great walking town for the fit.2. I sat with his wife in their living room， looking out the glass doors to the backyards， and there was Allens pool
23、， still covered with black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.3.One day， while out on the bleak moors， Rip is startled by a hulking， menacing man who threatens him if he doesnt bring him some food immediately。4.Tabacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say No Smoking.1.
24、这里气候凉爽干燥，景观令人惊叹，对于身体好的人来说是徒步游览的好去处。2.我跟他妻子一起坐在他们家的起居室里，望着玻璃门外的后院。后院里有阿伦的游泳池，上面还盖着过冬时铺上去的黑色塑料棚。3。匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时，一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他，让他立即为他送些食物来。4.瘾君子对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌视而不见，真是不可救药。合句 一般说来，英语的句子要比汉语长，英译汉时切分用的较多；但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时有时也得用合并。合并法多运用于英语简单句的翻译，特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候，汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词，或使用某一代词作
25、主语，在这种情况下，不如把几句话串联成汉语的一句话。 合并一般用于两种情况：一，简单句与简单句的合并: 即把两个或两个简单句合并为一个句子1. She is intelligent, ambitious and hardworking.She is good at solving problems.她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，还善于解决问题。2.The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse ,barely able to move her swollen feet.门没上锁
26、，他走了进去，呆呆地坐了下来，极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。3.He was shocked. Never before had anyone come alone, on foot, to his fathers cabin.他大为震惊，因为过去从来没有人孤身步行去过他父亲的小木屋。二，复合句的合并：把原文的主从复合句或并列句译成一个简单句或词组。1.We are going to have to be prepared to operate with people who are nuts。我们将不得不应付那些难对付的家伙。2。Many people have married
27、whose chances to do so were much inferior to her.许多条件不如她的人都已经结了婚。3。The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。两句或几句主语一致时，可以合并。When John ran out of canvas， he wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a to
28、ugh， brown cotton cloth made in France.约翰用完了帆布，便写信叫哥哥再发来一些，不想收到的却是法国产的一种坚韧的棕色棉布。（两句共用主语he,译成两个”他”，就罗嗦，合句反而语言紧凑。）练习1.By now you know that getting your moneys worth is not just a matter of luck. It is more often the result of buying skill.2.The silence lenghthened. Stepping to the table, I took Lydias
29、 hand and said, “come with me.”3. A shell landed within thirty feet of the cobra. The grass waved. The ground shocked.4.Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weighed too much. They are unsightly.5.Past the row of pine trees that line the road, the sky opened up with the full
30、moon on it.1.大家知道,钱要花得值并非仅仅靠运气,通常更需要的购物技巧.2.上时间沉默后,我走向餐桌,抓起利迪亚的手说：“跟我走吧。”3.在距离眼镜蛇30英尺处落下一颗炮弹。巨大的爆炸声使得草动地颤。4.浣熊皮衣不卫生、掉毛、味道难闻、笨重且不好看。5.走过路边那排松树，天空豁然开朗，一轮满月挂在上面合句也是翻译长句的方法之一-EmbeddingThe so-called embedding means placing the modifiers （including phrases and sentences）before the word being modified， thu
31、s the modifiers are embedded in the Chinese sentences.1.A moleculoe may be considered as the smallest unit that can exist without changing its nature.可以认为,分子在不改变物质性质的情况下能够存在的物质的最小的微粒。2.This is no class war,but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without di
32、stinction of race, creed,or party.这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信、不分党派、整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员无不参加的战争。3.Congress has made laws requring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representativ
33、es. 国会已经制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。 作业1.He spent all his time watchiing the gulls fly freely about in the air. He never stopped wondering how-he and John might escape from the island.2. He is obliged to go to the officials of the prison and to explain to them that he wa
34、nts to marry that woman who has been accused of murder; he must tell them also who he is- a prince, disgraceing the race from which he sprang.3.Mother put Jane in the shade， then went back to chopping cotton. She returned frequently to nurse the baby.4.A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but
35、 nothing upstairs. Emotional type, Unstable, Impressionable.1.他成天观察着天上自由飞翔的海鸥，整天盘算着他和约翰如何才能逃出小岛。2。他不得不到监狱长官们那儿说明他想和那个被被控有谋杀罪的女子结婚；他还得告诉他们他的身份，一个玷辱了出身门第的王子。3.妈妈把简放在阴凉处，就去给棉株间苗，并不时回去给她喂奶。4.你知道，小伙子长得不错，但胸无城府。他易于激动，反复无常，易受到别人的影响。 你只闻到我的香水，却没看到我的汗水。你只闻到我的香水，却没看到我的汗水。你否定我的现在，我决定我的未来！你否定我的现在，我决定我的未来！你嘲笑我一无所有，不配去爱，我可怜你总你嘲笑我一无所有，不配去爱，我可怜你总是等待。是等待。你可以轻视我们的年轻，我们会证明这是谁你可以轻视我们的年轻，我们会证明这是谁的时代。的时代。梦想是注定孤独的旅行，路上少不了质疑和梦想是注定孤独的旅行，路上少不了质疑和嘲笑，嘲笑，但那又怎样？但那又怎样？哪怕遍体鳞伤，也要活得漂亮！哪怕遍体鳞伤，也要活得漂亮！
