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1、Chapter 23 Adjective and Adjective Phrase Warming-up1. Classification2. Adjectives and participles p2633. Adjectives as modifier in noun phrases4. Adjectives as complement p2685. NotesHere are some adjectives that specifically describe nouns related to the picture below:African-American girlLovely g
2、irlYellow shirtHappy girlShiny applecolorful booksgreen bookBrown hairSmall eyesRound faceWhy are adjectives important to useWhy are adjectives important to useWhy are adjectives important to useWhy are adjectives important to useIt makes your writing/speaking more visual and vivid.It appeals to our
3、 senses so we can hear, see, touch, taste, and even smell what youre describing. It makes reading and writing much more fun. Here are two sentences: one uses adjectives, one doesn Here are two sentences: one uses adjectives, one doesn t. t. Which one allows you to see the picture better?Which one al
4、lows you to see the picture better?a. The rainforest contains flowers and plants that may help cure hospital patients.b. The fresh, lush rainforest contains hundreds of bright, colorful flowers and healthy, green plants that may help cure many weak hospital patients.形容词(Adjective)的分类词的构成句法功能词汇意义单词形容
5、词复合形容词中心形容词外围形容词动态形容词静态形容词等级形容词非等级形容词形容词+形容词bitter-sweet形/副+-inggood-looking,hard-working形/副+-ednewfangled,well-meant名+形duty-free名+-inglaw-abiding名+-edhand-made形+名+-edkind-hearteda)transformed from adverbial phrases: e.g.: round-the-clock discussion the ahead-of-schedule general election b)transform
6、ed from verb phrases e.g.: a stand-up collar a see-through shirt c)condensed by attributive clause e.g.: an easy-to-paint portrait = a portrait which is easy to paint a difficult-to-operate machine d)formed by a sentence e.g.: He spoke in a look-whos-talking tone. There was an I-told-you-so air on h
7、is face. Some other compound adjs.: in terms of syntactic function: (1) central adjectives: able to be used both as modifier and as complement (2) peripheral adjectives: unable to satisfy both the requirements A attributive adjectives: only as modifier B predicative adjectives: only as complement of
8、 subject or object Central vs. PeripheralCentral vs. Peripheral Green apples are sour.Pillar-boxes are green.They have painted the windows green. centralOnly as Premodifier:Only as Premodifier: A. Daily, weekly, monthly, yearlye.g. My weekly pay is $150. Im paid weekly. My pay is weekly?B. most: utm
9、ost, foremost, innermost, etc.C. er: elder/eldest, inner, other, upper, latter, former, outer, utter, etc.D. en: wooden, leaden, golden, silken, earthen, woolen, flaxen, etc. (material)E. only, mere, sole, total, main, chief (for emphasis)G. ing: living, existing, remaining, neighboring, dying (Ti)O
10、nly as SCOnly as SCHe is an alive man.?He is a living man / he is alive.An alone person?A lone person / he is alone.An asleep child?A sleeping child/ the child is asleep.They are of an alike shape.?They are of a like shape/ they are alike in shape.A well man?A healthy man/ he is well.An afraid man?A
11、 frightened man / he is afraidAn ill person?A sick person / he is ill/sick.He is very asleep.?He is fast asleep/ he is sound asleep.He is very awake.?He is wide awake.He is very aware of his danger.?He is fully aware/quite aware of his danger.Much,Exception: I am very well.Only as SC:Only as SC:A. a
12、-: afraid, alive, alone, asleep, aware, awake, ashamed, ablaze, averse, aloofB. well, worth, content, ill, drunk, sunk, sure, unable, subject动态形容词和静态形容词静态形容词：描写人或物的静态特征，即外貌，形状，颜色等不可随意发生变化的特征。如：ugly,red,tall,deepetc.大多数的形容词都属于静态形容词。大多数的形容词都属于静态形容词。动态（感）形容词：带有动作含义的形容词，即描写心理活动，表情特点等可以发生不定变化特征的词。如：ambit
13、ious,happy,loyal,timidetc.用法区别：用法区别：1.动态形容词可与动词be的进行体搭配，而静态形容词不可以。Thekidisbeingquietinfrontofhisfather.*Thekidisbeingshort.2.动态形容词可用于由动词be为首的祈使句，而静态形容词不可以。Becareful!Youmayhurtthelittlepuppy.*Beblue.3.动态形容词可用于使役结构，而静态形容词不可以。Ibeggedmyparentstobefriendlytomyex-husband.*Ibeggedmyparentstobepretty.等级形容词和
14、非等级形容词大多数形容词都是等级形容词。其特征有：1.具有比较等级fatfatterfattestreasonablemorereasonablemostreasonable2.能接受强调词的修饰verygoodsoamazingextremelymoody所有的动态形容词和大多数静态形容词都是可等级的。有一些静态形容词，特别是某些由名词转化来的表类别，来源或出处的形容词是不可等级的。electricaltoothbrush*Itisthemostelectricalone.Spanisharchitects*HeisverySpanish.另：还有少数本身带有“极度，极端”含义的形容词，如p
15、erfect,enthusiastic（极感兴趣的）,excellent,extreme,paramount（极为重要的，至高无上的）etc.也属于非等级形容词，因为它们本身已经是“最高级”。*moreperfect,*mostparamount,*veryenthusiastic形容词与分词-ing分词和-ed分词可作名词修饰语，起形容词的作用，并具有形容词的各种特征，故称为分词形容词。The film was very amusing.能被very修饰This time they achieved more satisfying results.有比较级形式Smith is the mos
16、t experienced doctor in the hospital.有最高级形式I shall be delighted to meet you at the airport.做主语补足语1）由-ing分词转化而来的形容词如: absorbing, amusing, boring, challenging, disappointing, misleading, shocking 等。这些词的否定形式通常带前缀un-,如 unchanging, unencouraging, uninteresting等。2）由-ed分词转化而来的形容词如：amazed, amused, bored, ex
17、cited, surprised, relaxed, unknown, unprepared, unsettled等以以-ing结尾的形容词通常翻译为结尾的形容词通常翻译为“令人令人” 以以-ed结尾的形容结尾的形容词通常翻译为词通常翻译为“感到感到”有些-ed分词本身不具形容词特性，要带副词做修饰语构成复合词。如：badly-behaved, newly-invented 等。Eg： The job was done well. It was a well-done job.主动意义和被动意义由-ing分词转化而来的形容词通常带有主动意义，而由及物动词的-ed分词转化而来的形容词通常带有被动
18、意义。boilingwater沸腾的水excitingnews振奋人心的消息apleasingvoice悦耳的嗓音boiledwater煮开了的水anexcitedaudience兴奋激昂的听众apleasedlook满意的表情2.Adjectives with same functions as -ing participles病人很危险。The patient is dangerous.？我很难。Im difficult.？我疼。Im painful.？It is very dangerous for the patient.The patient is in danger.The pat
19、ient is dangerously ill.dangerous: pose danger to others/make others feel endangeredDangerous place/ criminal.It is dangerous to drive at a high speed.It is very difficult for me to make it.I find it very difficult to . Difficult: pose difficulty to othersThe task/ exam is difficult. You are difficu
20、lt./ he is a difficult customer. I feel a pain.I am in a pain.I have a pain.Painful: cause others to feel pain.A painful foot.Painful lessons/ problemsA painful illness/ lifeActive vs. passiveDangerous-endangeredPainfulpainedPleasantpleasedDelightfuldelightedFrightfulfrightenedSatisfactory-satisfied
21、EnviousenviableForgetfulforgettableToleranttolerable以-ful，-ous,-some结尾的形容词往往具有主动含义；以-able，-ible结尾的形容词往往具有被动意义。 ContemptuouscontemptibleDesirousdesirablecredulouscredibleDependent-dependableTiresometiredTroublesometroubledShamefulashamed-ful, -ous ent/ant, -ory, -ive vs. able, -ible, -worthy-ing vs.
22、-ed (p263) Ex 23c p 2631 contemptuous: showing contempt, scornful contemptible: deserving contempt2 credulous: (too) ready to believe things, credible: that can be believed, trustworthy3 desirous: feeling desire, hopeful desirable: to be desired, worth having1 contemptiblecontemptuous A You are show
23、ing a _ lack of courage. B Those who are _ of public opinions are doomed to fail.2 crediblecredulous: A It is almost impossible to believe. It is hardly _. B They are not _ people who accept all the promises of the politicians.3 desirabledesirous: A All the people are _ of peace. B It is most _ that
24、 he should attend the conference. C I am _ to go with you.4 delighteddelightful A It is a _ day! B Ive read your letter and am _ with it.5 frightenedfrightful A The _ accident killed ten people. B The boy was _ to hear the news.3. Adjectives as modifier in noun phrases p2663. Adjectives as modifier
25、in noun phrases p266Order:Determiner evaluation size, shape, age color nationality, origin, material use/ purpose -noun heada German church well-known medicalThose round porcelain beautiful vases multi-colored Chinese e.g. a well-known German medical church Those beautiful round multi-colored Chines
26、e porcelain vases口诀记忆：县主官行令宴国材公。功能材料国别颜色年龄形状冠词主观评价限定词Positions of adjectives when used as modifiers1 premodifiers: used before the head noun2 postmodifiers: used after the head noun (1)when the headword is a some-any-no-every- compound (2) when some predicative adjective is used as modifiers (1)形容词修
27、饰不定代词I would like to have something interesting to read. Anyone intelligent can do it. (2) 表语形容词作定语He spoke like a man afraid.The house ablaze is next door to me. (3) 形容词短语作定语I know an actor suitable for the part. A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with. 形容词作后置定语的规律在以下情况，用作定语的形容词可以后置，
28、也可以前在以下情况，用作定语的形容词可以后置，也可以前置：置：1)以-able和-ible结尾的形容词：可置于前有最高级形容词或only等词的名词之后， Thatistheonlysolutionpossible. Pleaseputyourideaintothesimplestlanguagepossible. (2)某些成对的形容词 Visitors,oldandyoung,weredelighted.Therewasahugecupboard,simpleandbeautiful.(3)形容词enough Thereistimeenoughtotakecareofeverything.W
29、edidnthavetimeenoughtofinishthework.Adjective phrases as complement1 Adjective + prepositional phrase Eg. be ashamed of be absent from2 Adjective + to-infinitive Eg. be stupid to leave be happy to come3 Adjective + that-clause Eg. I am amazed that he should have refused her invitation.1 他喜爱照相。（keen）
30、2 他是个对朋友忠诚的人。（faithful)3 小杨智力超群。（superior)）4 这个问题很难在短时间内解决。（difficult）5 他总是求胜心切。（eager）6 你可以回家了。（free)7 我相信他们会对这个问题达成协议。（sure)1 He is keen on photography.2 He is a person faithful to friends.3 Xiao Yang is superior in intellect.4 This problem is difficult to solve within a short time.5 He is always eager to win.6 You are free to go home. 7 I am sure that they will reach an agreement on the issue.
