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1、Argumentation Argumentation *Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writers own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.Definition Definiti
2、on * To convinceTo convinceTo convinceTo convince. .Make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.Purpose of ArgumentationPurpose of Argumentation*What it involves What it ai
3、ms at ExpositionExposition 1.Presenting a point of view2. Explaining, clarifying, and illustrating the point of view Getting readers to understand the point of viewArgumentationArgumentation 1. Assuming controversy2. Presenting a point of view3. Explaining, clarifying, and illustrating the point of
4、view4. Supplying proof for the point of view5. Refuting opposing viewpoints 1. Convincing readers that the point of view is sound2. Encouraging readers to accept the point of view, and/or3. Encouraging readers to take action *While an exposition makes knownknown something and explainsexplains it to
5、make the reader understand, an argumentation makes the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuadepersuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.*What type of writing should we write judging What type of writing should
6、we write judging from the following titles? from the following titles? Examination Harmful or Useful? My Views on Examinations Which Weighs More School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College Should Class Attendance Be Required? Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet the Indispensable of Our L
7、ife Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized?AEAEAEEA*Introduction:Introduction: Issue; Background information; Definition of terms.ClaimClaim: : Thesis statement.BodyBody: : Reasons and evidence; Emotional appeals; Refutation (反驳).ConclusionConclusion: : Restatement of claim; Final appeal; Urge to take
8、 action.Overall Structure of an ArgumentationOverall Structure of an Argumentation*The issue a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view.The claim the point of view the writer tries to prove about the issue, usually the writers view on the issue
9、.The support ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence and emotional appeal.*(1) A debatable point(2) Sufficient evidence(3) Clear logic(4) An honest and friendly attitude(5) Good use of the other
10、 three types of writing description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition.How to write a good argumentationHow to write a good argumentation*In the opening paragraph give a well-defined theme, or clearly state your point of view of the issue.It is imperative that the paper sho
11、uld have a debatable point debatable point debatable point debatable point something can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute.1. 1. A debatable point*1.1.1.1. Avoid mere statement of factsAvoid mere statement of factsAvoid mere statement of factsAvoid mere statement of
12、 factsuChinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. uAcupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.uCertain electronic equipment have been used in road control.uElectronic equipment should be applied in all road control.How to make sure
13、you have a good thesis statement?* topictopictopictopic + + + + your position/standyour position/standyour position/standyour position/standAlthough many young people would agree that those who are old enough to vote, fight, and die for their country are old enough to drive responsibly, the drinking
14、 age should remain twenty-one because of the dangers of alcohol-related accidents and the lack of alcohol education programs.How to write a debatable thesis statement *lProvide sufficient evidenceProvide sufficient evidenceExamples concrete, illustrative, representativeFacts readily accepted, be bas
15、ed on personal observation Statistics avoid presenting a long list of figuresAuthorities those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields lValid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.2. 2. Sufficient evidence*From the least important to the
16、 most importantFrom the most familiar to the least familiarFrom the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficult 3. 3. Clear logic* Inductive reasoningIs the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other
17、 words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.Induction & Deduction*Deductive reasoning 演绎The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism（三段论法） a three-part argument in which there
18、 are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion. Induction & Deduction*Major premises: Big city can be dangerous.Major premises: New York is one of the big cities.Conclusion: New York can be dangerous.ORORMajor premises: All human beings make mistakes.Major pr
19、emises: X is a human being.Conclusion: Therefore, X makes mistakes.Induction & Deduction*The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arg
20、uable position is absolutely right.4. 4. An honest and friendly An honest and friendly attitude attitude *Should University Students Go in for Business?Should University Students Go in for Business?Practice:Practice:*There are two opposite views on university students trying their hands at business.
21、 One is that doing business helps to adapt better to the society after graduation, while the other says it might occupy too much of the students time and energy which in turn has a negative impact on their academic study. In my opinion, as long as we can successfully strike a balance between doing b
22、usiness and studying, the advantages of the former are more obvious.SampleSample* First, it lets us put what we have learned to practice. In fact, doing business is not that easy as we have expected. It requires good communication skill, negotiation knacks (诀窍), presentation capabilities, and so on.
23、 Although we can learn all these from textbooks, they are theoretical only. And the real situations are far more complicated. As long as we put theories into practice, we can grasp their essence better. That is also why at present, more universities emphasizing on the chance to do business ourselves
24、, why should we not have a try? *Second, it lets us adapt better to the society. It is known that it needs time to conduct the role-shifting from a student to a profession. The earlier we are able to adapt to the business environment of the society, the better it is for our future career development
25、. At the same time, doing business is beneficial when we are trying to find a right position in the society for ourselves.*Last but not least, it involves other aspects too. If we can make best of our leisure time to do something we are interested in, like business, on the basis of the guarantee tha
26、t academic study in the universities will not be influenced, it surely makes our campus life more colorful and meaningful.*Undoubtedly, doing business is full of risk. To cope it well not only needs bravery and creativity but also requires knowledge and wisdom. So, through doing business, we univers
27、ity students are more likely to be a high-caliber intellectual and make a greater contribution to society in future.*Writing of Argumentation*社会热点话题写作逻辑结构社会热点话题写作逻辑结构 Paragraph 1: (1) 概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）； (2) 具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/ 事物的基本看法specific）。Paragraph 2: (1) 作者对该现象或问题的基本看法，即文章的论点句； (2)
28、支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）； (3) 本段总结（可以省略）。Paragraph 3: (1) 总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。*辩论式议论文模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.
29、First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或:From above, we can predict that 预测. *模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are for the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I a
30、m concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. *模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some pe
31、ople are for the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1. Furthermore, 论据2. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. *
