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1、Unit SixTEXT I Preparing for CollegevI. Library Workv1. Homer (8th century B.C.), the Greek epic poet to whom are attributed the Iliad and the Odyssey, the greatest epic poetry of all time. The Iliad, the tale of the siege of Troy (an ancient city in Asia Minor), is an epic poem in twenty-four books
2、. The Odyssey is an epic poem which records the adventures of Odysseus or Ulysses, a Greek leader in theI. Library WorkvTrojan War, a legendary war waged anywhere from the 11th to the 14th century B.C. It is also in twenty-four books.v2. Dante Alighieri (1265 1321), Italian poet whose reputation res
3、ts chiefly on The Divine Comedy (ca. 1309 1320), an epic poem that describes his spiritual journey through Hell and Purgatory and finally to Paradise, or the way of an individual soul from sin to purification.I. Library Workv3. Caius Julius Caesar (100 44 B.C.), Roman general and administrator who m
4、ade himself master of the Roman world by defeating Pompey the Great (106 48 B.C.), the Roman general and statesman before him. Caesar ruled supreme until he was assassinated by a group of conspirators headed by Marcus Brutus and Cassius.I. Library Workv4. Robert Owen (1771 1858), British socialist r
5、eformer and founder of cooperative communities. He strove against social disorders brought about by the Industrial Revolution and urged Parliament to enact laws that would alleviate the bad working conditions in British factories. He assisted the tradeI. Library Workvunion movement. He discouraged t
6、he hiring of children. He established a cooperative society for the purchase and sale of commodities, and organized cooperative communities to create a better environment. William Owen is said to be a “red”, or a socialist, because he is a descendant of Robert Owen.I. Library Workv5. Tories are memb
7、ers or supporters of the Conservative Party in Great Britain. The term Tory was first used to name a member of a political party in Great Britain from the late 17th century to about 1832 that favored the authority of the king over Parliament and the preservation of the existing social and political
8、order. It was succeeded by the Conservative Party in 1832. I. Library Workv6. Liberals are people of liberal principles or views, or members of the Liberal Party in Great Britain. Liberals favor progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs.I. Library Workv7. A Roman Catholic is a member
9、of the Roman Catholic Church, the part of the Christian Church which acknowledges the Pope as its head. Catholicism differs from Protestantism in the importance it grants to tradition, ritual, and the authority of the Pope.I. Library Workv8. A Protestant is a member of the Protestant Church, which i
10、s any of the Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestants reject the authority of the Pope or papacy (教皇统治教皇统治). They find authority in the text of the Bible.II. Organization of the Text1. He failed in a number of examinations required for entering the Univers
11、ity of California and the cause of it. (Paragraphs 1 - 4)2. His private tutor, Mr. Nixon, exerted great influence on him; he encouraged his pupil to think and discover all by himself. (Paragraphs 5 -12)II. Organization of the Text3. He found the best preparations for college in the stimulating Satur
12、day night conversations among all those Oxford and Cambridge men. (Paragraphs 13 - 15)III. Key Points of the TextvParagraph 1vto be put off for a year: to be delayed for a yearvput sth. off: delay doing sth.vE.g.: Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事今日毕。今日事今日毕。vI was not of them: I
13、 was not like them; I was not of their kind.Paragraph 2vso far as I could make out: so far as I could understandvmake out: understand, see, or hearvE.g.: That problem is just beyond me; I cant make it out.v He muttered a complaint that nobody could make out.Paragraph 2vthey looked dazed or indiffere
14、nt: they looked confused / bewildered or uninterested / unconcernedvDaze is often used in the passive. To be dazed is to be made unable to think or feel clearly.vE.g.: His answer to the question left us all dazed.Paragraph 2vindifferent: not interested in, not caring aboutvE.g.: We should not be ind
15、ifferent to the low achievers in school.vforeign to me: unfamiliar and strange to me; unknown to me; not within my experience. This is the formal use of the word foreign.Paragraph 2vE.g.: His concept of education is entirely foreign to us.vFrom Steffenss description of “the elect” in Paragraph 2, wh
16、at has been revealed about himself?Paragraph 2v- He must be very different from those boys. To him study did not mean performing all the tasks assigned by the teacher without thinking and reasoning. He must be unhappy to be told to memorize what he was supposed to learn without a thorough understand
17、ing. Paragraph 2vHe was motivated by a strong quest for knowledge, not by the desire to distinguish himself in terms of marks. Paragraph 2vWhat kind of school had his father chosen? Why was it wrong for him?v- It was the type of school where students were expected to “do their duty”, that is, to per
18、form all the tasks assigned by the teacher without thinking and reasoning; Paragraph 2vteachers usually asked their students to memorize things without a thorough understanding; students were motivated by the desire to distinguish themselves in terms of marks, “ to beat the other fellows, stand high
19、, ” Paragraph 3vbear on: be relevant to; have some connection with; relate tovE.g.: Did what he said bear on your problem? vfor keeps: This phrase is used informally, meaning “forever, permanently, for good”Paragraph 3vE.g.: “Can I have one of those cute mementos（漂亮的纪念品）漂亮的纪念品）”v “Sure. This one is
20、yours, for keeps.”Paragraph 4vappeal to: attract, interestvE.g.: His plan of spending our winter vacation in an orphanage to coach the children there in English appealed to all of us.vAppeal has different meanings in different contexts.Paragraph 4vE.g.: The Municipal Government appealed to (requeste
21、d) the residents to save water last summer.v The defendant defied the verdict (the official decision made by a jury in a court of law) and appealed to (上诉上诉) the higher court. 被告对法庭的裁决不服，向高一级法被告对法庭的裁决不服，向高一级法院提起上诉。院提起上诉。Paragraph 4vthe rudiments: the basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments is a
22、lways in the plural form when used in this sense.) 基础；基本原理；基础；基本原理；初级阶段，入门初级阶段，入门Paragraph 4vE.g.: the rudiments of grammar 语法入门语法入门v the rudiments of physics 物理学基本原物理学基本原理理v the rudiments of a plan 计划的雏形计划的雏形v the rudiments of civilization 文明的萌芽文明的萌芽Paragraph 4vWhen I knocked at the college gates,
23、I was prepared for a college education in some branches; my mind was hungry enough for the answers to some profound questions to have made me work and develop myself, especially on Paragraph 4vlines which I know now had no ready answers, only more and ever more questions: When I got ready to enter c
24、ollege, I was expecting a college education in some definite fields. I was very eager to know the answers to some questions difficult to understand, andParagraph 4vthat has made me work and improve myself; especially in areas of study where there were no prompt answers, but there were endless questi
25、ons.Paragraph 4vmetaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 形形而上学；玄学而上学；玄学vI was not in the least curious about Greek : I wasnt eager to learn Greek at allParagraph 4vnot in the least: not at allvE.g.: Lots of people love to read science fiction, but Im not in the l
26、east interested.vThe text begins with his failure to get into university. What caused his failure? (Infer mainly from Paragraphs 3 and 4.)Paragraph 4- He was not interested in those subjects which seemed to him irrelevant to his life, and the teachers failed to interest him in those subjects. As a r
27、esult, he did not do well in them. This partly accounted for his failure.Paragraph 5vto be crammed for Berkeley: to be stuffed with as much book knowledge as possible for me to pass the entrance examination of the University of California at Berkeleyvcram: learn as much as possible in a short time j
28、ust before the examinationParagraph 5vE.g.: Learning is a long-range process. Cramming for an examination in the last minute does one no good.vretain: (law) to employ (a lawyer) to act for one, by paying in advance 付定金聘定付定金聘定（律师等）；付定金保留（律师等）；付定金保留vE.g.: retain sb. as ones legal counsel 聘聘定某人为法律顾问定某人
29、为法律顾问Paragraph 5v retain ones rooms for the holidays 付付定金以在外出度假时保留房间定金以在外出度假时保留房间v a retaining fee 律师费律师费vall the poets of all the ages: all the poets of all periods in historyvCompare: of all the ages 不同的历史时代不同的历史时代v of all ages 不同的年龄不同的年龄Paragraph 5vecstasy: (a state of) very strong feeling, espec
30、ially of joy and happiness 狂喜，入狂喜，入迷：迷： in ecstasies 欣喜若狂；处于狂热状态欣喜若狂；处于狂热状态vE.g.: in an ecstasy of delight 欣喜若狂欣喜若狂v in an ecstasy of grief 悲痛欲绝悲痛欲绝v go into ecstasy when meditating 沉思沉思冥想出了神冥想出了神Paragraph 6vWhat is the antecedent of the pronoun “it” in the first sentence of Paragraph 6? Apart from
31、referring to its antecedent, what cohesive function does it perform?v- “It” refers to the change that had come over him. “It” links the paragraph with the preceding one.Paragraph 6vconscious culture: the cultures (i.e., customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular people or s
32、ocial group or nation) that is directly perceptible or known to usvfanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activityParagraph 6vromance and language sang songs to me: vI enjoyed romance and language so much that they were like songs sung to me.Paragraph 6vinspire: encourage in somebo
33、dy the desire and ability to take effective action by filling with eagerness, confidence, etc.vE.g.: The Party secretarys words inspired us to work still harder / to greater efforts.Paragraph 6vWhen he read or recited Greek verse the Greeks came to life; romance and language sang songs to me, and I
34、was inspired to be like him, not a hero nor even a poet, but a Greek scholar, and thus an instrument on which beautiful words might play.Paragraph 6vWhen he read or recited Greek poetry, it seemed that what was described in the verse became alive; both the romantic ideas and the poetical lines sound
35、ed like beautifulParagraph 6vmusic, and I, just like him, was motivated to be neither a hero in poetry nor a poet who created poetry, but only a student of Greek culture and poetry, in such a way that I would be able to interpret Greek poetry.Paragraph 6vIt was too great and too various for me to pe
36、rsonify with my boyish imitations and heroism.vLife was so good and so different in kind that I was not able to express what it was like with my youthful mind and boldnessParagraph 6vpersonify: express or represent (a quality in human form); be a (perfect) example of 象征，体现，成象征，体现，成 典型典型Paragraph 8vs
37、edentary: inactive; done while sitting down 需久坐的，贯坐的需久坐的，贯坐的Paragraph 11vunderline: indicate the importance of，emphasizevwhen I looked balked: when I looked thwarted（畏缩；退缩）畏缩；退缩）/ frustrated（灰心丧气）灰心丧气）vbalk: stop or intentionally get in the way of 畏缩；突然停止；回避畏缩；突然停止；回避 balked: (here) baffled; frustra
38、tedParagraph 11vE.g.: She could hardly remember now what happened to her right after the notification of her sons missing in action. Nightmare rides of balking misery which clattered over wide fields and hills of the rubbled dying. Paragraph 11v她现在几乎无法记起一收到儿子在战斗中下她现在几乎无法记起一收到儿子在战斗中下落不明的通知之后她自己怎么样了。噩
39、梦中，落不明的通知之后她自己怎么样了。噩梦中，痛苦使马畏缩不前，她骑在马上哒哒地走遍痛苦使马畏缩不前，她骑在马上哒哒地走遍广阔的躺满在碎砖烂瓦中正在死去的人的田广阔的躺满在碎砖烂瓦中正在死去的人的田野和山丘。野和山丘。Paragraph 12v“Go to, boy. The world is yours. Nothing is done, nothing is known. The greatest poem isnt written, the best railroad isnt built yet, the perfect state hasnt been thought of. Eve
40、rything remains to be done - right, everything.”v“Come on, boy. The world belongs to you - you are expected to do creativeParagraph 12vthinking and to act creatively for the world. There is still a lot to be accomplished, and a lot to be found out. No poem written can be called the greatest and no r
41、ailroad built can be the best. The perfect state has yet to be conceived. Everything has yet to be done.”Paragraph 13va maddening lot: a wild, uncontrollable groupvrighteous sects: morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different from those of a larger group 正义的派
42、别正义的派别Paragraph 13vrighteous: (of a person or his behavior) (doing what is) morally good and just 正正直的，正当的直的，正当的vclinch: (in the sport of boxing) the position of the two fighters when holding each other too tightly, with the arms（拳拳击等的）钳住对手击等的）钳住对手Paragraph 13vE.g.: get into a clinch 扭成一团扭成一团vwith a
43、 sureness which withstood reference to the books:vwith such a certainty that they did not have to refer to the source of the quotation (他们在引用权威人士所述时是他们在引用权威人士所述时是)如如此地肯定，他们不必提及引文的出处。此地肯定，他们不必提及引文的出处。Paragraph 13vwithstand: hold out against, stand up to, not be changed byvE.g.: Buildings in this area
44、 should be able to withstand earthquakes（顶得住地顶得住地震）震）.v Great works of art / literary works can always withstand the test of time（经得起经得起时间的考验）时间的考验）Paragraph 13vpapal bull: an official document issued by the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church.vpapal: of the Pope or of the papacy 罗马罗马教皇的教皇的v
45、bull: a solemn official letter from the Pope 教皇训令教皇训令Paragraph 13vverbatim: word for word; in exactly the same wordsvE.g.: copy it verbatim 逐字地抄录逐字地抄录v report a speech verbatim 逐字地报逐字地报道一篇演说道一篇演说v a verbatim reprint 毫无改动的再版毫无改动的再版 Paragraph 13vHow does the man Evelyn Nixon impress you？ Support your
46、answer with information from the text. (For supporting information, refer to Paragraphs 6 to 13.)Paragraph 13v- A well-informed Oxford scholar, a god teacher, who knew how to interest his student in what he had to learn, a creative and original man, who was not satisfied with what was known, but was
47、 more interested in the exploration and discovery of the unknown.Paragraph 13vThe teacher has turned out to have formed a change over me. How has he achieved this? (For supporting information, refer to Paragraphs 6 to 13)v- He encouraged me to explore into the unknown world; he knows how to interest
48、 his student in what he has to learn; Paragraph 13vhe encouraged me to listen to the stimulating Saturday night conversations among all those Oxford and Cambridge men.Paragraph 13vDespite their similar background, the Englishmen who met at the Saturday night gatherings had “no common opinion on anyt
49、hing apparently” (Paragraph 13). By which sentence in the same paragraph is this fact restated? Why does the author seem to emphasize this point?Paragraph 13v- “They could not among them agree on anything but a fact.” To emphasize the originality of these searching minds and the infinite nature of t
50、he pursuit of knowledge.Paragraph 14vIt was conversation I was hearing, the free, passionate, witty exchanges of studied minds as polished as fine tools. They were always courteous; no two ever spoke together; there were no asides; they all talked to the question before the house, and while they wer
51、e on the job of exposition anyone, regardless of his side, Paragraph 14vwould contribute his quota of facts, or his remembrance of some philosophers opinion or some poets perfect phrase for the elucidation or the beautification of the theme.vWhat I was hearing was the unrestrained, earnest, and spar
52、kling interchanges of great intellect as sharp as first-rate tools. Paragraph 14vThey were always polite, speaking one at a time; no one spoke to anyone in secret and no one digressed; they all spoke when there was an issue everyone was interested in; and while they were explaining something, anyone
53、, no matter whether he was for or against the issue, would tell others what he knew about a Paragraph 14vphilosophers opinion or a poets phrase in order to clarify or to beautify the theme.vstudied minds as polished as fine tools: great intellectual faculties, great mental capacities as flawless as
54、first-class toolsvpolish: make or become smooth and shiny by continual rubbing 磨光，擦亮磨光，擦亮Paragraph 14vaside: words spoken by an actor to those watching the play, and not intended to be heard by the other characters; digression 旁白；离题的话旁白；离题的话vquota: a stated number of amount, or a limit on numbers 配额
55、；限额；定额；定量配额；限额；定额；定量vE.g.: fulfill a quota 完成定额完成定额Paragraph 14v fill (meet) a quota 达到定额（或限额）达到定额（或限额）v have quotas on products like paper or specialty steel 对纸、特种钢之类的产品规对纸、特种钢之类的产品规定限额定限额v over-fulfill the quota 超额完成超额完成v the quota system 定额分配制定额分配制 Paragraph 14velucidation: the act of explaining
56、or making clear (a difficulty or mystery) 阐明，阐明，解释解释vrelish: great enjoyment, especially of food, pleasure and satisfaction 乐趣，享乐趣，享乐乐vE.g.: He ate with great relish. 他吃得津津他吃得津津有味。有味。Paragraph 14v She took relish in showing her friends her jewelry. 她以向朋友炫示自己的珠宝首她以向朋友炫示自己的珠宝首饰为乐。饰为乐。v The boy has no
57、relish for sports. 这男这男孩不喜欢体育运动。孩不喜欢体育运动。Paragraph 14vWhy does Steffens say that those wonderful Saturday nights in San Francisco were his preparations for college? (Refer to Paragraphs 14 and 15)vThe conversations he heard were brilliant, scholarly, and stimulating, thus greatly broadening his scop
58、e of knowledge. And Paragraph 14vthe way in which the conversations were carried on was inspiring, too. They were much more beneficial to him than the kind of school education he had received.Paragraph 15vvoid: a deep empty space 空间，空虚处空间，空虚处vE.g.: vanish into the void 消失得无影无踪消失得无影无踪v fill the void
59、填补空白填补空白v feel a void in ones life 感到生活空虚感到生活空虚v an aching void in sb.s heart 某人内心某人内心空落落的痛苦感觉空落落的痛苦感觉Paragraph 15vexplicit: (of a statement, rule, etc.) clear and fully expressed 清楚的，明确的清楚的，明确的vCompare: implicitText II Letter to a B StudentvI. Organization of the Textv1. Reasons for a disappointing
60、 grade B (Paragraphs 1 2)v a. The norm has shifted upward (1)v b. Winning has come to assume unprecedented importance in the current society (2)I. Organization of the Textv2. The purpose of writing the letter: to put the recipients disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what his grade
61、means (Paragraphs 3 - 8)v a. Grade is a fuzzy symbol representing a questionable judgment of ones mastery of the subject (3 4)I. Organization of the Textv b. Grade represents no judgment of ones basic ability or character (5 8)v analogy (5 6)v example (7 8)v3. Correct interpretation of grade - sub s
62、pecie aeternitatis (Paragraphs 9 11)II. Key Points of the TextvParagraph 1veligibility: qualification; quality of being fit to be chosen 资格资格Paragraph 2vrepute: (often formal) good or bad reputation（好的或坏的）名声；名誉好的或坏的）名声；名誉vE.g.: He is a doctor of great repute. 他是他是个很有声望的医生。个很有声望的医生。v I know him by re
63、pute, not personally. 我只是闻其名，跟他并无私交。我只是闻其名，跟他并无私交。Paragraph 2v She is a person of low repute here. 她她在这儿名声不好。在这儿名声不好。v through good and evil repute 不管舆论不管舆论如何；不管人们怎样认为如何；不管人们怎样认为v be well (ill) reputed 有好（坏）名声有好（坏）名声 v in high (low) repute 声望高（低）声望高（低）Paragraph 2vCompare reputation: general opinion
64、about the qualities of a person 名誉；声名誉；声誉；名声誉；名声vE.g.: He has an excellent reputation as a doctor. 作为医生，他享有盛名。作为医生，他享有盛名。v She has gained quite a reputation (for herself) as a cook. 她当厨师手艺好，很有她当厨师手艺好，很有名气。名气。Paragraph 2va zero-sum game: a game in which whatever is gained by one side is lost by the o
65、ther 得失所系的赌赛得失所系的赌赛vE.g.: a zero-sum conflict or situation 得失得失所系的冲突或局面所系的冲突或局面voffset: balance, make up for 补偿；抵消补偿；抵消Paragraph 2vE.g.: The gains offset the losses. 得失相得失相当。当。v Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices. 他们增加的工资会被物价他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。上涨所抵消。Paragraph 2vgo under: (of a ship
66、or floating object) to sink; to go down; (of a business of person) to fail or get into difficulties（船船等）沉没；（商行等）倒闭；失败等）沉没；（商行等）倒闭；失败; 垮掉垮掉vE.g.: The firm went under in the economic crisis. 这家商行在经济危机中倒这家商行在经济危机中倒闭了。闭了。Paragraph 2v She has so many worries, she is sure to go under. 她有那么多事要操心，身体非她有那么多事要
67、操心，身体非垮掉不可。垮掉不可。vsalvation: the saving or state of being saved from the power and effect of evil (sin) 灵魂的拯救灵魂的拯救Paragraph 4vfuzzy: not clear in shape, especially at the edges; misty 模糊的模糊的vE.g.: a fuzzy photo 模糊的照片模糊的照片v a fuzzy sound 模糊的声音模糊的声音v a fuzzy policy 含混的政策含混的政策v Im a little fuzzy on the
68、details. 在细节在细节方面我不太清楚。方面我不太清楚。Paragraph 5vIn short supply: scarce 供应不足供应不足vE.g.: Ammunition was in extremely (或或desperately) short supply. 弹药极度缺乏。弹药极度缺乏。v It demands patience, always in short supply. 它需要耐心，而人们却总是缺乏这它需要耐心，而人们却总是缺乏这一东西。一东西。Paragraph 7vmake a point of doing something (also make it a p
69、oint to do something): take particular care to do something 打定主意打定主意做某事；总是要做某事做某事；总是要做某事vE.g.: He makes it a point to look as healthy and attractive as he can. 他始终尽他始终尽可能使自己显得身体健康又富有魅力。可能使自己显得身体健康又富有魅力。Paragraph 7v He makes a point of always being punctual. 他总是很准时。他总是很准时。v You make a point of forget
70、ting everything I have said. 你老是把我说过的你老是把我说过的话忘得精光。话忘得精光。v And yet it explained why she made such a point of starting from home at Paragraph 7vjust the same time each week - so as not to be late for the performance. 然而这然而这解释了她为什么每一个星期都要这样特意在解释了她为什么每一个星期都要这样特意在同一时间离家同一时间离家 - 是为了不误演出。是为了不误演出。vflunk: (
71、informal, especially AmE) to fail (an examination or study course) 使某人使某人不及格；给某人打不及格分数不及格；给某人打不及格分数Paragraph 7vE.g.: Her not following the instructions flunked her. 她由于不照指示做没考及格。她由于不照指示做没考及格。v He flunked chemistry examination. 他他化学考试不及格。化学考试不及格。vflunk out: (口口) (因不及格因不及格) (使使)退学退学vE.g.: He flunked o
72、ut of flight training. 他他从飞行训练中被淘汰。从飞行训练中被淘汰。Paragraph 8vin / out of perspective: a. showing the correct / incorrect relationship between visible objects 可见物体的位置或比例正确可见物体的位置或比例正确（不正确）；按照（不按照）透视法（不正确）；按照（不按照）透视法vE.g.: draw the buildings in perspective 按按比例画某建筑物比例画某建筑物Paragraph 8v That tree on the lef
73、t of the picture is out of perspective. 画中左边那棵树不合比画中左边那棵树不合比例。例。vb. in a way that does not exaggerate any aspect / that exaggerates some aspects 不夸大（夸大）；恰当（不恰当）不夸大（夸大）；恰当（不恰当）Paragraph 8vE.g.: He sees things in their right perspective. 他观察事物很正确。他观察事物很正确。v see the events in their historical perspecti
74、ve 用历史的观点看待这些事件用历史的观点看待这些事件v get things badly out of perspective 处处事极为失当事极为失当Paragraph 9vhew: shape something by chopping 将某将某物砍成或劈成某种形状物砍成或劈成某种形状vE.g.: roughly hewn timber 粗劈的木材粗劈的木材v hew a statue from marble 用大理石凿刻用大理石凿刻成石像成石像Paragraph 10vhamper: prevent the free movement or activity of somebody;
75、hinder somebody or something 束缚（某人）；妨碍（某人束缚（某人）；妨碍（某人/某事）某事）vE.g.: Our progress was hampered by the bad weather. 我们前进时受到了恶劣天气的我们前进时受到了恶劣天气的阻碍。阻碍。Paragraph 10v Ice floes hamper barge traffic on the Elbe River. 大片浮冰妨碍了易北河上的驳船大片浮冰妨碍了易北河上的驳船交通。交通。Paragraph 11vexactitude: over-correctness 极端的正确极端的正确性或精确性
76、性或精确性vE.g.: He spoke with pompous exactitude. 他以自视绝对正确的口吻说话。他以自视绝对正确的口吻说话。v a man of exactitude 十分严格的人十分严格的人vtattoo: tattooed picture or pattern 刺在皮刺在皮肤上的图案；文身肤上的图案；文身Paragraph 11vreading: formal announcement of something to an audience 向公众正式宣布向公众正式宣布的事物；告白的事物；告白vE.g.: the reading of a will, marriage banns, etc. 遗嘱、结婚等的启事遗嘱、结婚等的启事
