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1、英文論文寫作與投稿經驗國立臺南大學數位學習科技系黃國禎1英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎一般期刊之評審要點n學術價值(創新性)n應用價值n學理根據與觀點之正確性n文章組織結構n研究方法之嚴謹性n題目合宜n文章長度恰當n格式正確n用詞的正確性及文章的流暢度2英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎研究的觀念、態度與方法n觀念n研究是有趣的n態度n充滿好奇心、全力以卦n方法n功勞苦勞創新實証3英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎研究主題的選擇n儘量針對同一主題以不同的方法深入探討Gwo-Jen Hwang, Tsung-Liang Lin, Bertrand M.T. Lin (2004), “An Effecti
2、ve Approach for Test-Sheet Composition from Large-Scale Item Banks”, accepted by Computers & Education. (SSCI)Gwo-Jen Hwang (2003), “A Test Sheet Generating Algorithm for Multiple Assessment Requirements”, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 329-337. (SCI and EI)Gwo-Jen Hwang et al.
3、(2005), “On the Development of a Computer-Assisted Testing System with Genetic Test Sheet-Generating Approach”, accepted by IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Part C (SCI, EI).Gwo-Jen Hwang, Peng-Yeng Yin and Shu-Heng Yeh (2005), “A Tabu Search Approach to Generating Test Sheets for
4、 Multiple Assessment Criteria”, accepted by IEEE Transactions on Education. (SCI, EI) 4英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文架構-以系統為主的研究n標題及作者:Titleandauthorsn摘要:Abstractn簡介:Introductionn相關研究:RelevantResearch(LiteratureReview)n系統架構:SystemStructuren研究方法(演算法):XXXApproach(Algorithm)n系統製作、實驗及評量:ExperimentsandEvaluationn結論n參
5、考文獻5英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文架構-以方法為主的研究n標題及作者:Titleandauthorsn摘要:Abstractn簡介:Introductionn相關研究:RelevantResearch(LiteratureReview)n問題描述:ProblemDefinitionn研究方法(演算法):XXXApproach(Algorithm)n系統製作、實驗及評量:ExperimentsandEvaluationn結論n參考文獻6英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文寫作的建議順序相關研究問題描述或系統架構研究方法系統製作、實驗及評量簡介摘要結論決定題目7英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎
6、論文題目n10-15字n能立即呈現研究的目的及貢獻nDevelopmentofaTestingSystem(X)nANewTestSheetGeneratingMethod(X)nANovelApproachtoComposingTestsheetsforMultipleAssessmentCriteriainBuildingTestingSystems(O)nDevelopmentofATestingSystemtomeetMultipleAssessmentRequirements(O)8英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎相關研究n避免嘗試改寫中文版的相關研究，直接重寫會比較快。n先找好10-
7、20篇最近十年相關的文獻。n挑選2-3篇最直接相關的文獻，參考其literaturereview的內容，來描述問題的形成動機。n再參考其他文獻的Abstract描述，依年代分段敘述最近十年的發展狀況，約1000-1500字n重點：Tellastory(加一些說明將這些內容連貫起來）9英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎In recent years, researchers have developed various computer-assisted testing systems to evaluate studentslearning status more precisely. For e
8、xample, Feldman and Jones attempted to perform semi-automatic testing of student software under Unix systems 5, Rasmussen et al. exercised a system to evaluate students learning status on computer networks by taking their progress into consideration 22; furthermore, Chou proposed the CATES system 3,
9、 which is an interactive testing system developed in a collective and collaborative project with theoretical and practical research on complex technology-dependent learning environments. Unfortunately, although many computer-assisted testing systems have been proposed, few of them have addressed the
10、 problem of finding a systematic approach for composing test sheets satisfying multiple assessment requirements. Most of the existing systems construct a test sheet by manually or randomly selecting test items from their item banks. Such manual or random test item selection strategies are inefficien
11、t and are hardly able to meet multiple assessment requirements simultaneously.10英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Some previous investigations showed that a well-constructed test sheet not only helps evaluate the learning status of the students, but also facilitates the diagnosis of the problems embedded in the learni
12、ng process 13, 14, 17. That is, it is very critical to select proper test items to constitute a test sheet that meets multiple assessment criteria, including the expected time needed for answering the test sheet, the number of test items, the specified distribution of course concepts to be learned,
13、and the most important, the maximization of the average degree of discrimination 20.Since it is difficult to satisfy multiple requirements (or constraints) in selecting test items, most computerized testing systems generate test sheets in a random fashion (which will be called “random selection” thr
14、oughout this paper) 16. In 15, a multiple criteria test sheet generating problem is formulated as a dynamic programming model 11 to minimize the distance between the parameters (e.g., discrimination, difficulty, etc.) of the generated test sheets and the objective values subject to the distribution
15、of concept weights. 11英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Although the dynamic programming approach has taken multiple requirements into consideration, in practical applications, more criteria need to be addressed. For example, a teacher might like to assign a range of test times instead of giving a fixed test time and
16、usually a teacher will assign an expected lower bound for each concept weight instead of giving a distribution of concept weights. Moreover, the goal of a group test is to discriminate the status of the students. This implies that the discrimination degree of the entire test sheet needs to be maximi
17、zed as much as possible. Another critical issue arising from the use of dynamic programming approach is probably the exceedingly long execution time required for producing optimal solutions. As the time-complexity of the dynamic programming algorithm is exponential in terms of input data, the execut
18、ion time will become unacceptably long if the number of candidate test items is large. 12英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎To cope with these problems, researchers attempted to formulate a new test sheet-generating problem by optimizing the discrimination degree of the generated test sheets with a specified range of a
19、ssessment time and some other multiple constraints 16. However, the new formulation is even more complex, previous investigations showed that it is difficult to efficiently find near-optimal solutions when the number of candidate test items is larger then five thousand 16. In the following sections,
20、 a model for formulating the problems of finding a set of test items that fit multiple assessment criteria is presented. As the problems are NP-hard, a tabu-based algorithm is proposed to find quality approximate solutions in an acceptable time. Computational experiments will be also presented to st
21、udy the performances of the proposed algorithms. （最後一段強調研究動機）13英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎問題描述及研究方法n問題描述n正式定義面臨的問題n以圖或公式來說明問題的內容n最好舉例說明問題的特性n研究方法n說明方法的來源及過去的應用n說明方法的精神及細節n說明方法如何套用到目前的問題14英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Inanitembank,asubsetofncandidatetestitemsQ1,Q2,Qn will be selected for composing a test sheet. With thespecifi
22、edcourseconceptstobelearned,sayCj,eachtestitemisrelevanttooneormoreofthem.Forexample,totestthebasic computer knowledge of students,Cj might be “I/Odevices”,“CentralProcessingUnit”or“Memory”.Inthissection,a mixed integer programming model 19 is presented toformulate the test sheet-generating problem
23、under multipleassessmentconsiderations.Themodelaimsatoptimizingthediscrimination degree of the generated test sheets with aspecified range of assessment time and some other multipleconstraints.SuchamodelhasbeencalledtheSpecifiedRangeofAssessmentTime(SRAT)Problem16.（定義問題與舉例）定義問題與舉例）IntheSRATproblem,t
24、hemajorconsiderationistoconfinethelengthrequiredbythestudentstoanswertheselecteditems.Thevariablesusedintheformulatedmodelsaredefinedasfollows:（公式）公式）15英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Tabu searchisametaheuristicmethodwhichguidesalocalsearchproceduretoeffectivelyexplorethesolutionspaceofoptimizationproblems.Itwasfirs
25、tintroducedbyGlover7,8andhasexhibitedsuccessfulapplicationsforsolvingthetravelingsalesmanproblem2,generalizedassignmentproblem18,jobshopschedulingproblem23,andnetworkloadingproblem1,justtonameafew.（方法方法的來源）的來源）“Tabu”comesfromTongan,alanguageofPolynesia,whereitindicatesthingsthatcannotbetouchedbecaus
26、etheyaresacred,andthewordnowmeansprohibition9.Analogously,tabusearchforbidsthereversesearchtorevisitsolutionsalreadyencountered.Tabusearchhasthefollowingdistinctivefeatureswhichmakeituniquefromothermetaheuristics.（方法的特性）方法的特性）16英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Inthefollowings,atabusearch-basedalgorithm,BMST(Bit-MapSe
27、lectionwithTabuapproach),isproposedtofindqualityapproximatesolutionsfortheSRATproblem.（方法如何套用到目前的問題）方法如何套用到目前的問題）Input:ntestitemsQ1,Q2,QnandmconceptsC1,C2,Cm;Step 1. Generate initial configuration SincealldecisionvariablesoftheSRATproblemtakebinaryvalues(either0or1),aconfigurationintheBMSTalgorithmc
28、anberepresentedinacondensedformasx=x1x2xn,whichisavectorofnbinarybitswherexiisequivalentto1iftestitemQiisselectedand0otherwise.Theinitialconfigurationisdesignatedas000,i.e.,allthetestitemsarenotselected.Thereasonisduetotheobjectiveoftheoptimizationproblem,which requests maximization of the average d
29、iscrimination degree forselectedtestitems.Therefore,ifthealgorithmstartswithazerovectorandincrementallyselecttestitemswithhigherdiscriminationdegreesbyreplacing0with1,thesearchfortheoptimalsolutioncouldbeexpedited.Step 2. Identify the neighborhood 17英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎實驗及分析n比較答案的品質及演算法的效率-以大量資料模擬測試n瞭解系統
30、的滿意度及使用意願-問卷調查n驗證系統或方法的效果-以實驗組及對照組進行3-6個月的測試及分析(前測及後測)n比較新系統(方法)與舊系統(方法)的效果-多人交叉使用兩系統(方法)並比較結果n比較對象：舊系統(方法)、使用與未使用、Random、Heuristic、Optimal方法產生的結果18英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文簡介n內容：整篇文章的濃縮版n字數：500-1000字n包含n研究背景及動機n研究目的（問題的描述）n研究方法（概念性的描述）n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）19英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文摘要n內容：簡介的濃縮版n字數：200-300字n包含n研究動機n研究目的（問
31、題的描述）n研究方法（概念性的描述）n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）20英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Computerskillcertificationtestisoneofthemostimportantteststoevaluatethecomputerabilityofstudents.Asthetestisheldfrequently,itiscriticaltoefficientlyandeffectivelycomposetestsheetsfromalargeitembankcontainingovertenthousandsoftestitems.Tofairlycertific
32、atethecomputerskillsofstudents,thecomposedtestsheetsmustmeetmultipleassessmentcriteria,suchastheratioofrelevantconceptstobeevaluated,theaveragediscriminationdegree,difficultydegreeandestimatedtestingtime.Itwilltakesignificantlylongtimetocomposeanoptimaltestsheetfromalargeitembankbygeneratingandtesti
33、ngeachpossiblecandidatecombinationoftestitems.Tocopewiththisproblem,atabusearch-basedapproachisproposedtoimprovetheefficiencyforcomposingnear-optimaltestsheetsfromverylargeitembankstomeetmultipleassessmentcriteria.Basedontheproposedapproach,acomputer-assistedtestingsystemhasbeendeveloped;moreover,as
34、eriesofexperimentshavebeenconductedtocomparetheefficiencyandefficacyofthenovelapproachwithotherapproaches.Fromtheexperimentalresults,itcanbeseenthatthenovelapproachisdesirableincomposingnear-optimaltestsheetsfromlargeitembanks.（最後一段強調研究目的及貢獻）21英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎結論(與討論)n內容：摘要的結論加上未來的發展或改進方向n字數：300-1000字
35、n包含n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）n未來可能的發展或改進的方向22英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Inthispaper,atabusearch-basedapproach,BMST(Bit-MapSelectionwithTabu),isproposedtocopewiththetestsheet-generatingproblems.BMSTalgorithmhasbeenembeddedinacomputerskillcertificationsystemwith large-scale test banks that are accessible to students as well
36、asinstructorsthroughtheworld-wide-web.（強調研究目的）To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, twoexperimentshavebeenconductedtocomparetheexecutiontimeandthesolutionqualityoffoursolution-seekingstrategiesoneighteenitembanks.Experimental results manifest that test sheets with near-optimaldiscri
37、mination degrees can be obtained in a much shorter time byemployingthenovelapproach.（強調研究貢獻）Forfurtherextensiveapplications,somecollaborativeplanswithsomelocalelectroniccompaniesareproceeding,inwhichthenovelapproachisappliedtotestandtrainjuniorengineers,suchastheknowledgeandskillsofNanoSelf-Assembly
38、,QuantumDotSelf-Assembly,CopolymerSelf-Assembly,ElectrostaticSelf-Assembly,etc.23英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎References的內容n依姓氏排列n以1,2,3標示n研討會論文：Conferences,Congress,Workshop1 L.M.M. Giraffa, M. Mora and R.M. Viccari, “Modeling an interactive ITS using a MAS approach: from design to pedagogical evaluation”, Third
39、 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, New Delhi, India, Feb. 28, 1999, pp. 153 158.n期刊：Transactions,Journals,Magazines2 A.V. Gonzalez and L.R. Ingraham (1994), “Automated exercise progression in simulation-based training”, IEEE Transactions on Systems,
40、Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 863 874.24英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎Reference的引用方式n用“作者+年份”表示n最大優點是：有新的文獻要插入時，不必重新編號(Hwang2003),(Hwang&Lin2003),(Hwangetal.2004)n建議碩士論文採用這種方式，或在論文整理階段採用此方式n依據文獻編號n文章中提到的文獻要用編號表示12,23-25。n大多期刊採用這種方式，必須依照欲投稿之期刊的要求格式。25英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文編排-層次要清楚1. Introduction -fontsize(14,
41、bold)2. Relevant Research3. Problem Definitions3.1 A problem -fontsize(12,bold)3.2 B problem4. A Novel Approach4.1 Common problem solving model(1).fontsize(12,normal)(2).5. Implementation and Evaluation6. ConclusionsReferences26英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文編排-非必要不要內縮4. A Novel Approach4.1 Common problem solving
42、 model Model 1(1).fontsize(12,normal)(2).(3) Model 2(1).fontsize(12,normal)(2).(3)27英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎其他的寫作技巧n儘量避免太多的第一人稱主詞n(X)Weimplementedaweb-basedlearningsystemtocopewiththisproblem.n(O)Aweb-basedlearningsystemhasbeenimplementedtocopewiththisproblem.n注意標點符號的使用(緊鄰前一字，後面空一格）nHeliketheidea,andsodoI.nT
43、hesystemfailedagain;therefore,hedecidedtoreinstallit.28英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎其他的寫作技巧n善用連接詞n因;therefore,正果(因此、於是）n因;consequently,正果(因此、於是）nAs因,正果(因此、於是）n因;nevertheless,負果(然而、但是）n因;however,負果(然而、但是）nAlthough因,負果(然而、但是）29英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎其他的寫作技巧n常用句型nItcanbeseenthat.(由此可知：）nItisobviousthat.(顯而易見的：）nByassumingth
44、at.(假設）nE.g.,nBasedontheexperimentalresults,itcanbeseenthatourapproachcanachievebetterperformance.nByassumingthatx=1,wehaveY=X+1=2;therefore,2isthefinaloutput.30英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎選擇投稿的的期刊性質n國內期刊nTSSCI：如資訊管理學報、管理學報、交大學報、n國際期刊nSCI (Science Citation Index)及 SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index), 期刊收錄清單在 h
45、ttp:/ (Engineering Index), 期刊收錄清單在 http:/ei.stic.gov.tw/guide.htmlEi Compendex收錄的文獻 31英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎期刊的選擇-以資訊教育為例InteractingwithComputers(SSCI,SCI,EI)Computers&Education(SSCI,SCIExpanded,EI)Computers-AssistedLearning(SSCI)一般電腦應用(偏Computers,但接受教育的應用)電腦在教育上的應用(Computers&Education各半)電腦輔助學習(偏Education)
46、32英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎期刊的選擇-以數位學習科技為例IEEETransactionsonSystems,ManandCybernetics(SCI,EI)JournalofDistanceEducationTechnology(EI)EducationalTechnology&Society(SSCI)人工智慧技術的應用(偏技術,但接受教育的應用)資訊技術在教育上的應用(Computers&Education各半)教育技術(偏Education)33英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎期刊的選擇-瞭解期刊的屬性nIEEETransactionsonEducationn需要提出新的技術n所
47、提出的技術必須曾用在工程教育或電腦課程n所有的文字及圖表中不可以出現英文以外的文字n文章中不以使用I,We,Our等第一人稱的說法n只接受線上投稿n最多只能revise二次n大約6-12月會完成第一輪的審查34英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎期刊的選擇-儘量考慮有線上服務的期刊nIEEE的期刊n提供線上投稿及審查進度查詢n接受後直接與編審人員以e-mail或信件聯絡nElsevier的期刊n大多用紙本投稿(例如Computers&Education)，但有些期刊接受線上投稿(例如Knowledge-BasedSystems)n接受後提供線上的排版及刊登進度的查詢n其他期刊n大多以e-mail投稿
48、n不提供線上查詢35英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎投稿書信-e-mailDear Prof. Gonzalez, Attached please find our manuscript entitled A Concept-based Cooperative Learning Approach for Science Courses submitted to Second International Conference on Multimedia and ICTs in Education (m-ICTE 2003) for possible presentation. Your ackno
49、wledge will be highly appreciated. Thank you. Sincerely, Gwo-Jen Hwang Professor of Information Management Department National Chi Nan University Pu-Li, Nan-Tou, Taiwan 545, R. O. C.36英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎投稿回函(acknowledgement)DearProf.Gwo-JenHwang,TheEditoroftheTransactionsonEducationacknowledgesreceiptof
50、thefollowingmanuscript:No.TE-2003-000262-AConcept-basedApproachtoConductingCooperativeLearningProcessItisunderstoodthatthismanuscriptisentirelyoriginal,hasnotbeencopyrighted,published,submitted,oracceptedforpublicationelsewhere,andallnecessaryclearancesandreleaseshavebeenobtained.Ifthematerialinthis
51、paperhasbeenpublishedbeforeinanyform,itisimperativethatyouinformmeimmediately.Youwillbenotifiedviaemailwhenthereviewofthismanuscriptiscompleted.Pleaserefertothepapernumberinanycommunicationsregardingyourmanuscript.YoumaycheckthereviewstatusofyourmanuscriptviatheIEEEmanuscriptCentralwebsite.Whenthere
52、viewofyourmanuscripthasbeencompleted,youwillbenotifiedofitsdispositionbyemailandatthattimereviewercommentswillalsobemadeavailabletoyou.Sincerely,Editor-in-Chief37英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎投稿回函(EICreject-formatrevisions)Prof.Hwang:IregrettoinformyouthatIhavemadethedecisiontorejectyourmanuscript,TE-2004-000296,t
53、itledATabuSearchApproachtoGeneratingTestSheetsforMultipleAssessmentCriteriaINITSPRESENTFORMsothatyoucanmakeadjustmentsinthemanuscriptandsubmitarevisedversionforformalreview.TheTransactionsnowrequiresthatallmanuscriptcontentbeintheEnglishlanguage.Yourmanuscript,assubmitted,containsgraphicalinformatio
54、nthatisinalanguageotherthanEnglish.Pleasereplacethosegraphicscontainingnon-EnglishcontentwithgraphicstotallyinEnglish.Onceyouhavemadethesesubstitutions,pleasesubmityourrevisedmanuscriptforreview.Thankyouinadvanceforyourattentiontothismatter.Sincerely,DavidA.Conner,Ph.D.,P.E.Editor-in-Chief38英文論文寫作與投
55、稿經驗-黃國禎修改文件投稿-e-mailDearDr.S.Heller,AttachedpleasetherevisedmanuscriptAGroup-DecisionApproachforEvaluatingEducationalWebSitessubmittedtocomputers & Educationforpossiblepublication.Afilecontainingtherevisionsummaryisalsoattached.Youracknowledgementwillbehighlyappreciated.Thankyou.SincerelyyoursGwo-Je
56、nHwangInformationManagementDepartmentNationalChiNanUniversityPu-Li,Nan-Tou,Taiwan545,R.O.C.FAX:886-940503178TEL:886-91539655839英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎修改文件說明-Revision SummaryResponsetoReviewersandEditorPaper#:SMCC-03-06-0056Title:OntheDevelopmentofaComputer-AssistedTestingSystemwithGeneticTestSheet-Generatin
57、gApproachReviewer 1 Comments:Thepapershouldbeshortened.Response to Reviewer 1:The paper has been shortened to 24 pages by removing someredundantdescriptionsofgeneticmodelsandalgorithms;moreover,Sections3and4havebeenre-writtentocondensetheentirepaper.40英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎修改文件說明-Revision SummaryReviewer 2
58、 Comments:Noinnovativecontributionwasfoundbothinthetheoryofgeneticalgorithmsandintheapplicationofthem.Response to Reviewer 2:(1)Wehavere-writtentheabstractandSections1and2toexplaintheimportanceabouttheconstructionofagoodtestsheet.Themajorcontributionofthispaperisnotinitstechnicalpart.Instead,wetried
59、to cope with an important problem arising from real educationalapplications.Suchaproblemisknowntobecriticalandhasnotbeenefficientlyandeffectivelysolvedbefore.(2)Since the innovative contribution of this paper might not besignificant,wehavere-writtenthepaperasatechnicalcorrespondencebasedontheeditors
60、suggestion.41英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎修改文件說明-Revision SummaryReviewer 3 Comments:Makethedefinitions,formulas,andotherdescriptionsclearerandmore precise, so that the revised paper will be improved in itsreadabilityandcorrectness.Response to Reviewer 3:TemixedintegermodelsandthegeneticalgorithmsinSections3and4h
61、avebeenre-writtentomakethedefinitions,formulas,andotherdescriptionsclearerandmoreprecise(pleaserefertoPages6-17).Moreover,acolleaguewhoisanEnglishexperthascarefullycheckedthepapertocorrectpotentialgrammaticalerrors.42英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎論文接受函(acceptedwithminorrevisions)DearProf.Hwang,Thereviewofyourmanus
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70、actionsonEducation不用再審45英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎校稿信件DearDr.Hwang,Theproofforyourarticle,ATest-Sheet-GeneratingAlgorithmforMultipleAssessmentRequirements,isreadyforyourreview.PleaseconnecttothefollowingURLtoretrieveyourproof:URL:https:/authorproof.ieee.org/tfa/authproof.do?journal=TE&artID=46te03-hwangIfyouha
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