UNIT1TheHippocraticOath医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写课件

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1、医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写中国人民大学出版社中国人民大学出版社English for Master Students in Medical UniversitiesChina Renmin University Press教材总主编 卢凤香主编：主编： 张海萍张海萍 张华君张华君 殷红梅殷红梅 编者：编者： 闵闵 楠楠 苏苏 萍萍 任任 雁雁 郑守志郑守志 刘刘 娟娟 谢谢 瑜瑜课件制作主编：课件制作主编： 郑守志郑守志 刘刘 娟娟课件制作参与人：张海萍课件制作参与人：张海萍 张华君张华君 卢凤香卢凤香课件审阅人：课件审阅人： 美籍专家美籍专家James BoultonJames Boult

2、onUnit 1Text A The Hippocratic Oath Outline n nBackground information to Text An nAnalysis of the textn nGlobal analysis of the textn nAnalysis of the text structuren nSummary of the textOutline n nBackground information to Text Bn nAnalysis of the textn nGlobal analysis of the textn nAnalysis of th

3、e text structuren nSummary of the textn nReference answers to the exercisesBackground information to Text An nIntroduction to the author Introduction to the author Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece. He be

4、came known as the the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and is regarded as the greatest founder of medicine and is regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and

5、 on the study of the human body. He observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness has a physical as well as a held the belief that illness has a physical as well as a rational explanation.rational explanation. Background information to Text An nIntroduction to the

6、author Introduction to the author He rejected the common view of his time that He rejected the common view of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions, considered illness to be caused by superstitions, possession by evil spirits and disfavor from the gods. possession by evil sp

7、irits and disfavor from the gods. Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the accurate

8、ly described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as child epilepsy. pneumonia, as well as child epilepsy. Background information to Text An nIntroduction to the author Introducti

9、on to the author He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease were

10、 individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician th

11、at held the belief that thoughts, also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.heart as others of his time believed.Background information to T

12、ext An nIntroduction to the author Introduction to the author Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and bega

13、n teaching his ideas. He soon Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they be

14、gin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine.Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine. Background information to Text An nIntroduction to the topicIntroduction to the topic This oath,

15、the oldest and best-known expression of a This oath, the oldest and best-known expression of a medical ethic, was for centuries regarded as the guide for medical ethic, was for centuries regarded as the guide for proper medical conduct. Although the accomplishments proper medical conduct. Although t

16、he accomplishments of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a powerful account of what it means to be a doctor. power

17、ful account of what it means to be a doctor. Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn nAncient Greek Medicine Ancient Greek Medicine Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greeks and Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greeks and Anc

18、ient Greek Culture placed a high priority on a healthy Ancient Greek Culture placed a high priority on a healthy lifestyle despite Ancient Greeces other great differences lifestyle despite Ancient Greeces other great differences from the modern World.from the modern World. Background information to

19、Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn nAncient Greek Medicine Ancient Greek Medicine Ancient Greece was very different from the Greece of Ancient Greece was very different from the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City today. In Ancient Ti

20、mes Greece was a collection of City States. Each City State was independent but they all States. Each City State was independent but they all shared a similar culture as well as similar religious beliefs. shared a similar culture as well as similar religious beliefs. Despite their lack of coherent g

21、overnment the Greeks Despite their lack of coherent government the Greeks developed a society that matched, if not exceeded, that of developed a society that matched, if not exceeded, that of the Ancient Egyptians. the Ancient Egyptians. Background information to Text An nRelated background informat

22、ionRelated background informationn nAncient Greek Medicine Ancient Greek Medicine Medical practices in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, were Medical practices in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, were based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of Asclepios based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of

23、Asclepios grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed older theories and introduced care. This cult developed older theories and introduced several new treatments that are similar to our modern several new tr

24、eatments that are similar to our modern alternative medicines. alternative medicines. Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn nAncient Greek MedicineAncient Greek Medicine The Ancient Greeks made major strides in the The Ancient Greeks made ma

25、jor strides in the development of medical knowledge. The work of development of medical knowledge. The work of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time and perhaps more facts being recorded

26、 for the first time and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the causes of disease rather than tradition of studying the causes of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribi

27、ng a cure.looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure.Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n Ancient Greek Medicine Ancient Greek Medicine The Ancient Greek world has provided a great legacy to The Ancient Greek world has provide

28、d a great legacy to the practice of medicine. Hippocrates theory of the Four the practice of medicine. Hippocrates theory of the Four Humours was, for a long time, the basis upon which Humours was, for a long time, the basis upon which medical reasoning developed. Likewise, the methodology medical r

29、easoning developed. Likewise, the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine. be conventional

30、medicine. Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgm

31、ent, this covenant:this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to fol

32、low.knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures I will apply, f

33、or the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of over which are required, avoiding those twin traps of over treatment and therapeutic nihilism.treatment and therapeutic nihilism.n n I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as I will remember that

34、 there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeons knife or the chemists drug.may outweigh the surgeons knife or the chemists drug.Background information to Text An nRelated backgr

35、ound informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionI will not be ashamed to say I know not, nor will I fail I will not be ashamed to say I know not, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are to ca

36、ll in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patients recovery.needed for a patients recovery.Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionI will respec

37、t the privacy of my patients, for their I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of know. Most especially must I tread with care

38、 in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great a

39、wesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.must not play at God.Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn

40、n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may

41、affect the persons family and economic stability. My may affect the persons family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.care adequately for the sick. I will preven

42、t disease whenever I can, for prevention is I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.preferable to cure.Background information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn nThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionThe Hippocratic Oath - Mod

43、ern Version I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.n nBackground information to Text An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Moder

44、n Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so

45、as to preserve the finest thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help. joy of healing those who seek my help. Background information to Te

46、xt An nRelated background informationRelated background informationn n The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version - -Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University,

47、and used in many School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.medical schools today.Analysis of the text 1) 1)To consider dear to me as my parents him who To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and taught me this

48、art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with if necessary to share my goods with himhim;(Paragraph 2);(Paragraph 2)n nTo treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as To treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as my parents; to share with him all that I have,

49、and if my parents; to share with him all that I have, and if necessary, to share my wealth.necessary, to share my wealth.Analysis of the text 1) 1)To consider dear to me as my parents him who To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him taught me this a

50、rt; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with and if necessary to share my goods with him;(Paragraph 2)him;(Paragraph 2)2)2)In the first sentence, the direct object of In the first sentence, the direct object of “consider“consider is “him. is “him. Because “him Because “him

51、is is followed by a relative clause, an ambiguity will followed by a relative clause, an ambiguity will result if it is put directly after “consider.result if it is put directly after “consider. Since Since the object is put at the end of the sentence there the object is put at the end of the senten

52、ce there is no ambiguity.is no ambiguity.Analysis of the text 1) 1)To consider dear to me as my parents him who To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with and if ne

53、cessary to share my goods with himhim;(Paragraph 2);(Paragraph 2)n nin in common common with with sb/sb/sthsth: : in in the the same same way way as as someone or something else. someone or something else. n nExampleExample: : In In common common with with a a lot lot of of other other countries, co

54、untries, were in an economic recession. were in an economic recession. Analysis of the text n n2)2)to to teach teach them them this this art art if if they they so so desire desire without without fee fee or written promise; or written promise; (Paragraph2)(Paragraph2)n nEven Even if if they they do

55、nt dont have have the the money money to to pay pay me me or or are are willing willing to to promise promise to to pay pay me, me, I I will will still still teach teach them them medical medical skills skills if they want to learn the art of medicine;if they want to learn the art of medicine;Analys

56、is of the text n n2)to 2)to teach teach them them this this art art if if they they so so desire desire without without fee fee or written promise; (Paragraph2)or written promise; (Paragraph2)n nIn In this this sentence sentence “so “so desiredesire has has the the same same meaning meaning as “desi

57、re soas “desire so. .n nExample: Example: I I so so desire desire to to visit visit the the famous famous Buckingham Buckingham Palace. Palace. n nMy My brother brother wanted wanted to to be be a a Nobel Nobel Prize Prize winner, winner, and and I I desire so, too. desire so, too. Analysis of the t

58、ext n n3) 3) to impart to my sons and the sons of the master to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the themselves and have agreed to the rules of t

59、he profession,profession,(Paragraph2)(Paragraph2)n nto to give give knowledge knowledge to to my my sons sons and and the the sons sons of of my my teacher teacher and and his his students, students, who who have have decided decided to to study study medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor

60、,medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor,Analysis of the text n n3) 3) to impart to my sons and the sons of the master to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agre

61、ed to the rules of the themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,profession,(Paragraph2)(Paragraph2)n nimpart: impart: to to give give information, information, knowledge, knowledge, wisdom wisdom etc. etc. to to someonesomeonen nExample: She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.Exam

62、ple: She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.n nenroll: enroll: to to officially officially arrange arrange to to join join a a school, school, university university or or course, or arrange for someone else tocourse, or arrange for someone else ton nExample: There were 500 people enrolled in the E

63、xample: There were 500 people enrolled in the Western Civilization class. Western Civilization class. Analysis of the text n n4) To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give 4) To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death (Paragraph2)advice wh

64、ich may cause his death (Paragraph2)n nI will not prescribe a deadly drug in order to please I will not prescribe a deadly drug in order to please someone, and I will not give my patients any advice that someone, and I will not give my patients any advice that may cause their death.may cause their d

65、eath.n nThere is a “notnorThere is a “notnor structure in this sentence. Since the structure in this sentence. Since the negative word “nonegative word “no is put at the beginning of the is put at the beginning of the sentence, the rest of the sentence is inverted as “will I sentence, the rest of th

66、e sentence is inverted as “will I prescribeprescribeAnalysis of the text 5) In every house where I come I will enter only for 5) In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, the good of my patients, (Paragraph2)(Paragraph2)n nThe only reason that I enter a house is that

67、 I want to The only reason that I enter a house is that I want to examine my patients and make them feel betterexamine my patients and make them feel bettern nfor the good offor the good of: to help something or somebody: to help something or somebodyn nExampleExample: I hate swimming and I only go

68、for the : I hate swimming and I only go for the good of my health.good of my health.Analysis of the text n n6) , be they free or slaves. (Paragraph2)6) , be they free or slaves. (Paragraph2)n nThis sentence is an adverbial clause of concession This sentence is an adverbial clause of concession intro

69、duced by “be.introduced by “be. In this case, the sentence is In this case, the sentence is inverted. The normal sentence should be inverted. The normal sentence should be “whether they are free or slaves.“whether they are free or slaves.n nAnother Example: Another Example: n nEverybody must obey th

70、e law, be he a common Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high-ranking official.citizen or a high-ranking official.Analysis of the text 7) in daily commerce with (Paragraph2) 7) in daily commerce with (Paragraph2)in my everyday contact with people (especially, the in my everyday

71、 contact with people (especially, the patients) around mepatients) around meIn this phrase, “commerceIn this phrase, “commerce refers to “relationships refers to “relationships and communication between people.and communication between people. So “in So “in commerce withcommerce with means “in the c

72、ommunication means “in the communication or contact with or contact with Example: He established self confidence in Example: He established self confidence in commerce with his merce with his friends.Analysis of the text n n8) 8) If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life If I keep this oat

73、h faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it, may the reverse be times; but if I swerve from it, may the reverse be my lot. (Paragraph 2)my lot. (Paragraph 2) n nIf I keep th

74、e oath, I will enjoy my life, will be a good If I keep the oath, I will enjoy my life, will be a good doctor, and will be respected by all men and all time; doctor, and will be respected by all men and all time; however, if I break the oath, I will not enjoy my life or however, if I break the oath,

75、I will not enjoy my life or be a good doctor, I will be despised. be a good doctor, I will be despised. Global analysis of the textn nThe oath begins by invoking ancient Greek deities. The The oath begins by invoking ancient Greek deities. The specific deities invoked are Apollo (Apollo Physician),

76、the specific deities invoked are Apollo (Apollo Physician), the god associated with light, truth, and prophecy; Asclepius, god associated with light, truth, and prophecy; Asclepius, the child of Apollo, the father of medicine; Hygieia, the child of Apollo, the father of medicine; Hygieia, whose name

77、 means health and living well and Panaceia whose name means health and living well and Panaceia (all heal), both daughters of Asclepius and associated with (all heal), both daughters of Asclepius and associated with what modern readers might call “preventionwhat modern readers might call “prevention

78、 and and “treatment.“treatment. The oath concludes with a plea, The oath concludes with a plea, acknowledging that the physicians fortunes depend on acknowledging that the physicians fortunes depend on their fulfillment of the oaths terms. their fulfillment of the oaths terms. Global analysis of the

79、 textn nThe Oath addresses first how a physician should comport The Oath addresses first how a physician should comport himself with respect to his teachers, as well as his himself with respect to his teachers, as well as his teachers offspring, his own offspring, and all other teachers offspring, h

80、is own offspring, and all other students of medicine. Physicians are literally called into a students of medicine. Physicians are literally called into a fraternity with one another and the gift of the art of fraternity with one another and the gift of the art of medicine is equated with the gift of

81、 life. The next part medicine is equated with the gift of life. The next part indicates how a physician should conduct himself with indicates how a physician should conduct himself with respect to his patients and their households.respect to his patients and their households. Analysis of the text st

82、ructure n nThe Oath divides into two parts: The Oath divides into two parts: n nPart IPart In nParagraph 1 serves as an introduction for the whole Paragraph 1 serves as an introduction for the whole passage, declaring that the author will obey the oath.passage, declaring that the author will obey th

83、e oath.n nPart IIPart IIn nParagraph 2 demonstrates each clause of the oath. Paragraph 2 demonstrates each clause of the oath. Summary of the text n nThe text mainly tells us what a physician should do with The text mainly tells us what a physician should do with respect to his teachers, his teacher

84、s offspring, his own respect to his teachers, his teachers offspring, his own offspring, other students of medicine, and his patients offspring, other students of medicine, and his patients and their families. This oath is a mirror for all physicians and their families. This oath is a mirror for all

85、 physicians to examine themselves to see whether they have fulfilled to examine themselves to see whether they have fulfilled their jobs.their jobs.Unit 1Text B 12 Principles from Christoph Wilhelm von Hufeland Outline n nBackground information to Text Bn nAnalysis of the textn nGlobal analysis of t

86、he textn nAnalysis of the text structuren nSummary of the textn nReference answers to the exercisesBackground information to Text Bn nIntroduction to the authorIntroduction to the authorn nChristoph Wilhelm Hufeland (August 12, 1762 - August Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (August 12, 1762 - August 25, 1

87、836), a German physician. He is famous as the 25, 1836), a German physician. He is famous as the most eminent practical physician of his time in most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany and as the author of numerous works that Germany and as the author of numerous works that display h

88、is extensive reading and his cultivated critical display his extensive reading and his cultivated critical faculty.faculty.Background information to Text Bn nIntroduction to the authorIntroduction to the authorn nHe was born in Langensalza, Thuringia and educated at He was born in Langensalza, Thuri

89、ngia and educated at Weimar, where his father held the office of court Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the University of Jena, and in the following year went on to University o

90、f Jena, and in the following year went on to Gttingen, where in 1783 he graduated in medicine. Gttingen, where in 1783 he graduated in medicine. After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine

91、 at Jena, was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine at Jena, receiving at the same time the positions of court receiving at the same time the positions of court physician and professor of Pathology at Weimar. physician and professor of Pathology at Weimar. Background information to Text Bn nIntrod

92、uction to the authorIntroduction to the authorn nIn 1798 Frederick William III of Prussia appointed him as In 1798 Frederick William III of Prussia appointed him as director to the medical college and general of state director to the medical college and general of state medical affairs at the Charit

93、, in Berlin. He filled the chair medical affairs at the Charit, in Berlin. He filled the chair of pathology and therapeutics at Humboldt University, of pathology and therapeutics at Humboldt University, Prussia, which was founded in 1809, and in 1810 became Prussia, which was founded in 1809, and in

94、 1810 became councilor of state. In time he became as famous as councilor of state. In time he became as famous as Goethe, Herder, Schiller, and Wieland in his homeland.Goethe, Herder, Schiller, and Wieland in his homeland.n nOf his practical works, the System of Practical Medicine is Of his practic

95、al works, the System of Practical Medicine is the most elaborate. His autobiography was published in the most elaborate. His autobiography was published in 1863. 1863. Background information to Text Bn nIntroduction to the topicIntroduction to the topicn nThe medical profession has long subscribed t

96、o a body The medical profession has long subscribed to a body of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of the patient. As a member of this profession, a of the patient. As a member of this profession, a physician must recogni

97、ze his responsibility to his physician must recognize his responsibility to his patients as first and foremost, as well as his patients as first and foremost, as well as his responsibility to society, to other health professionals, responsibility to society, to other health professionals, and to him

98、self. The following Principles adopted by the and to himself. The following Principles adopted by the American Medical Association are not laws, but American Medical Association are not laws, but standards of moral conduct, which define the essentials standards of moral conduct, which define the ess

99、entials of honorable behavior for a physician.of honorable behavior for a physician.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAn nA physician shall be dedicated to providing competent A physician shall be ded

100、icated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights.dignity and rights.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by

101、the AMAn nA physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence,

102、or report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities.engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted b

103、y the AMAn nA physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements which are contrary to the best interests of the patient.n nA physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient

104、 confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAAMAn nA physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance A physician shall continue to study, apply, and

105、 advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain to patients, colleagues, and the public

106、, obtain consultation, and use the talents of other health consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated.professionals when indicated.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA

107、MAn nA physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in serve, with w

108、hom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care.which to provide medical care.n nA physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the in activities contribut

109、ing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public munity and the betterment of public health.Background information to Text Bn nA. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAAMAn nA physician shall, while caring for a patient, reg

110、ard A physician shall, while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount.responsibility to the patient as paramount.n nA physician shall support access to medical care for A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. all people. n nAdopted by the AMAs

111、House of Delegates June 17, Adopted by the AMAs House of Delegates June 17, 2001. 2001. n n (From :/ ama- (From :/ ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2512.html)assn.org/ama/pub/category/2512.html)Background information to Text Bn n What is medical professionalism? What is medical professionalism? n nProf

112、essionalism is the basis of medicines contract with Professionalism is the basis of medicines contract with society. Professionalism demands that the physician places society. Professionalism demands that the physician places the interests of the patients above those of the physician. It the interes

113、ts of the patients above those of the physician. It also demands that physicians set and maintain standards of also demands that physicians set and maintain standards of competence and integrity as well as provide expert advice competence and integrity as well as provide expert advice to society on

114、matters of health. The principles and to society on matters of health. The principles and responsibilities of medical professionalism must be clearly responsibilities of medical professionalism must be clearly understood by both the profession and society. Essential to understood by both the profess

115、ion and society. Essential to this contract is public trust in physicians, which depends on this contract is public trust in physicians, which depends on the integrity of both individual physicians and the the integrity of both individual physicians and the profession as a whole. profession as a who

116、le. Background information to Text Bn n What is medical professionalism? What is medical professionalism? n nAt present, the medical profession is being confronted At present, the medical profession is being confronted with an explosion of technology, changing market forces, with an explosion of tec

117、hnology, changing market forces, problems in health care delivery, bioterrorism, and problems in health care delivery, bioterrorism, and globalization. As a result, physicians find it increasingly globalization. As a result, physicians find it increasingly difficult to fulfill their responsibilities

118、 to their patients difficult to fulfill their responsibilities to their patients and to society. Under these circumstances, reaffirming and to society. Under these circumstances, reaffirming the fundamental and universal principles and values of the fundamental and universal principles and values of

119、 medical professionalism, which provide the ideals to be medical professionalism, which provide the ideals to be pursued by all physicians, becomes all the more pursued by all physicians, becomes all the more important.important.Background information to Text Bn n What is medical professionalism? Wh

120、at is medical professionalism? n nThe worldwide medical profession is embedded in diverse The worldwide medical profession is embedded in diverse cultures and national traditions, but its members share the cultures and national traditions, but its members share the role of healer, which has roots ex

121、tending back to role of healer, which has roots extending back to Hippocrates. Indeed, the medical profession must contend Hippocrates. Indeed, the medical profession must contend with complicated political, legal, and market forces. with complicated political, legal, and market forces. Moreover, th

122、ere are wide variations in medical delivery and Moreover, there are wide variations in medical delivery and practice through which general principles can be expressed practice through which general principles can be expressed in both complex and subtle ways. Despite these differences, in both comple

123、x and subtle ways. Despite these differences, common themes emerge and form the basis of this charter common themes emerge and form the basis of this charter in the form of three fundamental principles and as a set of in the form of three fundamental principles and as a set of definitive professiona

124、l responsibilities.definitive professional responsibilities.Background information to Text Bn nFundamental Principles of the medical professionalismFundamental Principles of the medical professionalismn n1) The Principle of the primacy of patient welfare 1) The Principle of the primacy of patient we

125、lfare n n2) The Principle of the autonomy of the patient 2) The Principle of the autonomy of the patient n n3) The Principle of social justice3) The Principle of social justice Background information to Text Bn nA Set of Professional ResponsibilitiesA Set of Professional Responsibilitiesn nCommitmen

126、t to professional competence Commitment to professional competence n nCommitment to honesty with patients Commitment to honesty with patients n nCommitment to patient confidentiality Commitment to patient confidentiality n nCommitment to maintaining appropriate relations with Commitment to maintaini

127、ng appropriate relations with patients patients n nCommitment to improving quality of careCommitment to improving quality of care Background information to Text Bn nA Set of Professional ResponsibilitiesA Set of Professional Responsibilitiesn nCommitment to improving access to care Commitment to imp

128、roving access to care n nCommitment to a just distribution of finite resources Commitment to a just distribution of finite resources n nCommitment to scientific knowledge Commitment to scientific knowledge n nCommitment to maintaining trust by managing conflicts Commitment to maintaining trust by ma

129、naging conflicts of interest of interest n nCommitment to professional responsibilities Commitment to professional responsibilities n n(From )(From )Analysis of the text1) He must be ever ready to sacrifice his repose, 1) He must be ever ready to sacrifice his repose, advantages and comforts, even h

130、igher advantages and comforts, even higher considerations, to the end of saving the life and considerations, to the end of saving the life and health of his fellow-men. health of his fellow-men. (Paragraph 1)(Paragraph 1)n nHe must be prepared at any time to give away his rest time, He must be prepa

131、red at any time to give away his rest time, advantages and comforts and even something of much advantages and comforts and even something of much importance to serve the aim of saving the life and health of importance to serve the aim of saving the life and health of other people.other people.n n sa

132、crifice: to willingly stop having something you want or sacrifice: to willingly stop having something you want or doing something you like in order to get something more doing something you like in order to get something more importantimportantn n Example: He sacrificed a promising career to look af

133、ter his Example: He sacrificed a promising career to look after his handicapped daughter.handicapped daughter.Analysis of the textn n2) “Regulate all your actions in a manner, that the 2) “Regulate all your actions in a manner, that the highest end of your vocation which is saving life, highest end

134、of your vocation which is saving life, restoring health, and relieving the sufferings of restoring health, and relieving the sufferings of humanity, be attained as far as possible.humanity, be attained as far as possible. (Paragraph (Paragraph 1) 1)n nControl all your actions so that your highest ai

135、m in Control all your actions so that your highest aim in your profession can be attained as far as possible, that your profession can be attained as far as possible, that is, to save life, restore health and help human beings is, to save life, restore health and help human beings suffer less pain.s

136、uffer less pain.n nHere in this sentence “regulate all your actionsHere in this sentence “regulate all your actions is is the main clause, while “in a mannerthe main clause, while “in a manner is the adverbial, is the adverbial, followed by a clause introduced by “that.followed by a clause introduce

137、d by “that. In the In the “that“that clause, the main part is “the highest end of clause, the main part is “the highest end of your vocation (should) be attained,your vocation (should) be attained, while while “which“which introduces a clause to modify and explain introduces a clause to modify and e

138、xplain “vocation.“vocation. Analysis of the textn n3) 3) What a hand full of gold compared with the tears What a hand full of gold compared with the tears of gratitude shed by the poor, who, unable to speak of gratitude shed by the poor, who, unable to speak or to give, pours out a confession of ete

139、rnal or to give, pours out a confession of eternal indebtedness? indebtedness? (Paragraph 2)(Paragraph 2)n nWhich do you think more important to you, a hand full Which do you think more important to you, a hand full of gold or the tears of a poor man, who is grateful to of gold or the tears of a poo

140、r man, who is grateful to you but unable to speak or to give, only shows he will you but unable to speak or to give, only shows he will remember your favor forever?remember your favor forever?Analysis of the textn n4) Seldom, it is true, can the faults of the physician be 4) Seldom, it is true, can

141、the faults of the physician be brought before, and punished by, a tribunal, as this brought before, and punished by, a tribunal, as this retribution depends upon accurate evidence of the retribution depends upon accurate evidence of the case, but which is scarcely ever obtained. case, but which is s

142、carcely ever obtained. (Paragraph (Paragraph 3)3)n nTruly, the mistakes of the physician can seldom be brought Truly, the mistakes of the physician can seldom be brought to the court and punished by the law, because the to the court and punished by the law, because the punishment has to be based on

143、exact evidence, but people punishment has to be based on exact evidence, but people can rarely get enough evidence.can rarely get enough evidence.Analysis of the textn n4) Seldom, it is true, can the faults of the physician be 4) Seldom, it is true, can the faults of the physician be brought before,

144、 and punished by, a tribunal, as this brought before, and punished by, a tribunal, as this retribution depends upon accurate evidence of the retribution depends upon accurate evidence of the case, but which is scarcely ever obtained. (Paragraph case, but which is scarcely ever obtained. (Paragraph 3

145、)3)n nIn this sentence, “it is trueIn this sentence, “it is true is only a parenthetical, is only a parenthetical, while the main clause is “Seldomcan the faults of while the main clause is “Seldomcan the faults of the physician be brought before, and punished by, a the physician be brought before,

146、and punished by, a tribunaltribunal which is inverted in order because which is inverted in order because “seldom“seldom is put at the beginning of the sentence. is put at the beginning of the sentence. “As“As introduces an adverbial clause expressing introduces an adverbial clause expressing reason

147、 and “whichreason and “which introduces a relative clause of introduces a relative clause of “evidence.“evidence.Analysis of the textn n5) where nothing will absolve him but a pure and 5) where nothing will absolve him but a pure and guiltless mindguiltless mind (Paragraph 3) (Paragraph 3)n nwhere o

148、nly a pure and guiltless mind can show that where only a pure and guiltless mind can show that he is not guiltyhe is not guiltyn nabsolve: to say publicly that someone is not guilty or absolve: to say publicly that someone is not guilty or responsible for somethingresponsible for somethingn nExample

149、: They were absolved of all responsibility for Example: They were absolved of all responsibility for the accident.the accident.n nnothing but: onlynothing but: onlyn nExample: He is nothing but a common doctor.Example: He is nothing but a common doctor.Analysis of the textn n6) 6) the generality of

150、people are incompetent of the generality of people are incompetent of pronouncing on his sciencepronouncing on his science; (Paragraph 4); (Paragraph 4)n nmost of the common people are not able to state their most of the common people are not able to state their opinion about medicineopinion about m

151、edicinen ngenerality: the greater portion or number; the majoritygenerality: the greater portion or number; the majorityn nExample: Temporary workers are considerably younger Example: Temporary workers are considerably younger than the generality of than the generality of n nworkers.workers.n nprono

152、unce on: to declare ones opinion; make a pronounce on: to declare ones opinion; make a pronouncementpronouncementn nExample: I dont want to listen to him pronounce on wine Example: I dont want to listen to him pronounce on wine all night.all night.Analysis of the text n n7 7take their measure of(Par

153、agraph 4)take their measure of(Paragraph 4)n ntake ones measure: to form a judgment of take ones measure: to form a judgment of someones abilities or character, so that you are able someones abilities or character, so that you are able to deal with them or defeat themto deal with them or defeat them

154、Analysis of the text n n8) they strive principally to create sensation, 8) they strive principally to create sensation, whether it be by the newest fashion of dress or whether it be by the newest fashion of dress or science, or by paradoxes and singularities, or even science, or by paradoxes and sin

155、gularities, or even by charlatanism. by charlatanism. (Paragraph 4)(Paragraph 4)n nthey mainly try hard to create intense public interest they mainly try hard to create intense public interest and excitement, whether it is by the newest fashion of and excitement, whether it is by the newest fashion

156、of dress or science, or by seemingly contradictory dress or science, or by seemingly contradictory statements and something uncommon, or even by those statements and something uncommon, or even by those medical cheaters.medical cheaters.Analysis of the text n n8) they strive principally to create se

157、nsation, 8) they strive principally to create sensation, whether it be by the newest fashion of dress or whether it be by the newest fashion of dress or science, or by paradoxes and singularities, or even science, or by paradoxes and singularities, or even by charlatanism. by charlatanism. (Paragrap

158、h 4)(Paragraph 4)n nstrive tostrive to: to make a great effort to achieve something: to make a great effort to achieve somethingn nExampleExample: The film studio is striving to improve its : The film studio is striving to improve its public image.public image.n nwhether it bewhether it be: whether

159、it isor, in the : whether it isor, in the subjunctive moodsubjunctive moodn nExampleExample: We should treat everyone equally, whether : We should treat everyone equally, whether he be poor or rich.he be poor or rich.Analysis of the text n n9) No evening must pass without paying this last 9) No even

160、ing must pass without paying this last duty to his patients, and thereby adding the keystone duty to his patients, and thereby adding the keystone to his work. (Paragraph 5)to his work. (Paragraph 5)n nA doctor should spend every evening by paying his A doctor should spend every evening by paying hi

161、s duty to his patients, thus finishing his last, but most duty to his patients, thus finishing his last, but most important responsibility to his patients.important responsibility to his patients.n nHere in this sentence there is a double negation Here in this sentence there is a double negation for

162、med by “no eveningformed by “no evening and “without, and “without, to to emphasize the importance of doctors paying duty to emphasize the importance of doctors paying duty to patients every night. patients every night. n nAnother Example of double negation is as follows:Another Example of double ne

163、gation is as follows:n nNo one can achieve much without making a great No one can achieve much without making a great effort.effort.Analysis of the text n n10) such as he cannot find birth in the distraction 10) such as he cannot find birth in the distraction of busy day. (Paragraph 5)of busy day. (

164、Paragraph 5)n nhe will find the revelations and inspirations that he he will find the revelations and inspirations that he cannot find in the busy daytime when he is cannot find in the busy daytime when he is distracted by other things.distracted by other things.n nIn this sentence, “suchIn this sen

165、tence, “such is a pronoun and “as is a pronoun and “as introduces a clause to modify “such.introduces a clause to modify “such.Analysis of the text n n11)11)upon which we have, ourselves, reflectedupon which we have, ourselves, reflected (Paragraph 5)(Paragraph 5)n n we, ourselves, have thought abou

166、t (a collection of we, ourselves, have thought about (a collection of complete histories of maladies)complete histories of maladies)n nreflect on/upon:reflect on/upon: to form or express carefully to form or express carefully considered thoughts about somethingconsidered thoughts about somethingn nE

167、xampleExample: The historian is reflecting on his countrys : The historian is reflecting on his countrys place in history.place in history.Analysis of the text n n12)12) When shall we cease to place confidence in the When shall we cease to place confidence in the mere presence of the physician, and

168、to esteem his mere presence of the physician, and to esteem his care by the number of his visits? care by the number of his visits? (Paragraph 6)(Paragraph 6)n nWhen shall we stop having trust in a physician only When shall we stop having trust in a physician only because of his appearance in the wa

169、rd and evaluating his because of his appearance in the ward and evaluating his care by the number of times he visits the patients?care by the number of times he visits the patients?n nplace confidence inplace confidence in: have trust or faith in somebody or : have trust or faith in somebody or some

170、thingsomethingn nExampleExample: I place every confidence in your ability to : I place every confidence in your ability to succeed.succeed.Analysis of the text n n13)13)amounts to nothing more than rendering amounts to nothing more than rendering honors honors (Paragraph 6)(Paragraph 6)n n. it is on

171、ly to fish for fame and compliment . it is only to fish for fame and compliment .n namount toamount to: come to, reach: come to, reachn nExampleExample: His academic achievements dont amount to : His academic achievements dont amount to much.much.n nrenderrender: to give or make available; provide:

172、to give or make available; providen nExampleExample: You have rendered great service and we will : You have rendered great service and we will remember this forever.remember this forever.Analysis of the text n n14) 14) One such a visit is worth more than many made One such a visit is worth more than

173、 many made in haste.in haste. (Paragraph 6) (Paragraph 6)n nOne attentive and mindful visit is worth many hasty visits.One attentive and mindful visit is worth many hasty visits.n nin hastein haste: quickly or in a hurry: quickly or in a hurryn nExampleExample: They left in haste, without even sayin

174、g : They left in haste, without even saying goodbye.goodbye.Analysis of the text n n15) 15) To no one is public opinion so important to the To no one is public opinion so important to the physician. physician. (Paragraph 9)(Paragraph 9)n nPublic opinion is of much more importance to the Public opini

175、on is of much more importance to the physician than to anyone else.physician than to anyone else.Analysis of the text n n16) 16) .by which the public may be encouraged to .by which the public may be encouraged to commit to him the highest earthly goods life and commit to him the highest earthly good

176、s life and health. health. (Paragraph 9)(Paragraph 9)n n.by the public sentiment in his favor, the public may .by the public sentiment in his favor, the public may entrust the highest earthly goodslife and health to the entrust the highest earthly goodslife and health to the young practitioner.young

177、 practitioner.Analysis of the text n n17) nowhere is it more so than in the practice of 17) nowhere is it more so than in the practice of medicine. (Paragraph 10)medicine. (Paragraph 10)n n . it is more difficult to judge others in the practice . it is more difficult to judge others in the practice

178、of medicine than in other fields. This sentence is of medicine than in other fields. This sentence is inverted in order, because the negative word inverted in order, because the negative word “nowhere“nowhere is put at the beginning of it. Other is put at the beginning of it. Other examples of inver

179、sion are as follows:examples of inversion are as follows:n nNot only can he sing, but also he can dance.Not only can he sing, but also he can dance.n nNo sooner had he seen me than he turned away from No sooner had he seen me than he turned away from me.me.Analysis of the text n n18) He who degrades

180、 a colleague, degrades himself 18) He who degrades a colleague, degrades himself and his art. (Paragraph 10)and his art. (Paragraph 10)n nIn this sentence, the subject “HeIn this sentence, the subject “He is followed is followed directly by a relative clause and is separated from directly by a relat

181、ive clause and is separated from other parts of the main clause. There are many other other parts of the main clause. There are many other sentences with the same structure in English.sentences with the same structure in English.n nExample: He who laughs last laughs best.Example: He who laughs last

182、laughs best.Analysis of the text n n19) 19) For in the first place, the more the public For in the first place, the more the public becomes acquainted with faults of physicians, the becomes acquainted with faults of physicians, the more physicians will become exposed as more physicians will become e

183、xposed as contemptible and suspicious, and the more such contemptible and suspicious, and the more such exposure will impair confidence; exposure will impair confidence; (Paragraph 10)(Paragraph 10)n nBecause most importantly, the more the public is familiar Because most importantly, the more the pu

184、blic is familiar with physicians shortcomings, the more physicians will with physicians shortcomings, the more physicians will become contemptible and suspicious in the publics eyes become contemptible and suspicious in the publics eyes and the more public confidence in physicians will be and the mo

185、re public confidence in physicians will be weakened;.weakened;.Analysis of the text n n19) 19) For in the first place, the more the public For in the first place, the more the public becomes acquainted with faults of physicians, the becomes acquainted with faults of physicians, the more physicians w

186、ill become exposed as more physicians will become exposed as contemptible and suspicious, and the more such contemptible and suspicious, and the more such exposure will impair confidence; exposure will impair confidence; (Paragraph 10)(Paragraph 10)n nbecome acquainted withbecome acquainted with: st

187、art to know someone that : start to know someone that you have just metyou have just metn nExampleExample: Ill leave you two alone for a while so that you : Ill leave you two alone for a while so that you can become better acquainted with each other.can become better acquainted with each other.Analy

188、sis of the text n n20) 20) not to lay bare the faults of others not to lay bare the faults of others (Paragraph 10)(Paragraph 10)n n. not to expose other peoples shortcomings. not to expose other peoples shortcomings.Analysis of the text n n21) .,21) ., namely, to have in view nothing but the namely

189、, to have in view nothing but the welfare of the patientwelfare of the patient(Paragraph 11)(Paragraph 11)n n., that is to say, to only take the welfare of the patient ., that is to say, to only take the welfare of the patient into consideration.into consideration.Analysis of the text n n22) 22) he

190、speaks ill of the former physician, right or he speaks ill of the former physician, right or wrong. wrong. (Paragraph 12)(Paragraph 12)n n.the patient might be right or wrong in saying that the .the patient might be right or wrong in saying that the former physician is not good enough.former physici

191、an is not good enough.Global analysis of the textn nBy giving 12 principles, Hufeland tries to tell medical professionals By giving 12 principles, Hufeland tries to tell medical professionals that a physician is to live for others and not for himself; the that a physician is to live for others and n

192、ot for himself; the physician in the exercise of his career must respect every patient, physician in the exercise of his career must respect every patient, and make no distinction between rich and poor, high or low; the and make no distinction between rich and poor, high or low; the physician must e

193、xercise his greatest attention, accuracy and physician must exercise his greatest attention, accuracy and conscientiousness in treatment; he must be particularly mindful of conscientiousness in treatment; he must be particularly mindful of his conduct and words; he must make his visits with delibera

194、tion, a his conduct and words; he must make his visits with deliberation, a collected mind, and sufficient duration; the practitioner must try to collected mind, and sufficient duration; the practitioner must try to make the patients expenses reasonably low; he must know peoples make the patients ex

195、penses reasonably low; he must know peoples psychology and respect his colleagues. All of the above serve the psychology and respect his colleagues. All of the above serve the highest end of the medical profession; that is, saving life, restoring highest end of the medical profession; that is, savin

196、g life, restoring health, and relieving the sufferings of humanity. These principles health, and relieving the sufferings of humanity. These principles are still practical in modern times. are still practical in modern times. Analysis of the text structure n nThe text falls into 12 parts based on th

197、e 12 principles: The text falls into 12 parts based on the 12 principles: n nPart I Part I n nParagraph 1: The physicians vocation is to live for Paragraph 1: The physicians vocation is to live for others and not for himself.others and not for himself.n nPart IIPart II n nParagraph 2: The physician

198、in the exercise of his career Paragraph 2: The physician in the exercise of his career must respect his patients and make no distinction must respect his patients and make no distinction between rich and poor, high or low.between rich and poor, high or low.n nPart IIIPart III n nParagraph 3: In medi

199、cal treatment, the physician must Paragraph 3: In medical treatment, the physician must exercise his greatest attention, accuracy and exercise his greatest attention, accuracy and conscientiousness.conscientiousness. Analysis of the text structure n nPart IVPart IV n nParagraph 4: The physician must

200、 be particularly mindful of his Paragraph 4: The physician must be particularly mindful of his conduct.conduct.n nPart VPart V n nParagraph 5: At the end of the day, the physician should calmly Paragraph 5: At the end of the day, the physician should calmly contemplate about his patients including t

201、he history of the contemplate about his patients including the history of the malady, the origin and treatment of the disease, and the remedies malady, the origin and treatment of the disease, and the remedies prescribed.prescribed.n nPart VIPart VI n nParagraph 6: The physician should visit his pat

202、ients with Paragraph 6: The physician should visit his patients with deliberation and a collected mind, and for a sufficient duration. deliberation and a collected mind, and for a sufficient duration. The physician must be present both in body and in mind.The physician must be present both in body a

203、nd in mind. Analysis of the text structure n nPart VIIPart VII n nParagraph 7: The physician must be careful to preserve Paragraph 7: The physician must be careful to preserve hope and courage in the patients mind.hope and courage in the patients mind.n nPart VIIIPart VIII n nParagraph 8: The physic

204、ian must try to reasonably Paragraph 8: The physician must try to reasonably lower the patients expenses.lower the patients expenses. Analysis of the text structure n nPart IXPart IXn nParagraph 9: The physician should win the support of Paragraph 9: The physician should win the support of the publi

205、c by way of confidentiality and other good the public by way of confidentiality and other good virtues. virtues. n nPart XPart X n nParagraph 10: The physician should judge his colleagues Paragraph 10: The physician should judge his colleagues fairly and treat them respectfully.fairly and treat them

206、 respectfully. Analysis of the text structure n nPart XIPart XI n nParagraph 11: Consultations must not be numerous; Paragraph 11: Consultations must not be numerous; two, at most three, physicians are sufficient.two, at most three, physicians are sufficient.n nPart XIIPart XII n nParagraph 12: The

207、physician should respond to patient Paragraph 12: The physician should respond to patient complaints about other physicians reasonably and plaints about other physicians reasonably and fairly.Summary of the text n nThe text mainly tells readers what a physician should do The text mainly tells reader

208、s what a physician should do during his medical practice. The principles mentioned are during his medical practice. The principles mentioned are rules for physicians to regulate themselves in relation to rules for physicians to regulate themselves in relation to patients, colleagues and themselves.

209、All of the principles patients, colleagues and themselves. All of the principles serve the highest end of medical profession, which is serve the highest end of medical profession, which is saving life, restoring health, and relieving the sufferings saving life, restoring health, and relieving the su

210、fferings of humanity. The principles serve as a mirror for all of humanity. The principles serve as a mirror for all physicians to reflect on whether they are qualified and physicians to reflect on whether they are qualified and have fulfilled their jobs.have fulfilled their jobs. Reference answers

211、to the exercises n nText An n3. n n1) took to 2) imparts n n3) procure 4) abortion n n5) manifested 6) seduction n n7) swerved 8) reversed n n9) lot 10) commercialReference answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise n nA. Translation from Chinese to English A. Transla

212、tion from Chinese to English The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) n nAs I enter into the medical profession charged with As I enter into the medical profession charged with the responsibility of sustaining health and entrusted the responsibility of sustaini

213、ng health and entrusted with the lives of my fellow men,with the lives of my fellow men,n nI solemnly swear to the world as a student of medical I solemnly swear to the world as a student of medical science:science:Reference answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise

214、n nA. Translation from Chinese to English A. Translation from Chinese to English The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) n nI will consecrate my life to medical science; will I will consecrate my life to medical science; will forever keep in my heart my countr

215、y and my people. I forever keep in my heart my country and my people. I will observe the ethics and regulations of the medical will observe the ethics and regulations of the medical profession, as well as give to my masters all of the profession, as well as give to my masters all of the respect they

216、 are due. I will assiduously study and respect they are due. I will assiduously study and consistently strive for perfection through the pursuit consistently strive for perfection through the pursuit of a comprehensive development in my knowledge of a comprehensive development in my knowledge and ab

217、ility.and ability.Reference answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise n nA. Translation from Chinese to English A. Translation from Chinese to English The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) The Medical Student Oath (Version One ) n nI resolve to save lives, restore

218、health and relieve the I resolve to save lives, restore health and relieve the sufferings of humanity. I resolve to strive for the purity sufferings of humanity. I resolve to strive for the purity and glory of my medical skills. The life long goal of my and glory of my medical skills. The life long

219、goal of my efforts will be to revive the dying and rescue the efforts will be to revive the dying and rescue the wounded; to work without fear of hardship, to strive for wounded; to work without fear of hardship, to strive for perfection and to dedicate myself to the development of perfection and to

220、 dedicate myself to the development of medical science and health care as well as to the health medical science and health care as well as to the health of my fellow men.of my fellow men.Reference answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise n nA. Translation from Chine

221、se to English A. Translation from Chinese to English The Oath of Medical Students (Version Two) The Oath of Medical Students (Version Two) n nHealth oriented/related, life entrusted. Health oriented/related, life entrusted. n nI swear solemnly to the world when I am enrolled as a I swear solemnly to

222、 the world when I am enrolled as a student of medical sciences:student of medical sciences: Reference answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise n nA. Translation from Chinese to English A. Translation from Chinese to English n nThe Oath of Medical Students (Version T

223、wo)The Oath of Medical Students (Version Two)n n n nIm ready to consecrate myself to medical sciences; to Im ready to consecrate myself to medical sciences; to keep my country and people in my heart forever; to keep my country and people in my heart forever; to observe medical ethics and regulations

224、 and respect observe medical ethics and regulations and respect my masters; to study assiduously and strive my masters; to study assiduously and strive consistently for perfection; and to pursue consistently for perfection; and to pursue comprehensive development. comprehensive development. Referenc

225、e answers to the exercisesn nText A Writing exercise Text A Writing exercise n nA. Translation from Chinese to English A. Translation from Chinese to English n nThe Oath of Medical Students (Version Two) The Oath of Medical Students (Version Two) n nI resolve to save lives, restore health and reliev

226、e the I resolve to save lives, restore health and relieve the sufferings of humanity. I resolve to strive for the sufferings of humanity. I resolve to strive for the purity and glory of medical skills. The end of my life-purity and glory of medical skills. The end of my life-long efforts is to retri

227、eve the dying and rescue the long efforts is to retrieve the dying and rescue the wounded; to work without fear of hardship; to strive wounded; to work without fear of hardship; to strive after perfection; and to dedicate myself to the after perfection; and to dedicate myself to the development in/o

228、f medical and health care as well development in/of medical and health care as well as to the health of humanity.as to the health of humanity. Reference answers to the exercisesn nText Bn n1. 1) T 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F n n3. 1)reflection 2)contemplation n n3)malady 4)remedies n n5)inspirations 6)birth n n7)enlighten 8)successive n n9)derived 10)egregious Questions are welcome!Thank you!