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1、为获得优质雏鸡和优良生产性能的肉用为获得优质雏鸡和优良生产性能的肉用仔鸡而饲养肉种鸡仔鸡而饲养肉种鸡Feeding Breeders for Chick Quality and Broiler Performance安伟捷育种公司安伟捷育种公司沈慧乐沈慧乐译译译译作者作者作者作者: :Dr. Kenny Macus每只鸡雏所消耗种母鸡料与每只肉仔鸡的耗料量相比每只鸡雏所消耗种母鸡料与每只肉仔鸡的耗料量相比*Layer feed per chick compared to feed per broiler *(引自：引自：adapted from Calini, 2006)每只雏鸡所需饲料每只雏
2、鸡所需饲料Feed per Chick每只肉仔鸡所需饲料每只肉仔鸡所需饲料Feed per Broiler肉种鸡总消耗量肉种鸡总消耗量45公斤公斤Total Layer Feed Consumed = 45kg活重活重2.474公斤，公斤，40日龄日龄Live weight = 2.474kg at 40 days of age鸡雏总数鸡雏总数145 Total Chicks = 145 饲料转换率饲料转换率1.72 FCR = 1.72每只鸡雏所消耗母鸡料与每只肉仔鸡的耗料量相比每只鸡雏所消耗母鸡料与每只肉仔鸡的耗料量相比Layer feed per chick compared to fe
3、ed per broiler*(引自：引自：adapted from Calini, 2006)每只雏鸡所需饲料每只雏鸡所需饲料Feed per Chick每只肉仔鸡所需饲料每只肉仔鸡所需饲料Feed per Broiler蛋种鸡饲料总消耗量蛋种鸡饲料总消耗量45公斤公斤Total Layer Feed Consumed = 45kg活重活重2.474公斤，公斤，40日龄日龄Live weight = 2.474kg at 40 days of age鸡雏总数鸡雏总数145 Total Chicks = 145 饲料转换率饲料转换率1.72 FCR = 1.72每只小鸡所耗蛋每只小鸡所耗蛋种种
4、鸡饲料鸡饲料= = 0.31公斤公斤Layer Feed per Chick =0.31kg每只肉仔鸡所耗饲料每只肉仔鸡所耗饲料= =4.26公斤公斤Feed per Broiler = 4.26kg生产生产1只鸡雏所用的父母代饲料为饲喂只鸡雏所用的父母代饲料为饲喂1只肉仔鸡饲料量的只肉仔鸡饲料量的7.3%Text Box: The quantity of parent feed to produce 1 Chick is: 7.3% of that fed to 1 broiler 成本成本0.09美元对比对比1.48美元美元蛋白质蛋白质/氨基酸氨基酸Protein/Amino AcidsP
5、rotein/Amino Acids肉种鸡饲料营养的修正肉种鸡饲料营养的修正Nutrient Modification in Breeder FeedNutrient Modification in Breeder Feed种鸡饲料营养的修正种鸡饲料营养的修正Nutrient Modification in Breeder Feed参数参数Parameter作者作者Authors15%或17%蛋白质蛋白质15 or 17% CP15 or 17% CP41日龄的饲料报酬日龄的饲料报酬FCR at 41 days(低蛋白组最好低蛋白组最好)(best with lowerCP)Proudfoot
6、et al., 1985肉肉种鸡饲料营养的修正种鸡饲料营养的修正Nutrient Modification in Breeder Feed参数参数Parameter作者作者Authors15%或17%蛋白质蛋白质15 or 17% CP15 or 17% CP41日龄的饲料报酬日龄的饲料报酬FCR at 41 days (低蛋白组最好低蛋白组最好)(best with lowerCP)Proudfootet al., 19859,11,13,15% 蛋白组蛋白组9, 11, 13, 15% CP雏鸡重雏鸡重Chick weight (较高蛋白组最好较高蛋白组最好)(best at higher
7、 CP)Lopez and Leeson, 199410,12,14,16%蛋白质蛋白质10, 12, 14, 16% CP雏鸡重雏鸡重Chick Weight(较高蛋白组最好较高蛋白组最好)(best at higher CP)Lopez and Leeson1995a蛋白质蛋白质/ /氨基酸氨基酸Protein/Amino AcidsProtein/Amino Acids肉种鸡的蛋白质和能量进食量对肉用仔鸡后肉种鸡的蛋白质和能量进食量对肉用仔鸡后代生产性能的影响代生产性能的影响 (Spratt and (Spratt and LeesonLeeson 1987a and 1987b) 19
8、87a and 1987b)The effect of protein and energy intake of broiler breeder hens on performance of broiler The effect of protein and energy intake of broiler breeder hens on performance of broiler chickenoffspringchickenoffspring最佳蛋白质水平很快地就被确定了最佳蛋白质水平很快地就被确定了 The optimum protein level is quite steeply
9、defined 小小鸡鸡重重. 克克蛋白质蛋白质 ，克，克/ /100千卡千卡蛋白质蛋白质/ /氨基酸小结氨基酸小结较低的蛋白质和氨基酸水平使小鸡重受到妥协较低的蛋白质和氨基酸水平使小鸡重受到妥协 Lower levels of protein and amino acids compromise chick weight. 15%粗蛋白水平下的雏鸡质量最佳粗蛋白水平下的雏鸡质量最佳The Optimum for Chick Quality is; 15% Crude Protein 切记受精率切记受精率!REMEMBER FERTILITY! 过量蛋白质对受精率的影响过量蛋白质对受精率的影响
10、Impact of Excess Protein on FertilityImpact of Excess Protein on Fertility日粮蛋白质日粮蛋白质Dietary Protein %至至64周龄受精率周龄受精率Fertility % to 64 weeks1691.61493.31295.11095.4 日粮的能量水平相同日粮的能量水平相同 Diets contained the same energy level. *引自：引自：Lopez andLeeson1995能量和蛋白质结论能量和蛋白质结论Conclusion Energy and ProteinConclusi
11、on Energy and Protein15%粗蛋白浓度对于雏鸡质量是适宜的。粗蛋白浓度对于雏鸡质量是适宜的。15% C.P. density is adequate for chick quality.每鸡每日每鸡每日440-480千卡能量对于最佳千卡能量对于最佳雏鸡质量是适宜的。雏鸡质量是适宜的。440 to 480 kcals/bird/day is appropriate for optimal chick quality 必须考虑种鸡必须考虑种鸡Must Consider The Total Nutrient Requirement By The Breeder及其后代及其后代 A
12、ND Offspring 的总营养需要的总营养需要脂脂 肪肪FATSFATS比较肉种鸡脂肪来源和比较肉种鸡脂肪来源和/ /或水平的试验或水平的试验Experiments comparing fat sources and/or levels for broiler breeders. 参考参考Reference比较的脂肪比较的脂肪Fats comparedBrake (1990)鸡油鸡油PFBrake et al. (1989)鸡油鸡油PFDenbow& Hulet(1995)豆油，鸡油，鱼油豆油，鸡油，鱼油SBO, PF, FOPeebles et al. (1999a, b)玉米油，鸡油，
13、猪油玉米油，鸡油，猪油CO, PF, LAPeebles et al. (2000a)鸡油，玉米油，猪油鸡油，玉米油，猪油PF, CO, LAPeebles et al. (2000b)鸡油，玉米油，猪油鸡油，玉米油，猪油PF, CO, LAFats:PF poultry fat; SBO Soybean fat; FO Fish fat; CO Corn fat; LA - Lard脂脂 肪肪应保持低水平的添加量应保持低水平的添加量Fats Fat inclusion should be kept lowFats Fat inclusion should be kept low 选用不饱和的
14、脂肪优于饱和的脂肪选用不饱和的脂肪优于饱和的脂肪Preference is for unsaturated fats rather than saturated.Preference is for unsaturated fats rather than saturated. 矿矿 物物 质质 Minerals Minerals 缺乏症的评估缺乏症的评估Deficiency AssessmentDeficiency Assessment 或其或其 oror 直接营养益处直接营养益处 Direct Nutrient BenefitDirect Nutrient Benefit 种鸡饲喂矿物质对后
15、代生产性能影响一览表种鸡饲喂矿物质对后代生产性能影响一览表Summary of mineral fed to breeders shown to have an effect on progeny performance生长生长Growth成活率成活率Liveability免疫功能免疫功能Immune function骨格骨格Skeletal氟氟FluorideX磷磷PhosphorousX硒硒SeleniumX蛋氨酸硒蛋氨酸硒SelenomethionineXX锌锌ZincXXX锌和蛋氨酸锌和蛋氨酸Zinc & methionineXX锰锰ManganeseXX锌的免疫功能锌的免疫功能Imm
16、unological Functions of ZnImmunological Functions of Zn锌对于发育和免疫细胞的锌对于发育和免疫细胞的 功能是至关重要的。功能是至关重要的。Zn is crucial for the development, and function of immune Cells 异嗜白细胞异嗜白细胞Heterophils 嗜碱细胞嗜碱细胞Basophils 巨噬细胞巨噬细胞Macrophage T-淋巴细胞淋巴细胞T-lymphocytes有机锌的作用机制有机锌的作用机制Organic Zn Mode of ActionOrganic Zn Mode o
17、f Action提高锌的生物学利用率尤其在应激的条件下提高锌的生物学利用率尤其在应激的条件下Increased Zn bioavailabilityespecially under stressful conditions.增强许多金属增强许多金属酶酶和激素的功能细胞增殖和代谢和激素的功能细胞增殖和代谢Enhanced functionality of many metalloenzymesand hormonesproliferation and metabolism of cells.向上调解向上调解mRNA对金属对金属酶酶的重新合成的重新合成Up-regulate mRNA for de
18、 novo synthesis of metalloenzymes.提高白提高白细胞细胞介素介素-2 提高细胞受体对携带提高细胞受体对携带铁传递蛋白的亲和力铁传递蛋白的亲和力Increase interleukin-2improves affinity of cell receptors for Zn- carrying transferrin有机锌有机锌Organic ZincOrganic Zinc种鸡饲料营养的修正种鸡饲料营养的修正Nutrient Modification in Breeder Feed指标指标Parameter作者作者Authors100毫克锌毫克锌/仟克仟克+80毫
19、克毫克/仟克蛋氨酸锌仟克蛋氨酸锌100mg zinc/kg + 80 mg/kg zinc methionine对大肠杆菌攻毒的成活率对大肠杆菌攻毒的成活率Survivability to E.colichallengeFlinchunet al., (1989)100毫克锌毫克锌/仟克仟克+40毫克毫克/仟克氧化锌或蛋仟克氧化锌或蛋氨酸锌氨酸锌100mg zinc/kg + 40 mg/kg zinc oxide or methionine细胞免疫力细胞免疫力Cellular immunityKidd et al., (1992) 72或或82毫克锌毫克锌/仟克仟克+40毫克毫克/仟克氧化锌
20、仟克氧化锌或蛋氨酸锌或蛋氨酸锌72 or 82mg zinc /kg + 40 mg zinc oxide or zinc methionate激素免疫力激素免疫力HumoralimmunityKidd et al., (1993)有机锌和锰有机锌和锰Organic Zinc Organic Zinc andManganeseandManganese种鸡饲料营养的修改种鸡饲料营养的修改Nutrient Modification in Breeder Feed参数参数Parameter作者作者Authors100毫克锌毫克锌/仟克仟克+8毫克毫克/仟克蛋氨酸锌仟克蛋氨酸锌100mg zinc/k
21、g + 80 mg/kg zinc methionine对大肠杆菌攻毒的成活率对大肠杆菌攻毒的成活率Survivability to E.colichallengeFlinchunet al., (1989)100毫克锌毫克锌/仟仟+40毫克毫克/仟仟克氧化锌或蛋氨克氧化锌或蛋氨酸酸100mg zinc/kg + 40 mg/kg zinc oxide or methionine细胞免疫力细胞免疫力Cellular immunityKidd et al., (1992) 72或或82毫克锌毫克锌/仟仟+40毫克毫克/仟克氧化锌或蛋氨酸锌仟克氧化锌或蛋氨酸锌72 or 82mg zinc /kg
22、 + 40 mg zinc oxide or zinc methionate激素免疫力激素免疫力HumoralimmunityKidd et al., (1993)75锌和锌和83毫克锰毫克锰+75毫克毫克/仟克锌仟克锌80毫克毫克/仟克锰仟克锰75mg zinc and 83mg manganese + 75mg/kg zinc + 80mg/kg manganese成活率成活率LiveabilityVirden et al.,(2003)结论结论 矿物质矿物质 Conclusion - MineralsConclusion - Minerals 饲料中的推荐水平是为了防止缺乏症饲料中的推荐
23、水平是为了防止缺乏症Feed Recommended Levels To Avoid Deficiency考虑使用有机矿物质考虑使用有机矿物质Consider Organic Minerals Strategic 策略性地使用特定的产品策略性地使用特定的产品Use Of Specific Products 维生素维生素VitaminsVitamins缺乏症的评估缺乏症的评估Deficiency Assessment 由于维生素缺乏而使发育完全的鸡胚出现异常现象由于维生素缺乏而使发育完全的鸡胚出现异常现象由于维生素缺乏而使发育完全的鸡胚出现异常现象由于维生素缺乏而使发育完全的鸡胚出现异常现象（承
24、蒙（承蒙（承蒙（承蒙DSMDSM）Text Box: Abnormalities of the fully developed chicken embryo associated with vitamin deficiency (courtesy of DSM)Text Box: Abnormalities of the fully developed chicken embryo associated with vitamin deficiency (courtesy of DSM)异常现象异常现象Abnormality 维生素维生素Vitamins AD3EKB1B2B6B12尼克酸尼克酸
25、Niacin 泛酸泛酸P. acid 叶酸叶酸F.acid 生物素生物素Biotin骨骨骼骼Skeletal XXXXX短腿短腿Short legs XXXXX生长受阻生长受阻Stunted XXX卷爪卷爪Curled toe XX趾蹼趾蹼Toe Webb XX喙喙Beak XXXXXX水肿水肿Oedema XXXXXX眼分泌物眼分泌物EyeDischarge X肌肉和神经肌肉和神经Muscular & nerves XXXX绒毛绒毛Down XXXX成活率差成活率差Poor liveability XXXXXX维生素维生素VitaminsVitamins 维生素参与多种胚胎发育过程维生素参与
26、多种胚胎发育过程 所以充分地补所以充分地补给至关重要。给至关重要。Vitamins are involved in many embryonic processes adequate supplementation is critical. 按种鸡的建议量进行饲喂可避免缺乏症。按种鸡的建议量进行饲喂可避免缺乏症。Feeding breeder recommendations will avoid deficiencies.更高的维生素水平有益吗？更高的维生素水平有益吗？Are their benefits at higher levels?肉种鸡的维生素剂量对出壳肉种鸡的维生素剂量对出壳11日
27、龄雏鸡日龄雏鸡体重的影响体重的影响Influence of Breeder Treatment on 11 Influence of Breeder Treatment on 11 day day Liveweight(asLiveweight(as hatched) hatched)维生素维生素Vitamins +310305300295290285280275270285299体体重重 克克 Weight (g)卵黄中维生素卵黄中维生素E含量与雏鸡的免疫状况含量与雏鸡的免疫状况( (HossainetHossainet al., 1998) al., 1998)Vitamin E in y
28、olk and chick immune status Vitamin E in yolk and chick immune status HossainetHossainet al., (1998) al., (1998)210190170150130110 9065.554.543.53 25 50 75 100 维生素维生素E E，毫克，毫克/ /公斤公斤Vitamin E, mg/kg 卵黄卵黄生育酚生育酚含量，微克含量，微克/ /克克Yolk content ofalpha-tocopherolmicrogram/g14-21日龄新辰疫病毒日龄新辰疫病毒( (NDV)抗体的对数滴度抗
29、体的对数滴度 Log titreNDV antibody14 - 21 day 出壳于饲喂高低水平维生素和矿物质的肉用仔鸡的出壳于饲喂高低水平维生素和矿物质的肉用仔鸡的血细胞计数血细胞计数(Rebel et al 2004)Blood cell count of broilers derived from parents fed high or low vitamin and mineral levels. (Rebel et al 2004)肉用种鸡饲喂低水平肉用种鸡饲喂低水平维生素和矿物质维生素和矿物质Breeders fed low vitamins and minerals肉用种鸡饲喂
30、高水平肉用种鸡饲喂高水平维生素和矿物质维生素和矿物质Breeder fed high vitamins and minerals异嗜白细胞异嗜白细胞Heterophil5.33.8淋巴细胞淋巴细胞Lymphocyte4.6a21.4b单核细胞单核细胞Monocyte1.15.3嗜硷细胞嗜硷细胞Basophil0a5.4b维生素维生素Text Box: VitaminsText Box: Vitamins 较高的维生素水平有益吗？较高的维生素水平有益吗？Are there benefits at higher levels?Are there benefits at higher levels?
31、 是的是的YES YES 从战略上看！从战略上看！Strategically!Strategically! 脚垫皮炎脚垫皮炎Foot Pad DermatitisFoot Pad Dermatitis给种鸡饲喂给种鸡饲喂200毫克毫克/仟克生物素可降低后仟克生物素可降低后代的脚垫皮炎代的脚垫皮炎（Harms et al ., 1979）Text Box: 200mg biotin/kg fed to breeders reduced foot pad dermatitis in progeny. Harms et al ., 1979 生物素与父母代年龄生物素与父母代年龄 (Whitehead
32、1976)Text Box: Biotin and Parental Age 25201510 5 0625575525475425 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 周龄周龄Age of Birds, Weeks 母母鸡鸡血血浆浆中中生生物物素素，纤纤克克/ /毫毫升升 Biotin in hen plasma, ng/ml 血浆血浆Plasma卵黄卵黄Egg yolk虽然血浆中生物素含量高，虽然血浆中生物素含量高，但年轻种母鸡对它在卵黄但年轻种母鸡对它在卵黄中的沉积是滞后的中的沉积是滞后的Although plasma levelsare high, dep
33、osition inegg yolk from young breeders is delayed卵卵黄黄生生物物素素，纤纤克克/ /克克Biotin in egg yolk, ng/g日粮：日粮：100微克生物素微克生物素/仟克仟克Diet:100g biotin/kg维生素维生素D3和和25-羟基羟基D3Vitamin D3 and 25-OHD3Vitamin D3 and 25-OHD3 25-羟基羟基D3 的效力比维生素的效力比维生素D3 强得多。强得多。 25-OHD3 has greater potency than Vitamin D3. 高剂量的高剂量的D3可提高体重和胫骨灰
34、分；减少可提高体重和胫骨灰分；减少 胫骨软骨发育不良症和软骨症。胫骨软骨发育不良症和软骨症。 Higher doses of vitamin D3 improved bodyweight gain, tibia ash content, TD and rickets. 种鸡对维生素种鸡对维生素D3的需要量显著地高于欧共的需要量显著地高于欧共体的规定。体的规定。 Breeder requirements for Vitamin D3 is significantly higher than current EU regulation. 结论维生素结论维生素 Conclusion - Vitami
35、nsConclusion - Vitamins 饲料中的建议量应避免产生缺乏症。饲料中的建议量应避免产生缺乏症。Feed Recommended Levels To Avoid Deficiency. 添加量应支持后代的生长，尤其对青年种添加量应支持后代的生长，尤其对青年种母鸡以及对健康的挑战。母鸡以及对健康的挑战。Feed To Support Progeny Specially Yang Breeders and Health Challenges.考虑战略性地使用一些特殊的维生素。考虑战略性地使用一些特殊的维生素。Consider Strategic Use of Specific Vi
36、tamins. 毒毒 素素ToxinsToxins 种鸡营养中一些化合物对后代的影响种鸡营养中一些化合物对后代的影响种鸡营养中一些化合物对后代的影响种鸡营养中一些化合物对后代的影响( (引自：引自：引自：引自： CaliniCalini and Sirri2006) and Sirri2006)The effect of compounds in breeder hen nutrition on progeny. (adapted from The effect of compounds in breeder hen nutrition on progeny. (adapted from Ca
37、liniCalini and Sirri2006) and Sirri2006)化合物化合物Compound 参数参数Parameter作者作者Authors黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素B1 AflatoxinB1降低细胞和激素的降低细胞和激素的免疫力免疫力Decreases cellular and humoralimmunityQhreshiet al., (1998 )杀虫剂杀虫剂Larvadex Insect regulator Larvadex抑制抑制14日龄的体重日龄的体重Depressed body weight at 14 DaysBrake et al., (1984)呋呋喃唑酮（痢
38、特灵）喃唑酮（痢特灵）Furazolidones肝脏与肌肉中代谢肝脏与肌肉中代谢残留物残留物Metabolite residues in liver and muscleMcCracken et al., (2005)结结 论论ConclusionConclusion为种母鸡提供充足的蛋白质和能量。为种母鸡提供充足的蛋白质和能量。Provide adequate protein and energy to breeders.提供如同标准建议的合理的矿物质与提供如同标准建议的合理的矿物质与 维生素水平。维生素水平。Provide reasonable levels of minerals and
39、 vitamine as standard.考虑使用有机矿物质。考虑使用有机矿物质。Consider organic minerals如若需要提供额外的微量营养素和如若需要提供额外的微量营养素和/或它们的或它们的 前体。前体。Provide additional micro nutrients and/or precursors where necessary.蛋内饲喂蛋内饲喂 In-In-OvoOvo Feeding Feeding 在禽胚发育后期给羊膜内注入外源营养素在禽胚发育后期给羊膜内注入外源营养素The administration of exogenous nutrients in
40、to the amnion of the late-term avian embryo.The administration of exogenous nutrients into the amnion of the late-term avian embryo. 喂给碳水化合物、蛋白质、喂给碳水化合物、蛋白质、HMB以及精氨酸都有利于早期以及精氨酸都有利于早期的增重与发育。的增重与发育。Feeding Carbohydrates, Protein, HMB and Arginineall have had a positive effect on early weight developme
41、nt. 肉种鸡年龄对胚胎和雏鸡的胰肉种鸡年龄对胚胎和雏鸡的胰酶酶活性与活性与消化道重量的影响消化道重量的影响Effect of Broiler Breeder Age on Pancreas Enzymes Activity and Digestive tract Effect of Broiler Breeder Age on Pancreas Enzymes Activity and Digestive tract Weight of Embryos and ChicksWeight of Embryos and Chicks从从30和和60周龄的父母代收集种蛋。周龄的父母代收集种蛋。Eg
42、gs collected from 30 and 60 week old parents.胰脂肪胰脂肪酶酶和胰蛋白和胰蛋白酶酶的活性。的活性。Activities of pancreatic lipase and trypsinenzymes.在孵化第在孵化第20天和出壳后天和出壳后7日龄时测量。日龄时测量。Measured at 20 days of incubation and 7 days of age.肉种鸡年龄对孵化肉种鸡年龄对孵化20日龄胚胎胰日龄胚胎胰酶酶活性活性（脂肪（脂肪酶酶和胰蛋白和胰蛋白酶酶）的影响）的影响 （MaiorkaAMaiorkaA et al et al， 2
43、004)2004)Broiler breeder age on pancreas enzymes activities (lipase and Broiler breeder age on pancreas enzymes activities (lipase and trypsintrypsin) of embryos at 20 days of ) of embryos at 20 days of incubation. incubation. MaiorkaAMaiorkaA et al (2004) et al (2004)酶酶Enzymes肉种鸡周龄肉种鸡周龄Broiler bree
44、der age (weeks)显著性显著性Probability values6030孵化孵化20日龄的胚胎日龄的胚胎Embryo at 20 days of incubation1脂肪脂肪酶酶Lipase0.1710.020.1010.030.001胰蛋白胰蛋白酶酶Trypsin3.320.662.340.340.002肉种鸡年龄对肉种鸡年龄对7日龄小鸡胰日龄小鸡胰酶酶活性（脂肪活性（脂肪酶酶和胰蛋白和胰蛋白酶酶）的影响）的影响 ( ( MaiorkaAMaiorkaA et al 2004) et al 2004)Broiler breeder age on pancreas enzyme
45、s activities Broiler breeder age on pancreas enzymes activities (lipase and (lipase and trypsintrypsin) of chicks at 7 days of age. ) of chicks at 7 days of age. MaiorkaAMaiorkaA et al (2004) et al (2004)酶酶Enzymes肉种鸡周龄肉种鸡周龄Broiler breeder age (weeks)显著性显著性Probability values6030孵化孵化7日龄的胚胎日龄的胚胎Embryo at 7 days of incubation1脂肪脂肪酶酶Lipase10.711.779.071.440.653胰蛋白胰蛋白酶酶Trypsin33.8410.834.3311.060.498 大有潜力大有潜力LOTS OF POTENTIAL
