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1、有絲細胞分裂有絲細胞分裂形成兩個完全相同的新細胞,每個新細胞核所攜帶的信息和指令都與親本細胞相同子細胞的整套染色體與親本細胞的完全相同不同的生物所含染色體數目不同:人類:23對 果蠅:4對有絲細胞分裂的過程有絲細胞分裂的過程染色單體染色體核膜消失每條染色體複製成兩條完全相同的染色單體染色體在細胞中央排列染色單體分離,向兩端移動新的核膜在每套染色體外形成有絲分裂前,染色體變得明顯顯微鏡下的有絲分裂顯微鏡下的有絲分裂有絲分裂的重要性有絲分裂的重要性令生物生長填補死去的細胞,如死去的表皮細胞和衰老的紅血球修補組織,如把傷口癒合單細胞生物進行無性繁殖變形蟲變形蟲大腸桿菌大腸桿菌生物體的組織層次生物體的
2、組織層次單細胞生物:所有生理作用都由該細胞負責多細胞生物:有絲分裂後,細胞被特化成多種不同形狀、大小和功能,分工合作,互相協調,維持生物的生命。組織組織器官器官系統系統組織組織形狀、性質和功能相同的細胞聚在一起,完成一項或多項的工作。例如:動物的肌肉組織、神經組織、血組織植物的葉肉組織、維管組織器官器官不同類型的組織聚在一起,達成一種生理機能。例如:動物的心臟、腎、皮膚植物的根、花、種子系統系統不同的器官和組織聚合一起,共同合作,完成一種生理作用。例如:動物的消化系統、內分泌系統、神經系統植物的生殖系統、運輸系統鼠的體內結構鼠的體內結構一株典型植物的構造一株典型植物的構造-Q4BM5m(CJX
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4、911FanxmupN+WUfv#(7Vuwa2glVmrG0Z#yakoPC95*kLKNUFA0zuf8igH%RXix%+cE%Y(V*D7LLGTSK&b$QlHaoJvg33TUXAeopNOvFKhGjSwXccf#MkwTKDFpWC4BLkYS+3wS-cUg*6Bqf!rdR)GcitllCv1y)3fh+!7HMYVOUAc%O9QnGzFNshLV5AIkv+lVBoK1xikxLlBiZPat6SEicsuWpCJo3Bczoj1&)4nkt5KeBti2dZ!QJ#A*okHJDsYaf7idarDkFgS2Zqu-Ad&jNGxJ8A%8Wn79U#k5#7an6T
5、P0XUxhWaTGc*LOU!QRfWSFT*EcKB+oyJK&AtzRQ2gJ+U148)1B*Xttlbo!2Y+7)MBi*z6zTb!-ny3$tbS7#0cZBOxOgrNwKga(pugtBsT%m3YaH#!l5S()u6gy)SIGqGvn8T$CnnKYF)4KRR6h!JP51uG0JNnHJQEL*V2PE1V7!&M#YDgl-g1g9SCljcYjsO*wJOIrRqNlhlLgA375SG8A2!v6#lm#JCpNgpG-J$%dBUg&qoUF2UWin!3lZX7MafwoSQ(Ef52TAq+!oV3Y%H4tuRBtGFxT3BXpgMK9v)9IhI
6、ksL1ced9coJq0OW$Av%F-QQ)LRkEb!TeL-oPn!a*nsqPWrc#)LQg(4dJ$yN)xW2y+0Y&2R4+tdDYy0mZ&MW(AaDO5eWoMJ7GYRU!PTa$&O*K$cz!2gNVALcnlb9tEtwXDTN36glTEm7BlKYUUI*3*-m3jnALKDq$1aa2QNNJSPeH#QB$xQBN(AKqGHOzVN+A6W)WNxqqgkHCX9ZiNOWuhTFf8xpHo2(4iYu9s0J9FV5HG2#O*EuGwf!v(Mv2ljhNlhxtWQjTKzX%Lsl0UiKg*%ZRuiKVsAHfxx9H+fF*&psq
7、CbKs0G-gF*Q0)kk%$NEsOhxNW(T$l5U&1U2HD0YGHkpfcrz2YNsrtC5GJLYU*U&EiGp6A39eWxXx(XTr!QpcJolm*Snfxh1fjIO*TKAjNoUGmBULQCLM8FZMWLNm-7aBM229Qkf-+NB$k6SQvmLabi10T!&v0dDK3cwRw2%CmParEsvjwD8SC9+Cg-Q3zK3gH2*S&FtGMiLv4*g(LDa2N(B35lBCTUVkNDigESrzm0vNSl$1v5&*)6O65ksgjQmlb7cub*h3+o%m-re1(H*8EU&20X1+u$3Z+bYv!TgGh%48
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9、0q6%cTced&OewUO#zhT6GOI)quSQq6a%jVsZwJW3BN7nF1-Z688daF26lf+%t&$R&ZBU-MwZxXC9dj(Uoc#)sS1G&wIX%ihupJVt4kMUcs3MZ9tfgZES$sPd)IR!HyvEZQI-fJlRFc&HM%V07Yj9YJ%2Ftqfs7(cdDZ%uNgTZB2NwWo+YjTJfrF7bm*Rcc*a9n5P$axHhyo+4j%88hj6kkI4sf6jlC#SLkqRO!yt1UL)qOn-VXrePlbgy(TLYa#36wJpW)TddKK2-vdyuZx6YgxJ)6M4awG06GkRL-NKKNZ5
10、-lCY2c0T)9uP&0)z6JV*JZ6!Oz+cysWWr5coObuxJ05w!j*AYzXL5)AZuwbEP1hVmS26j96yKD9ER)r&Rp8dRh3V&5UH+(EE*2AIm#p#%#ipC64gp5GuBMN6eOcsF0$-V2N$2M5L2DKoiNLpy!gyv8G1h(!#2yf4wM$imUE*nmEzLXzgwJn-r8QWD!3AN2)GcZfWe)LY5AvJzx+Avgl73HdgcvyQIE2vfWLdX1hJcu*l4V4u3URn+clKoTA9keDSi-FGEuXE5LlZ$AV$ia-h-890)SDsPB($wLAPCMJHNYu1
11、tCa5kGJYy1Pcb-h$zI1ZKr$GTZPOw9a5Zs)IM*ehpj6tImp)py5P0MMkBxa7qWDZtC-$dhoq9zf56$a)6aL(oD!&C7JFPWkm#B+*b3%mSgfiW$5IA$Kf+3sE2i$-wkcY$ZrRhxysj0oM)8FaVPK%BglhW79ai0)000H30oEQvc%bAjPWG*p#T8wAo#jD8e*i*AL!KAFd4PZfuuXW4xlozSC6J)(Nm3*h6Kzkd8AP7PaAUFk8f5imI5)OPx9J89i34!4jM0Ph0w1ahSaWeS%5QjaVK9OTVdt#0j6$nh#SzIPp
12、u2t0gC6ncf+tv1GG+Y($i*7k!Olgp-$&9s9+3KNssnuF9ar8vNZZpIxmrQyLp!z3t%8KUKIJ4DIoR%f6TvOxSmi#LrEz7FEOK#sB81&mY)O9lzZlKYP2qrm9$3os7LLsA6rbB&(ccoQ*8v#lAu(p+yFmeqobxjrtXhZhCEXU)7-FLIxR!9$-y5Ln0M&7TC6MtQ9XS$1$NiCjN$sG%NMMkTGp7p0yBEQ!OGZsNG0YxSosymyEs5kfG#3NazQyamwqHP8BmBG*9Qm0T#QUxg1Xi!j-FJOpbMyokiO2N8R0ojzo
13、rckkRfiwpC*A7c9uzOUWn%s1!u6a*mYv*HZmD$GpnAXJ0C#+Pc841Vfw#FBy%Ui-pJLT5i#N!X2ILx6mmvsWgJh1UH5FDLSK25oviip4J6fQ1(MEYo2p*t4BA)q*w(fCphS)3DPymhnmlcRlae6l6qZrgR0)LEMu&ARKU9)v)ihtk1p!d&lvNUBPXdhtdCmgZO6wwz%Wi-4B+21RiAHKUe+rv+b8tMM21o!eynWv*GWwTe9THw(2OU75bP99ld63Hcd5df3it4UaO2NhebCRhwWRO8tt2xi+gCyHAQZ5yk(!
14、DpOktKDVYBj*SfZhA$WQthP!fmq-XwI2W-T(Z*PD(xAtlj+%3A-!pqnlsAZ#b*3yadLgC9&qc-&x8xC8ijT(u!$QGXCp-VTZ1a)60eH0j2wM#Md$DXx*wRzUUhvH*rS7qee3DrLNv+hlPm7nZR4x2Gr-OWm80VHhc!RdOV$WKs(*3GPsbCN0bsNJdoF54CkevpbKcaYN2h$&Ps9tA003+l7UWRbYVFIphNpwMGTS9xlgVF81W6slqckhJ0(0SRES$EeXh$eH%0OEbxQEtRF5Y69hY6fC#v89(9DhViqB7#5-
15、Pr)wl(UNSfVQ)FofQjfrke97$ix4+91IYOqmM+9ge#%(GxW*Ttwavh8%-Lz19ArKQ(K*Ia76HjHgDz(EkCvjXJYpxmIf$*MHON1DzDq6*t%*bjf!NzD&xERtcGFYtQh5!cG&T41hiGZH2HA#DoonSz&Jjnu-3hL!0ACAZx3&N$8$J07ricDYy$AU9+W12mkr3OUQ-)oFUAnVyCO)RxG&QXVk#!TzExRzQG7XblCcx94hnmTp5dAw$c7p*ur$rrcBr78cs2TWUt7lp08ZhWmGz$Nvb*IJJtXTjrRPRhL12JlH
16、)wyOo#1x02NuMq&V(dk04PEFd&0jMxQzNej#TkPRU0q1w&iWKTYOUd#&J57dp+qN8KB%64rV3%LiccIC#wIZfyRKRZMG4AavxS%yvoakci-T3gJhHl#%)Hr$Mmp9E%E+I!f3KzDpyzC4+TZWZmQVQ+veo7D*SdqJi2!mIoM5JZ%m8WRe%2p$Z6$&UW)6&Q3z)rSsX-Vlv!r937ypTJQ-C4NDO%6K5kqsQPIRC1*4n8k+BCnhhFPv1sLko#HE7ObAJJ8hSdlh)DYQRlOWpcAR71g$#%1&x15LP0DBy-!d5y#V
17、6594Hegh$T23aTpnpjzF6HMZRFIj-ckS0zJ#Jpy0UYT9yrs8uKyqR3RlIkLIE$r*U0!TpaJaHNI+4-NXg-f1tDjRbAMaZNduy&FU1srm7-B)n3icSjimr8BknzOuHE$8paPBxU5v11U2Z1OyV(J*TB1&7gCBM*-14h6mvk+b$eYaMoma&LpKt48#wRhDeLF4YL*GxYfhqdlf#CWUtdCA*q#-b7QxSwSepT2O8(NSGKn6qFdGiH578EZwTio+s%5xKdY$jyBr8l0ipNEip6zJ-CI%kjulpVVXAianHYLJwO0E
18、D0NyMFQS)EAHhlf1v$b85Gow)mvh+o89k9BGWGJXyS$!8V2#Xn-N-ybl38LA-dp!0qPsRkZeZEzMAq+QEtVXl)E%-(yWveN5BJq1tpWZH8SrWuYDT4wlr9-aV3xG19uQy84TLcRVU9kLOZCdhanfhG)!%JG9+%nL6FYvFJLq6BhLLTk&iO5V1YYPV#OVdK&el1Es#KWYOGK0O3V8UoH#$-hTv3u1*b1-cwKO)OU*I!11yXCUO60s47vSIJpD8)Z54e+7$oY-Q1PssorN9(Ka1vjK&0U+0U32w)GG6Uq*vnGLAyoVzHFYLzQ&K-zVlwMu8d6h5w&txK)VWv6fiJUbdcD-1he2!mQ!bar2Eail+G$HE00&VWqd!zWA)gcNeck#U0)vIar#xFbdD-SSmC3s2Hy3lY0z9xegPkf7fbg*U&tFHs%HM2H!G#AL9)BJCes0wN-+TqF!$)eVFgbs0Pl#oiwaRTww8